Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.15282/jmes.18.1.2024.2.0777
Łukasz Bohdal
The paper presents the problem of the correct selection of the cutting clearance during the cutting process of aluminum alloys on circular shears. Currently, production lines lack correct guidelines on how to set the cutting clearance depending on the type of aluminum alloy and its thickness. This causes defects in the products and accelerated wear of the cutting tools.The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical research related to the process of shear-slitting of t = 1 mm AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy. During the experimental studies, it was determined how the value of the clearance affects the characteristic features of the cut edge and deviations of the shape of the product. Using numerical tests, the influence of the clearance value on the stress values in the cutting zone was determined. For the AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy, the highest product quality was obtained using clearances hc = 0.09 mm and hc = 0.12 mm. The conducted experimental research can be useful on production lines in the aspect of the correct selection of technological parameters of the process due to the adopted energy and quality criteria.
本文介绍了在圆剪上切割铝合金过程中正确选择切割间隙的问题。目前，生产线缺乏关于如何根据铝合金类型和厚度设置切削间隙的正确指导。本文介绍了与 t = 1 mm AA6111-T4 铝合金剪切分切过程相关的实验和数值研究结果。在实验研究中，确定了间隙值如何影响切削刃的特征和产品形状的偏差。通过数值测试，确定了间隙值对切削区应力值的影响。对于 AA6111-T4 铝合金，使用间隙 hc = 0.09 毫米和 hc = 0.12 毫米可获得最高的产品质量。根据所采用的能量和质量标准，所进行的实验研究对生产线正确选择工艺参数很有帮助。
{"title":"Effect of cutting clearance in shear-slitting process on the residual stress and cut surface quality of AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy","authors":"Łukasz Bohdal","doi":"10.15282/jmes.18.1.2024.2.0777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.18.1.2024.2.0777","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the problem of the correct selection of the cutting clearance during the cutting process of aluminum alloys on circular shears. Currently, production lines lack correct guidelines on how to set the cutting clearance depending on the type of aluminum alloy and its thickness. This causes defects in the products and accelerated wear of the cutting tools.The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical research related to the process of shear-slitting of t = 1 mm AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy. During the experimental studies, it was determined how the value of the clearance affects the characteristic features of the cut edge and deviations of the shape of the product. Using numerical tests, the influence of the clearance value on the stress values in the cutting zone was determined. For the AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy, the highest product quality was obtained using clearances hc = 0.09 mm and hc = 0.12 mm. The conducted experimental research can be useful on production lines in the aspect of the correct selection of technological parameters of the process due to the adopted energy and quality criteria.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.5.0759
Zulaika Zulkifli, None N.H. Abdul Halim, None Z.H. Solihin, None J. Saedon, None A.A. Ahmad, None A.H. Abdullah, None N. Abdul Raof, None M. Abdul Hadi
A sustainable cutting method of Minimum Quantity Lubricant (MQL) was introduced to promote lubrication effect and improve machinability. However, its performances are very dependent on the effectiveness of its mist to penetrate deep into the cutting zone. Optimizing the MQL system requires massive experimental work that increases cost and time. Therefore, this study conducts Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Fluent and focuses on the grid independence study in dispersed-continuous phase of MQL delivery system. The main aim is to identify the best mesh model that influences the accuracy of the CFD model. The analysis proposed two different unstructured grid cell elements of quadrilateral and triangular that were only applicable for 2-dimensional fluid flow in CFD. The unstructured grid was controlled with three different mesh quality factors such as Relevance Center, Smoothing, and Span Angle Center at coarse /low, medium, and fine /high. The results showed that the best mesh quality for quadrilateral was at 60,000 nodes number and coarse mesh, whereas the triangular was at 90,000 nodes number and coarse mesh. Both combinations resulted the most consistent and reliable result when compared with past studies. However, this study decided to choose quadrilateral cell element with 60,000 nodes number and coarse mesh as it is considered to be sufficient to provide accurate and reliable result as well as practical in terms of computational time for the MQL model in CFD analysis.
{"title":"The analysis of grid independence study in continuous disperse of MQL delivery system","authors":"Zulaika Zulkifli, None N.H. Abdul Halim, None Z.H. Solihin, None J. Saedon, None A.A. Ahmad, None A.H. Abdullah, None N. Abdul Raof, None M. Abdul Hadi","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.5.0759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.5.0759","url":null,"abstract":"A sustainable cutting method of Minimum Quantity Lubricant (MQL) was introduced to promote lubrication effect and improve machinability. However, its performances are very dependent on the effectiveness of its mist to penetrate deep into the cutting zone. Optimizing the MQL system requires massive experimental work that increases cost and time. Therefore, this study conducts Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Fluent and focuses on the grid independence study in dispersed-continuous phase of MQL delivery system. The main aim is to identify the best mesh model that influences the accuracy of the CFD model. The analysis proposed two different unstructured grid cell elements of quadrilateral and triangular that were only applicable for 2-dimensional fluid flow in CFD. The unstructured grid was controlled with three different mesh quality factors such as Relevance Center, Smoothing, and Span Angle Center at coarse /low, medium, and fine /high. The results showed that the best mesh quality for quadrilateral was at 60,000 nodes number and coarse mesh, whereas the triangular was at 90,000 nodes number and coarse mesh. Both combinations resulted the most consistent and reliable result when compared with past studies. However, this study decided to choose quadrilateral cell element with 60,000 nodes number and coarse mesh as it is considered to be sufficient to provide accurate and reliable result as well as practical in terms of computational time for the MQL model in CFD analysis.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.4.0758
None M.H. Osman, None Norfauzi Tamin
This study presents the tensile strength and surface roughness resulting from friction stir welding (FSW) on the lap joint method using AA 6061 –T6. FSW is conducted by comparing three different tool pin shapes: hexagon, thread, and square. Overlap welding using the FSW method is challenging if machine parameters, such as spindle speed and feed rate, are incompatible. The experiment was conducted using a conventional milling machine with a spindle speed of 1400 -1750 rpm and a feed rate of 20 – 30 mm/min. The results show that a spindle speed of 1750 rpm and a feed rate of 30 mm/min using a square tool pin results in 83.5088 MPa ultimate tensile strength and 0.85 µm surface roughness (Ra), which is much better than hexagon and thread type tool pins. In addition, the overall results on all three tool pin shapes show that higher processing parameters increase tensile strength and surface roughness. This study revealed the effect of parameters on AA6061 –T6 and the resulting implications of mechanical strength and surface roughness.
{"title":"Influence of tool pin profile on the mechanical strength and surface roughness of AA6061-T6 overlap joint friction stir welding","authors":"None M.H. Osman, None Norfauzi Tamin","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.4.0758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.4.0758","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the tensile strength and surface roughness resulting from friction stir welding (FSW) on the lap joint method using AA 6061 –T6. FSW is conducted by comparing three different tool pin shapes: hexagon, thread, and square. Overlap welding using the FSW method is challenging if machine parameters, such as spindle speed and feed rate, are incompatible. The experiment was conducted using a conventional milling machine with a spindle speed of 1400 -1750 rpm and a feed rate of 20 – 30 mm/min. The results show that a spindle speed of 1750 rpm and a feed rate of 30 mm/min using a square tool pin results in 83.5088 MPa ultimate tensile strength and 0.85 µm surface roughness (Ra), which is much better than hexagon and thread type tool pins. In addition, the overall results on all three tool pin shapes show that higher processing parameters increase tensile strength and surface roughness. This study revealed the effect of parameters on AA6061 –T6 and the resulting implications of mechanical strength and surface roughness.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.2.0756
Mohamed Abdou Mahran Kasem
Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) have been known for years as one of the leading methods for extracting energy from the sun. In the present work, the performance of PTCs was investigated. However, its performance needs some improvement to be integrated in more and wide range of applications. This idea motivated the author to investigate the performance of parabolic trough collectors in detail. Thus, in the present work, the performance of parabolic trough collectors is investigated. The effect of eight geometric and inlet variables on the PTC performance was evaluated. Two performance factors , the temperature difference and thermal efficiency, were selected. The effect of inlet condition, including inlet mass flow rate and inlet flow temperature reflector geometry, including reflector length and width,receiver diameters, including inlet and outlet reciever diameters, and cover diameters, including the inlet and outlet cover diameters on these PFs was assessed. Eight thermal working fluids were considered. A non-linear mathematical model was developed for PTC and implemented into MATLAB code where an iterative technique was used to conduct the present analyses. Level curves were generated to study the PTC key performance parameters. The curves revealed that the maximum values of the PFs and maximum range of change in these PFs occurred when the inlet conditions were varied. Changes in the inlet temperature, and changes in the reflector geometry yielded the highest and second-highest values. The cover geometry had the minimum effect on the PFs. Moreover, the best maximum efficiency, best maximum temperature difference, and maximum range of efficiency change were obtained for water, air, and carbon dioxide, respectively. The effect of inlet temperature is more significant than the mass flow rate effect on the thermal efficiency, whereas this effect is reversed in case of the temperature difference, by which the mass flow rate exerts the least influence on the temperature difference.
{"title":"Detailed performance analysis of parabolic trough collectors including geometric effect","authors":"Mohamed Abdou Mahran Kasem","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.2.0756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.2.0756","url":null,"abstract":"Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) have been known for years as one of the leading methods for extracting energy from the sun. In the present work, the performance of PTCs was investigated. However, its performance needs some improvement to be integrated in more and wide range of applications. This idea motivated the author to investigate the performance of parabolic trough collectors in detail. Thus, in the present work, the performance of parabolic trough collectors is investigated. The effect of eight geometric and inlet variables on the PTC performance was evaluated. Two performance factors , the temperature difference and thermal efficiency, were selected. The effect of inlet condition, including inlet mass flow rate and inlet flow temperature reflector geometry, including reflector length and width,receiver diameters, including inlet and outlet reciever diameters, and cover diameters, including the inlet and outlet cover diameters on these PFs was assessed. Eight thermal working fluids were considered. A non-linear mathematical model was developed for PTC and implemented into MATLAB code where an iterative technique was used to conduct the present analyses. Level curves were generated to study the PTC key performance parameters. The curves revealed that the maximum values of the PFs and maximum range of change in these PFs occurred when the inlet conditions were varied. Changes in the inlet temperature, and changes in the reflector geometry yielded the highest and second-highest values. The cover geometry had the minimum effect on the PFs. Moreover, the best maximum efficiency, best maximum temperature difference, and maximum range of efficiency change were obtained for water, air, and carbon dioxide, respectively. The effect of inlet temperature is more significant than the mass flow rate effect on the thermal efficiency, whereas this effect is reversed in case of the temperature difference, by which the mass flow rate exerts the least influence on the temperature difference.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.1.0755
None YaNan Hao, None V.C. Tai, None Y.C. Tan
This paper introduces an innovative crowd counting algorithm using skin color information. Through stages of color space transformation, threshold segmentation, morphological processing, and region filtering, the algorithm successfully conducts crowd counting in images. The study encompasses analyses of images with diverse crowd densities, skin colors, backgrounds, and lighting intensities, revealing the algorithm's robustness to various factors. It remains unaffected by skin color and crowd size and exhibits minimal sensitivity to background and lighting intensity. Furthermore, the paper explores image feature analysis and uses MATLAB programming for simulation and initial crowd counting, considering images with different actual crowd sizes. Despite minor issues such as the insufficient separation of faces from clothing and the influence of lighting intensity, the algorithm performs reliably in most scenarios, demonstrating high crowd counting accuracies. To bolster the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm, optimization of the separation step and control of the lighting effect on images is suggested. The key focus of this study is the application of the Gaussian model in the YCbCr color space for face detection and examining its impact on the efficiency and accuracy of crowd counting algorithm. The research not only provides a novel approach for crowd counting in images but also offers insightful perspectives for future studies and potential improvements. Thus, the study proves to be a significant contribution to face detection and recognition technology, enhancing its application in fields like public safety, crowd management, and surveillance systems.
{"title":"Crowd counting algorithm based on face detection and skin color recognition","authors":"None YaNan Hao, None V.C. Tai, None Y.C. Tan","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.1.0755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.1.0755","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces an innovative crowd counting algorithm using skin color information. Through stages of color space transformation, threshold segmentation, morphological processing, and region filtering, the algorithm successfully conducts crowd counting in images. The study encompasses analyses of images with diverse crowd densities, skin colors, backgrounds, and lighting intensities, revealing the algorithm's robustness to various factors. It remains unaffected by skin color and crowd size and exhibits minimal sensitivity to background and lighting intensity. Furthermore, the paper explores image feature analysis and uses MATLAB programming for simulation and initial crowd counting, considering images with different actual crowd sizes. Despite minor issues such as the insufficient separation of faces from clothing and the influence of lighting intensity, the algorithm performs reliably in most scenarios, demonstrating high crowd counting accuracies. To bolster the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm, optimization of the separation step and control of the lighting effect on images is suggested. The key focus of this study is the application of the Gaussian model in the YCbCr color space for face detection and examining its impact on the efficiency and accuracy of crowd counting algorithm. The research not only provides a novel approach for crowd counting in images but also offers insightful perspectives for future studies and potential improvements. Thus, the study proves to be a significant contribution to face detection and recognition technology, enhancing its application in fields like public safety, crowd management, and surveillance systems.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.6.0760
None R. Yuvaraj, None R. Senthilkumar
This paper presents the numerical analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction in thin composite layers under asymmetrical boundary conditions. In the thermal barriers such as steam and gas turbine blades, thin film coating are used to protect the blade from thermal damage. The coating on the blades are very short in length. Heat conduction across thin composite layer with short time is examined using a finite element approach. With this very small duration with the finite speed of the thermal wave, the Fourier mode of heat conduction is disappeared due to the infinite speed of the thermal wave assumption. Therefore, analyzing the non-Fourier heat conduction in thin layers is essential. The developed model is executed in Python using Newmark's scheme and the constant average acceleration method to predict the temperature variation and temperature contours. The present model is validated with an experimental and numerical solution with good agreement. Besides, the temperature distribution across the composite layer with the entire length of the substrate and the coating for different thermal conductivity values, thermal diffusivity, and relaxation time are examined. It is noted that when the dimensionless
{"title":"Numerical analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction dynamics in the composite layer","authors":"None R. Yuvaraj, None R. Senthilkumar","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.6.0760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.6.0760","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the numerical analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction in thin composite layers under asymmetrical boundary conditions. In the thermal barriers such as steam and gas turbine blades, thin film coating are used to protect the blade from thermal damage. The coating on the blades are very short in length. Heat conduction across thin composite layer with short time is examined using a finite element approach. With this very small duration with the finite speed of the thermal wave, the Fourier mode of heat conduction is disappeared due to the infinite speed of the thermal wave assumption. Therefore, analyzing the non-Fourier heat conduction in thin layers is essential. The developed model is executed in Python using Newmark's scheme and the constant average acceleration method to predict the temperature variation and temperature contours. The present model is validated with an experimental and numerical solution with good agreement. Besides, the temperature distribution across the composite layer with the entire length of the substrate and the coating for different thermal conductivity values, thermal diffusivity, and relaxation time are examined. It is noted that when the dimensionless","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.8.0762
None A. Zerrout, None L. Loukarfi
This study concerns the experimental and numerical study of the thermal and dynamic behavior of a configuration of a system of vortex jets impacting a flat plate, The objective of this study is to study the behavior of the thermal and dynamic field of vortex blowing of hot air from a multi-jet system impacting a flat plate. The experimental test bench comprising a support of three diffusers of diameter D, impacting the perpendicular plate. A uniform inlet temperature (T, T, T) is imposed such that the impact height H = 4D. The vortex is obtained by a vortex generator made up of 12 fins arranged at 60° from the vertical, placed just at the outlet of the diffuser. A thermo-anemometer device, to measure the blowing temperature at the point in question. The system was numerically simulated by the fluent code using a k-ε RNG turbulence model. It should be noted that the multi-jet system first appears as a free jet: going from the injection orifice to the impact zone, the axial velocity weakens, the jet undergoes considerable deflection, this is the deflection zone the velocities become mainly radial and the thickness of the boundary layer increases radially: this is the parietal flow zone, the structure of the velocity field has two zones of intense deflection with a wall jet on both sides other, favoring a good development of the resulting jet. The results show that this configuration (T, T, T) gave a better optimized distribution of temperature and velocity on the surface of the plate. This homogenization of the temperatures results from a better thermal transfer of the plate.The k-ε RNG model gave acceptable results, which coincide with those of the experimental results.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal and dynamic behavior of a heated vortex multijet system impacting a flat plate","authors":"None A. Zerrout, None L. Loukarfi","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.8.0762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.8.0762","url":null,"abstract":"This study concerns the experimental and numerical study of the thermal and dynamic behavior of a configuration of a system of vortex jets impacting a flat plate, The objective of this study is to study the behavior of the thermal and dynamic field of vortex blowing of hot air from a multi-jet system impacting a flat plate. The experimental test bench comprising a support of three diffusers of diameter D, impacting the perpendicular plate. A uniform inlet temperature (T, T, T) is imposed such that the impact height H = 4D. The vortex is obtained by a vortex generator made up of 12 fins arranged at 60° from the vertical, placed just at the outlet of the diffuser. A thermo-anemometer device, to measure the blowing temperature at the point in question. The system was numerically simulated by the fluent code using a k-ε RNG turbulence model. It should be noted that the multi-jet system first appears as a free jet: going from the injection orifice to the impact zone, the axial velocity weakens, the jet undergoes considerable deflection, this is the deflection zone the velocities become mainly radial and the thickness of the boundary layer increases radially: this is the parietal flow zone, the structure of the velocity field has two zones of intense deflection with a wall jet on both sides other, favoring a good development of the resulting jet. The results show that this configuration (T, T, T) gave a better optimized distribution of temperature and velocity on the surface of the plate. This homogenization of the temperatures results from a better thermal transfer of the plate.The k-ε RNG model gave acceptable results, which coincide with those of the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.10.0764
None H.Y. Imran, None D.L.A. Abdul Majid, None M.F. bin Abdul Hamid, None E.J. binti Abdullah, None S.E. Mohammed, None S. Karunakaran
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are smart materials with a dual function as a sensor as well as an actuator that can generate cyclic contraction and extension when exposed to an increasing and decreasing temperature. In this work, the potential of SMA in the form of spring as an actuator that activates a warning system for detecting high temperatures in vehicle engine is investigated. The working principle of SMA spring is it activates thermomechanically to generate linear reciprocating motion as a result of the contraction (heated) and extension (cooled). This unique feature is employed in the design of a new type of smart automatic switch that regulates and controls the temperature of the vehicle engine instead of using conventional sensors such as thermocouple. The smart automatic switch has two poles positive and negative, where the positive pole represents the SMA spring, which is completely immersed in the water of the engine. While the negative pole is the operating shaft that collects all the parts of the smart switch and is installed on the engine body. A lab scale experiment was conducted to analyse the displacements and results shown that contraction of 20 mm can be produced from the SMA spring due to pulling force when the temperature of the engine increases from 50 ℃ to 80 ℃ and the recovery of the SMA spring to the original position can be obtained by the pushing force 0.5 N from a bias spring when the temperature decreased. From this experiment, a design of the smart switch is that can be utilized the shape memory function is presented. The simplified design proposed demonstrates the shape memory alloy as having good potential in automotive applications such as this as it low cost, space saving, silent operation, and simple in design aspect.
{"title":"Protecting car engines and controlling their temperature by using shape memory alloy as an automatic mechanical cooling sensor","authors":"None H.Y. Imran, None D.L.A. Abdul Majid, None M.F. bin Abdul Hamid, None E.J. binti Abdullah, None S.E. Mohammed, None S. Karunakaran","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.10.0764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.10.0764","url":null,"abstract":"Shape memory alloys (SMA) are smart materials with a dual function as a sensor as well as an actuator that can generate cyclic contraction and extension when exposed to an increasing and decreasing temperature. In this work, the potential of SMA in the form of spring as an actuator that activates a warning system for detecting high temperatures in vehicle engine is investigated. The working principle of SMA spring is it activates thermomechanically to generate linear reciprocating motion as a result of the contraction (heated) and extension (cooled). This unique feature is employed in the design of a new type of smart automatic switch that regulates and controls the temperature of the vehicle engine instead of using conventional sensors such as thermocouple. The smart automatic switch has two poles positive and negative, where the positive pole represents the SMA spring, which is completely immersed in the water of the engine. While the negative pole is the operating shaft that collects all the parts of the smart switch and is installed on the engine body. A lab scale experiment was conducted to analyse the displacements and results shown that contraction of 20 mm can be produced from the SMA spring due to pulling force when the temperature of the engine increases from 50 ℃ to 80 ℃ and the recovery of the SMA spring to the original position can be obtained by the pushing force 0.5 N from a bias spring when the temperature decreased. From this experiment, a design of the smart switch is that can be utilized the shape memory function is presented. The simplified design proposed demonstrates the shape memory alloy as having good potential in automotive applications such as this as it low cost, space saving, silent operation, and simple in design aspect.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.9.0763
Nitish Kumar, Amit Kumar
The reduction of vibration-induced discomfort in vehicles is an important goal in the field of transportation engineering. Several mathematical models with various controlling techniques, from classical to modern, have been employed to achieve better ride comfort. Still, no comprehensive solution has yet been found. Therefore, this paper proposes a 17-degree-of-freedom (minimum number of coordinates) dynamic model of a full-scale railway vehicle integrated with wheel-rail contact forces and an active suspension system. Two controllers, termed system and force tracking controllers, suppress the vehicle body's vibrations. Based on a multi-loop control structure, three optimally tuned Proportional Integral Derivative controllers evaluate the desired control forces and performs the system controller’s action. While the force-tracking controller generates the command voltage to track that forces. The parameters of controllers are tuned with a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm known as the flow direction algorithm (FDA), and the results are compared with two other optimization techniques, i.e., particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization. The simulated results show that the ride comfort of the vehicle is improved with FDA, as the root mean square values of the lateral, roll, and yaw accelerations are reduced by 42.01%, 33.12%, and 48.24%, respectively. Moreover, the simulated results of the proposed model are validated with the experimental results of accelerations. The simulated results show that the proposed system tuned with the metaheuristic algorithm outperforms with a significant reduction in vehicle vibrations.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.7.0761
None K.A. Francy, None C.S. Rao
Extrusion process has many applications in manufacturing industries due to its ability to produce products of high quality. Extrusion process can be classified into hot extrusion and cold extrusion. The cold forward extrusion is carried out at ambient temperature and has the additional benefit of improved mechanical characteristics. The metarial is compressed under intense pressure through a die orifice with a specific shape during the extrusion process. This process is effected by a few process variables, including die angle, punch speed, and lubrication are in greater extent towards the extrusion force requirement, microstructure and the product quality. Hence, the present experimental work focuses on extrusion of circular billet to produce cylindrical rod. Studying the behaviour of the material and the importance of the input process parameters during the cold extrusion process is the primary goal of this work. The experiments are carried out with AA 2024 alloy because of its wide applications in navy and aircraft structures. The varying die angles (10°, 20° & 30°) as well as punch speed (1.6 mm/min, 3.2 mm/min and 4.8 mm/min) and lubricants (molybdium sulphide (MoS2), zinc stearate and grease) chosen as input parameters. The out put responses of this extrusion process are extrusion force, displacement, time and surface roughness. Extrusion forces are calculated based on flow stress curves at the locations of greatest elastic deformation. The results shows that increasing the punch speed and die angle increases the extrusion force. The microstructure evolutions and grain refinement at different die angles are examined using electron back scatter diffraction analysis. At 30° die angle, the microstructure showed grain refinement. It is also noted that the damage is significant at 30° die angle with a punch speed above 4.8 mm/min.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on the effect of process variables for the quality characteristics of AA 2024 processed in cold extrusion","authors":"None K.A. Francy, None C.S. Rao","doi":"10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.7.0761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.3.2023.7.0761","url":null,"abstract":"Extrusion process has many applications in manufacturing industries due to its ability to produce products of high quality. Extrusion process can be classified into hot extrusion and cold extrusion. The cold forward extrusion is carried out at ambient temperature and has the additional benefit of improved mechanical characteristics. The metarial is compressed under intense pressure through a die orifice with a specific shape during the extrusion process. This process is effected by a few process variables, including die angle, punch speed, and lubrication are in greater extent towards the extrusion force requirement, microstructure and the product quality. Hence, the present experimental work focuses on extrusion of circular billet to produce cylindrical rod. Studying the behaviour of the material and the importance of the input process parameters during the cold extrusion process is the primary goal of this work. The experiments are carried out with AA 2024 alloy because of its wide applications in navy and aircraft structures. The varying die angles (10°, 20° & 30°) as well as punch speed (1.6 mm/min, 3.2 mm/min and 4.8 mm/min) and lubricants (molybdium sulphide (MoS2), zinc stearate and grease) chosen as input parameters. The out put responses of this extrusion process are extrusion force, displacement, time and surface roughness. Extrusion forces are calculated based on flow stress curves at the locations of greatest elastic deformation. The results shows that increasing the punch speed and die angle increases the extrusion force. The microstructure evolutions and grain refinement at different die angles are examined using electron back scatter diffraction analysis. At 30° die angle, the microstructure showed grain refinement. It is also noted that the damage is significant at 30° die angle with a punch speed above 4.8 mm/min.","PeriodicalId":16166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135587085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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