Pub Date : 1987-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708081916
P. Roy‐Chowdhury
Abstract In this review we are primarily concerned with the use of apparent molal volume and apparent molal compressibility of polyelectrolytes along with their corresponding monomers in elucidating the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Though the main emphasis will be given to synthetic polyelectrolytes, the biochemical significant (natural) ones are not excluded altogether. It is hoped that this information will provide researchers with up-to-date knowledge of the subject matter and give a new impetus to further study on the subject. Most of the works on molal volumes and ultrasonic velocity measurements were confined up to the middle sixties to solutions of simple electrolytes. These works gave valuable information about the structure of solutions as well as about the fundamental properties of solutions.
{"title":"Adiabatic Compressibility and Apparent Molal Volume of Ionic Monomers, Polymers, and Copolymers in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions","authors":"P. Roy‐Chowdhury","doi":"10.1080/07366578708081916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081916","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this review we are primarily concerned with the use of apparent molal volume and apparent molal compressibility of polyelectrolytes along with their corresponding monomers in elucidating the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Though the main emphasis will be given to synthetic polyelectrolytes, the biochemical significant (natural) ones are not excluded altogether. It is hoped that this information will provide researchers with up-to-date knowledge of the subject matter and give a new impetus to further study on the subject. Most of the works on molal volumes and ultrasonic velocity measurements were confined up to the middle sixties to solutions of simple electrolytes. These works gave valuable information about the structure of solutions as well as about the fundamental properties of solutions.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"219-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708081918
M. Mullins, E. Woo
Abstract More than two decades ago, Bonner reported the first preparation of poly (aromatic ketones) (PAK) by aluminum chloride-catalyzed acylation of diphenyl ether with aromatic diacid chlorides [1]. These were low molecular weight materials because of solubility limitations. In the intervening years, significant progress has been made in synthetic methodology, and now a large variety of structures is available for study. Unlike poly-Caryl sulfones) which are typically amorphous, most PAK's exhibit partial crystallinity, usually with melting points above 300°C. Like the sulfones, the ketone polymers possess high thermal stability and exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties. The development of this interesting polymer family is the subject of this review.
{"title":"The Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Aromatic Ketones)","authors":"M. Mullins, E. Woo","doi":"10.1080/07366578708081918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract More than two decades ago, Bonner reported the first preparation of poly (aromatic ketones) (PAK) by aluminum chloride-catalyzed acylation of diphenyl ether with aromatic diacid chlorides [1]. These were low molecular weight materials because of solubility limitations. In the intervening years, significant progress has been made in synthetic methodology, and now a large variety of structures is available for study. Unlike poly-Caryl sulfones) which are typically amorphous, most PAK's exhibit partial crystallinity, usually with melting points above 300°C. Like the sulfones, the ketone polymers possess high thermal stability and exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties. The development of this interesting polymer family is the subject of this review.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":"313-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74038360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708081917
E. A. Bekturov, R. E. Khamzamulina
Abstract Water-soluble nonionic polymers occupy a special place among synthetic polymeric materials. Most of them possess a number of unique properties allowing various industrial and medicinal applications. Such important industrial branches as coal mining, oil recovery, production of textiles, paper, lacquers, adhesives, cosmetics, and medicinal preparations cannot be conceived without these polymers. For instance, poly(acrylamide) and poly-(oxyethylene) can decrease pressure losses, increase considerably the drilling time, reduce the time of flooding underground spaces, and increase the speed of ship movement and pumping of liquids. Very important is the role of water-soluble nonionic polymers in the textile industry where they have successfully replaced expensive natural materials in the processes of cloth sizing and finishing and are used in the production of new kinds of fabrics possessing high mechanochemical characteristics. The use of these polymers is also important in medicine due to their good...
{"title":"Solution Properties of Water-Soluble Nonionic Polymers","authors":"E. A. Bekturov, R. E. Khamzamulina","doi":"10.1080/07366578708081917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081917","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water-soluble nonionic polymers occupy a special place among synthetic polymeric materials. Most of them possess a number of unique properties allowing various industrial and medicinal applications. Such important industrial branches as coal mining, oil recovery, production of textiles, paper, lacquers, adhesives, cosmetics, and medicinal preparations cannot be conceived without these polymers. For instance, poly(acrylamide) and poly-(oxyethylene) can decrease pressure losses, increase considerably the drilling time, reduce the time of flooding underground spaces, and increase the speed of ship movement and pumping of liquids. Very important is the role of water-soluble nonionic polymers in the textile industry where they have successfully replaced expensive natural materials in the processes of cloth sizing and finishing and are used in the production of new kinds of fabrics possessing high mechanochemical characteristics. The use of these polymers is also important in medicine due to their good...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"120 1","pages":"253-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87764738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708081914
A. Srivastava, S. K. Nigam, A. Shukla, S. Saini, P. Kumar, N. Tewari
Abstract The problem of synthesizing macromolecules of accurately predetermined structure is an intriguing one; not only does such a synthesis provide a challenge to our chemical ingenuity but it also offers the possibility of providing a new range of materials with potentially valuable properties. To achieve a synthesis of this kind, the random features associated with conventional polymerization and copolymerization must be eliminated. Apart from gross structure defects such as chain branching and wrong-way addition, randomness in addition polymerization arises because the nature of the reaction between the propagating chain and the monomer is not uniquely defined. Thus, in homopolym-erization, addition may lead to either iso or syndiotactic placement, while in copolymerization further ambiguity is introduced by the possibility of reaction between a given propagating chain and any monomer species present; similar remarks also apply to conventional condensation copolymerization.
{"title":"Studies on Template Polymerization","authors":"A. Srivastava, S. K. Nigam, A. Shukla, S. Saini, P. Kumar, N. Tewari","doi":"10.1080/07366578708081914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The problem of synthesizing macromolecules of accurately predetermined structure is an intriguing one; not only does such a synthesis provide a challenge to our chemical ingenuity but it also offers the possibility of providing a new range of materials with potentially valuable properties. To achieve a synthesis of this kind, the random features associated with conventional polymerization and copolymerization must be eliminated. Apart from gross structure defects such as chain branching and wrong-way addition, randomness in addition polymerization arises because the nature of the reaction between the propagating chain and the monomer is not uniquely defined. Thus, in homopolym-erization, addition may lead to either iso or syndiotactic placement, while in copolymerization further ambiguity is introduced by the possibility of reaction between a given propagating chain and any monomer species present; similar remarks also apply to conventional condensation copolymerization.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"18 1","pages":"171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81876571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078641
I. Mita, K. Horie
Abstract Chemical reactions require that at least two molecules or reacting groups come into close proximity so that energy, electrical charge, or chemical groups may be exchanged between them. The process of bimolecular reaction between A and B is given by Eq. (1), taking into account the diffusion step bringing the two reactions in proximity, (AB)
{"title":"Diffusion-Controlled Reactions in Polymer Systems","authors":"I. Mita, K. Horie","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078641","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chemical reactions require that at least two molecules or reacting groups come into close proximity so that energy, electrical charge, or chemical groups may be exchanged between them. The process of bimolecular reaction between A and B is given by Eq. (1), taking into account the diffusion step bringing the two reactions in proximity, (AB)","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"144 1","pages":"91-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79931693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078640
K. Minsker, M. Karpasas, G. Zaikov
Abstract Stereospecific polymerization of α-olefin and diene hydrocarbons in the presence of catalysts of a new type proposed by Ziegler and Natta is a significant discovery of the twentieth century in the chemistry of macromolecular compounds. Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts involving Ti and V trichlorides in combination with organoaluminum compounds have been widely used for nearly 30 years in commercial stereospecific polymerization of a number of o-olefins (propylene, hexene-l,4-methyl-pentene-1, etc.) and dienes (butadiene, isoprene, etc.). However, despite the great success achieved in practical implementation of the processes there is no common point of view so far and broad discussions are still under way as to the mechanism of polymerization and stereoregulation in the presence of the above catalysts.
{"title":"Active Sites Structure and Mechanism of Stereospecific Polymerization of α-Olefins and Dienes Employing Ziegler-Natta Catalysts","authors":"K. Minsker, M. Karpasas, G. Zaikov","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078640","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stereospecific polymerization of α-olefin and diene hydrocarbons in the presence of catalysts of a new type proposed by Ziegler and Natta is a significant discovery of the twentieth century in the chemistry of macromolecular compounds. Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts involving Ti and V trichlorides in combination with organoaluminum compounds have been widely used for nearly 30 years in commercial stereospecific polymerization of a number of o-olefins (propylene, hexene-l,4-methyl-pentene-1, etc.) and dienes (butadiene, isoprene, etc.). However, despite the great success achieved in practical implementation of the processes there is no common point of view so far and broad discussions are still under way as to the mechanism of polymerization and stereoregulation in the presence of the above catalysts.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"15 8 1","pages":"1-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83384939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081911
J. Ebdon, C. Towns, K. Dodgson
Abstract Great interest has been shown in the kinetics and mechanisms of free radical copolymerizations that produce highly alternating copolymers. In many of these systems the production of alternating copolymers seems to arise naturally, while in others it is necessary to add a metal halide or an organometal halide regulating agent to modify reactivities. Much of the interest in alternating radical copolymerizations centers around the precise mechanism of alternation and in particular whether or not any of the alternation arises from the involvement of monomer-monomer donor-acceptor complexes (sometimes called charge-transfer complexes).
{"title":"ON THE ROLE OF MONOMER-MONOMER COMPLEXES IN ALTERNATING FREE-RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATIONS: THE CASE OF STYRENE AND MALEIC ANHYDRIDE","authors":"J. Ebdon, C. Towns, K. Dodgson","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081911","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Great interest has been shown in the kinetics and mechanisms of free radical copolymerizations that produce highly alternating copolymers. In many of these systems the production of alternating copolymers seems to arise naturally, while in others it is necessary to add a metal halide or an organometal halide regulating agent to modify reactivities. Much of the interest in alternating radical copolymerizations centers around the precise mechanism of alternation and in particular whether or not any of the alternation arises from the involvement of monomer-monomer donor-acceptor complexes (sometimes called charge-transfer complexes).","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"58 1","pages":"523-550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78689843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081910
S. Kılıç, B. Baysal
Abstract The acrylamide family of monomers is a highly versatile group of chemical intermediates. The major use of these monomers is the preparation of polymers and copolymers having a highly polar functional group attached to the backbone.
{"title":"A REVIEW ON THERMAL AND RADIATION-INDUCED POLYMERIZATION OF N-TERT-BUTYLACRYLAMIDE AND ITS VARIOUS COMPLEXES IN THE LIQUID AND SOLID STATES","authors":"S. Kılıç, B. Baysal","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081910","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The acrylamide family of monomers is a highly versatile group of chemical intermediates. The major use of these monomers is the preparation of polymers and copolymers having a highly polar functional group attached to the backbone.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"94 1","pages":"483-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85080883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081912
S. Varshney
Abstract Liquid crystals were discovered about ninety years ago. The Austrian botonist Reinitzer [1] observed that cholesteryl benzoate has two sharp melting points at ∼145 and 179°C. At 145°C the solid crystalline material changed to a hazy anisotropic liquid which at 179°C became a clear, transparent, and isotropic phase. The nature of cholesteryl benzoate in the temperature region of 145–179°C was called the liquid crystalline (LC) state or, more precisely, the mesomorphic state. Materials having the tendency above the melting temperature (Tm) of simultaneously combining the features of liquid (i.e., flow properties) and crystalline bodies (i.e., anisotropy) were called liquid crystals [2] or mesomorphic substances [3].
{"title":"LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS: A NOVEL STATE OF MATERIAL","authors":"S. Varshney","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081912","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Liquid crystals were discovered about ninety years ago. The Austrian botonist Reinitzer [1] observed that cholesteryl benzoate has two sharp melting points at ∼145 and 179°C. At 145°C the solid crystalline material changed to a hazy anisotropic liquid which at 179°C became a clear, transparent, and isotropic phase. The nature of cholesteryl benzoate in the temperature region of 145–179°C was called the liquid crystalline (LC) state or, more precisely, the mesomorphic state. Materials having the tendency above the melting temperature (Tm) of simultaneously combining the features of liquid (i.e., flow properties) and crystalline bodies (i.e., anisotropy) were called liquid crystals [2] or mesomorphic substances [3].","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"21 1","pages":"551-650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90854245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081976
S. J. Sondheimer, N. Bunce, C. Fyfe
Abstract This paper deals with the structure and chemistry of Nafion-H, the acidic form of Nafion, which is the trade name for a perfluorinated polymer manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Nafion-H and its salts are available from Dupont in both membrane and powder forms. Nafion composites with Teflon mesh (polytetrafluoroethylene) added to give increased mechanical strength are also available. In addition, sulfonated fluorocarbons modified with other chemically active polymers have been made by Dupont and by competing companies such as Ashai Chemical Industry Co., Ashai Glass Co., Tokuyama Soda Co., and Toya Soda Co.
{"title":"STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF NAFION-H: A FLUORINATED SULFONIC ACID POLYMER","authors":"S. J. Sondheimer, N. Bunce, C. Fyfe","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081976","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with the structure and chemistry of Nafion-H, the acidic form of Nafion, which is the trade name for a perfluorinated polymer manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Nafion-H and its salts are available from Dupont in both membrane and powder forms. Nafion composites with Teflon mesh (polytetrafluoroethylene) added to give increased mechanical strength are also available. In addition, sulfonated fluorocarbons modified with other chemically active polymers have been made by Dupont and by competing companies such as Ashai Chemical Industry Co., Ashai Glass Co., Tokuyama Soda Co., and Toya Soda Co.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"353-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90141085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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