{"title":"History and identity in early medieval Wales by Rebecca Thomas (review)","authors":"Courtney Selvage","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116636565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
abstract:The poetry in the early thirteenth-century Irish text Acallam na senórach serves many functions within the narrative as a whole, summarizing, emphasizing, and even conveying key points within the piece. Beyond the important role verse plays within the context of the tale, however, the poems can also serve as useful signifiers of the relationship between the four manuscript witnesses of the text. This is particularly true of the shorter poems, which are brief enough that they were able to be altered or omitted without creating too great a chasm in the text, and so exhibit greater differences between the manuscript copies than other portions of the text do. Comparison of a poem across the four manuscript witnesses provides consistent evidence that the copies of Acallam na senórach in Laud Misc. 610 and the Book of Lismore agree more with one another, that Franciscan A 4 will often agree with Laud Misc. 610 against the Book of Lismore, and that Rawlinson B 487, while quite different to the other copies, will often agree with Franciscan A 4.
13世纪早期爱尔兰文本《Acallam na senórach》中的诗歌在整个叙事中具有多种功能，总结、强调甚至传达了作品中的关键点。然而，除了诗歌在故事背景中扮演的重要角色之外，这些诗歌还可以作为文本的四个手稿证人之间关系的有用能指。对于较短的诗歌尤其如此，它们足够简短，可以在不造成文本中太大鸿沟的情况下进行修改或省略，因此在手稿副本之间表现出比文本其他部分更大的差异。将一首诗在四份手稿中进行比较，可以提供一致的证据，证明《阿卡兰那senórach》在《劳德·米斯克610》和《利斯莫尔之书》中的抄本更加一致，方济各会的4a通常会同意《劳德·米斯克610》反对《利斯莫尔之书》，而罗林森B 487虽然与其他抄本有很大不同，但通常会同意方济各会的4a。
{"title":"Three short poems in Acallam na senórach. Poetry as an indicator of the relationship between the manuscript witnesses","authors":"C. Ostrander","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The poetry in the early thirteenth-century Irish text Acallam na senórach serves many functions within the narrative as a whole, summarizing, emphasizing, and even conveying key points within the piece. Beyond the important role verse plays within the context of the tale, however, the poems can also serve as useful signifiers of the relationship between the four manuscript witnesses of the text. This is particularly true of the shorter poems, which are brief enough that they were able to be altered or omitted without creating too great a chasm in the text, and so exhibit greater differences between the manuscript copies than other portions of the text do. Comparison of a poem across the four manuscript witnesses provides consistent evidence that the copies of Acallam na senórach in Laud Misc. 610 and the Book of Lismore agree more with one another, that Franciscan A 4 will often agree with Laud Misc. 610 against the Book of Lismore, and that Rawlinson B 487, while quite different to the other copies, will often agree with Franciscan A 4.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"53 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132389295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
abstract:Since Modern Breton is a minority language, the majority of speakers are now second-language speakers, who have learnt it through various media and then go into teaching (immersion schools, intensive language programs) and media (television, book writing, journalism). With such a large number of non-native speakers forming the core of the Breton-speaking community, the usage of the language is bound to be affected in some way in its vocabulary and grammar, particularly since the level required to enter into a teaching position—in immersion schools, as well as bilingual ones—is B2 (almost fluent).I propose to study the variation created by this state of affairs through the lens of prepositional usage in set expressions. The four prepositions that I will focus on are very common: memestra evel 'the same as', sikour da 'help to', and lammat dreist 'jumping over'. Having conducted a study on the usage of these prepositions among native and fluent speakers of Breton, as well as learners, I propose to examine how their usage varies from the norm and explain the origin of the variation. The norm that I use is the one set in Devri, the historical Breton dictionary, which describes how Breton was used by native speakers, historically and in the modern day.
{"title":"Memestra eget. Non-standard use of prepositions from second-language learners in Modern Breton","authors":"Myrzinn Boucher-Durand","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Since Modern Breton is a minority language, the majority of speakers are now second-language speakers, who have learnt it through various media and then go into teaching (immersion schools, intensive language programs) and media (television, book writing, journalism). With such a large number of non-native speakers forming the core of the Breton-speaking community, the usage of the language is bound to be affected in some way in its vocabulary and grammar, particularly since the level required to enter into a teaching position—in immersion schools, as well as bilingual ones—is B2 (almost fluent).I propose to study the variation created by this state of affairs through the lens of prepositional usage in set expressions. The four prepositions that I will focus on are very common: memestra evel 'the same as', sikour da 'help to', and lammat dreist 'jumping over'. Having conducted a study on the usage of these prepositions among native and fluent speakers of Breton, as well as learners, I propose to examine how their usage varies from the norm and explain the origin of the variation. The norm that I use is the one set in Devri, the historical Breton dictionary, which describes how Breton was used by native speakers, historically and in the modern day.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"385 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113993918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
abstract:The meaning 'although not' has been expressed by a variety of conjunctions in the Gaelic languages over many centuries. This article considers the history and evolution of these forms and their variants, focusing in particular on gar an 'although not', and considers some related aspects of the historical development of the closely related conjunction mani 'if not', later muna, mura. The origin and significance of the Scottish Gaelic negative concessive conjunction gar an and its variants have not been satisfactorily explained to date. This article illustrates that gar an can be derived straightforwardly from the Old Gaelic conjunction ceni 'although not', previously thought to have disappeared completely from the language in the early medieval period. The survival of reflexes of Old Gaelic ceni as gar an and other variant forms in modern Scottish Gaelic represents a remarakable survival, which has hitherto been misunderstood and undetected. This new identification underlines the importance of Scottish Gaelic for gaining a deeper and nuanced understanding of the historical development of the Gaelic languages.
{"title":"An Old Gaelic conjunction rediscovered. Old Gaelic ceni, Scottish Gaelic gar an and related concessive conjunctions in Gaelic","authors":"R. Maolalaigh","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The meaning 'although not' has been expressed by a variety of conjunctions in the Gaelic languages over many centuries. This article considers the history and evolution of these forms and their variants, focusing in particular on gar an 'although not', and considers some related aspects of the historical development of the closely related conjunction mani 'if not', later muna, mura. The origin and significance of the Scottish Gaelic negative concessive conjunction gar an and its variants have not been satisfactorily explained to date. This article illustrates that gar an can be derived straightforwardly from the Old Gaelic conjunction ceni 'although not', previously thought to have disappeared completely from the language in the early medieval period. The survival of reflexes of Old Gaelic ceni as gar an and other variant forms in modern Scottish Gaelic represents a remarakable survival, which has hitherto been misunderstood and undetected. This new identification underlines the importance of Scottish Gaelic for gaining a deeper and nuanced understanding of the historical development of the Gaelic languages.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131607987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
abstract:The short Middle Welsh prose tale Breudwyt Maxen Wledic is a work brimming with historiographical significance. Much of this interest revolves around the tale's title character Maxen, a figure based upon the late antique Roman tyrant Magnus Maximus, who was raised to imperium by his soldiers in Britain before pursuing power on the continent. Maximus appears in genealogical tracts as a means of imbuing native dynasts with an imperial heritage, and Breudwyt Maxen is generally understood as an extension of that foundational impulse. In contrast, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the composer of the tale intentionally rendered a negative characterization of Maxen, minimizing his accomplishments and his efficacy as a leader, while simultaneously inflating the roles of the Brittonic characters in the text. In doing so, the tale recontextualizes the Roman past of contemporary Wales, attributing tangible remains of Roman military occupation embedded in the landscape instead to Brittonic prowess and ingenuity. Such ideological work may represent a desire on the part of the compiler to respond to trends in twelfth- and thirteenth-century English historiography, particularly Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose De gestis Britonum recounts a version of the Maxen tale as part of a larger narrative of Brittonic decline and sovereignty loss. Breudwyt Maxen, then, may be read as an effective rejoinder to narratives of Brittonic abasement.
{"title":"'A matter to none but the men of the Island of Britain'. Historical revisionism and the assertion of Brittonic primacy in Breudwyt Maxen Wledic","authors":"Joseph Shack","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The short Middle Welsh prose tale Breudwyt Maxen Wledic is a work brimming with historiographical significance. Much of this interest revolves around the tale's title character Maxen, a figure based upon the late antique Roman tyrant Magnus Maximus, who was raised to imperium by his soldiers in Britain before pursuing power on the continent. Maximus appears in genealogical tracts as a means of imbuing native dynasts with an imperial heritage, and Breudwyt Maxen is generally understood as an extension of that foundational impulse. In contrast, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the composer of the tale intentionally rendered a negative characterization of Maxen, minimizing his accomplishments and his efficacy as a leader, while simultaneously inflating the roles of the Brittonic characters in the text. In doing so, the tale recontextualizes the Roman past of contemporary Wales, attributing tangible remains of Roman military occupation embedded in the landscape instead to Brittonic prowess and ingenuity. Such ideological work may represent a desire on the part of the compiler to respond to trends in twelfth- and thirteenth-century English historiography, particularly Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose De gestis Britonum recounts a version of the Maxen tale as part of a larger narrative of Brittonic decline and sovereignty loss. Breudwyt Maxen, then, may be read as an effective rejoinder to narratives of Brittonic abasement.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114921242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
his plan only vaguely touches on this highly important aspect in his assertion that Irish be presented as a complement, not a challenge, to English within Ireland. Nevertheless, this book does several useful things. It provides an introduction into the present state of Irish in Ireland, including the challenges of learning it. It makes clear that a multi-pronged approach will be needed to bring it back as a language of primary daily use. It makes clear that whatever future efforts are made will be met with practical, social, and political challenges.
{"title":"The kings of Aileach and the Vikings, ad 800–1060 by Darren McGettigan (review)","authors":"Gregory J. Darling","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"his plan only vaguely touches on this highly important aspect in his assertion that Irish be presented as a complement, not a challenge, to English within Ireland. Nevertheless, this book does several useful things. It provides an introduction into the present state of Irish in Ireland, including the challenges of learning it. It makes clear that a multi-pronged approach will be needed to bring it back as a language of primary daily use. It makes clear that whatever future efforts are made will be met with practical, social, and political challenges.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"17 8-9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120921980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Origin myths and legends are prominent features of early medieval writings and mentalities. They became a popular genre, an ever-growing corpus of traditions and pseudo-histories, and eventually a late-antique/early medieval ‘scholarly preoccupation’, as underlined by Brady & Wadden in the foreword to their edited volume Origin legends in early medieval Western Europe (2022: 4). Despite not being the first recorded origines gentium, the Insular origin myths stand out as precious hermeneutic objects for scholars of early medieval culture, as part of a genre ‘that has shaped national identity and collective history from the early medieval period to the present day’, as we read in the synopsis. The variety of their approach and their richness in contents and traditions make the British, Irish, Pictish, and Anglo-Saxon origin narratives a perfect subject for a dedicated volume. Discussing these apparently divergent narratives in comparative terms was not an easy task, but Brady bravely attempts it in a relatively compact and easily readable book. Divided into five main chapters, the book is prefaced by a 27-page introductory section, eloquently titled ‘The anachronism of nationalism’, where modern scholarly debate around the contested concepts of ethnicity, post-Roman identities, and early medieval writers’ agendas is summarized and discussed. Brady’s approach consciously differs from the two major historiographical standpoints on ethnic identities, as it neither gives excessive weight to the influence of Classical ethnography (as Goffart did),
{"title":"The origin legends of early medieval Britain and Ireland by Lindy Brady (review)","authors":"Donato Sitaro","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Origin myths and legends are prominent features of early medieval writings and mentalities. They became a popular genre, an ever-growing corpus of traditions and pseudo-histories, and eventually a late-antique/early medieval ‘scholarly preoccupation’, as underlined by Brady & Wadden in the foreword to their edited volume Origin legends in early medieval Western Europe (2022: 4). Despite not being the first recorded origines gentium, the Insular origin myths stand out as precious hermeneutic objects for scholars of early medieval culture, as part of a genre ‘that has shaped national identity and collective history from the early medieval period to the present day’, as we read in the synopsis. The variety of their approach and their richness in contents and traditions make the British, Irish, Pictish, and Anglo-Saxon origin narratives a perfect subject for a dedicated volume. Discussing these apparently divergent narratives in comparative terms was not an easy task, but Brady bravely attempts it in a relatively compact and easily readable book. Divided into five main chapters, the book is prefaced by a 27-page introductory section, eloquently titled ‘The anachronism of nationalism’, where modern scholarly debate around the contested concepts of ethnicity, post-Roman identities, and early medieval writers’ agendas is summarized and discussed. Brady’s approach consciously differs from the two major historiographical standpoints on ethnic identities, as it neither gives excessive weight to the influence of Classical ethnography (as Goffart did),","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123423179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gaeilge: a radical revolution by Caoimhín De Barra (review)","authors":"J. Justice","doi":"10.1353/cel.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130560791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
abstract:The poems of Youenn Gwernig (1925–2006), originally translated for the benefit of Jack Kerouac, are ultimately presented in a Breton-English collection that resists circulation outside the ‘tribe’ affiliated with Breton culture. It includes poems that are not translated, or that are translated only with images, and in various ways the English and the Breton do not quite match. What is not translated seems important to Gwernig’s themes and productive to explore by way of beginning to appreciate his trilingual œuvre and considering its potential to circulate more widely.
{"title":"The untranslated in the collected poems of Youenn Gwernig","authors":"Matthieu Boyd","doi":"10.1353/cel.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The poems of Youenn Gwernig (1925–2006), originally translated for the benefit of Jack Kerouac, are ultimately presented in a Breton-English collection that resists circulation outside the ‘tribe’ affiliated with Breton culture. It includes poems that are not translated, or that are translated only with images, and in various ways the English and the Breton do not quite match. What is not translated seems important to Gwernig’s themes and productive to explore by way of beginning to appreciate his trilingual œuvre and considering its potential to circulate more widely.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"32 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114130185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article examines the existing lexicographical evidence for the rare Irish word eclas, typically translated as ‘stomach’ or ‘gizzard’, and presents some hitherto unnoticed attestations of this term from a large collection of Irish medical remedies preserved in two sixteenth-century manuscripts. The new data allow better insights into the historical phonology and morphology of OIr. eclas and its Breton cognate elas, and make it possible to set up an Indo-European etymology for it and the related word glas in Welsh and Cornish. This reconstruction *(eg̑ʰs)-gʰl̥H- ST-o/eh₂-also has repercussions for the reconstruction of words for ‘digestive organs’ in other Indo-European languages. Even though eclas occurs as an equivalent for gaile ‘stomach’ in the context of late-medieval medical writing, it is argued that it probably originally referred to some other internal organ in the vicinity of the stomach, possibly the ‘oesophagus’.
摘要:本文对罕见的爱尔兰语单词eclas(通常翻译为“胃”或“砂囊”)的现有词典编纂证据进行了研究，并从两份16世纪手稿中保存的大量爱尔兰医学疗法中提供了一些迄今为止未被注意到的证据。新的数据可以更好地了解OIr的历史音系和形态。eclas和它的布列塔尼同源词elas，并使它和相关词glas在威尔士和康沃尔语中建立一个印欧语源成为可能。这种重组*(eg s)-g l H- ST-o/eh₂-也对其他印欧语言中“消化器官”的重组产生了影响。尽管在中世纪晚期的医学文献中，eclas作为gaile“胃”的同义词出现，但有人认为，它最初可能指的是胃附近的其他内脏器官，可能是“食道”。
{"title":"The lexicography and etymology of OIr. eclas","authors":"D. Hayden, D. Stifter","doi":"10.1353/cel.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cel.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article examines the existing lexicographical evidence for the rare Irish word eclas, typically translated as ‘stomach’ or ‘gizzard’, and presents some hitherto unnoticed attestations of this term from a large collection of Irish medical remedies preserved in two sixteenth-century manuscripts. The new data allow better insights into the historical phonology and morphology of OIr. eclas and its Breton cognate elas, and make it possible to set up an Indo-European etymology for it and the related word glas in Welsh and Cornish. This reconstruction *(eg̑ʰs)-gʰl̥H- ST-o/eh₂-also has repercussions for the reconstruction of words for ‘digestive organs’ in other Indo-European languages. Even though eclas occurs as an equivalent for gaile ‘stomach’ in the context of late-medieval medical writing, it is argued that it probably originally referred to some other internal organ in the vicinity of the stomach, possibly the ‘oesophagus’.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123644057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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