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Development of a 40 T Fast-Cooling and Long-Pulse Magnet for a 1 THz Gyrotron 为 1 THz 陀螺仪开发 40 T 快速冷却长脉冲磁体
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-01003-x
Houxiu Xiao, Zhiyu Qiu, Xiaotao Han, Yu Huang, Shaozhe Zhang, Xianfei Chen

The pulsed magnet can generate a high magnetic field (up to 100T), promoting the development of high-frequency high-power gyrotrons. In this article, a fast cooling and long lifetime 40 T pulsed magnet is developed for a 1 THz gyrotron. To address the various challenges in thermal and mechanical aspects, copper conductors and internal fibers have been combined to enhance mechanical strength and minimize temperature rise, prolonging the lifetime and the admissible duration of the magnet operation. Internal cooling channels are introduced to increase the cooling speed without compromising mechanical strength. Experimental results have demonstrated the magnet's reliability and repeatability in achieving a 40 T pulsed field for tens of milliseconds with a cooldown time of 6 min. It is estimated that the lifetime is about 20,000 shots at 40 T. Importantly, the magnet is capable of realizing a 40 T flat-top pulsed field (flat-top time 10 ms) with a cooldown period of 16 min. This can facilitate the long-pulsed quasi-steady operation of gyrotron operation, which is attractive for numerous high-power THz applications.

脉冲磁体可产生高磁场(高达 100T),促进了高频大功率陀螺仪的发展。本文为 1 THz 陀螺仪开发了一种冷却速度快、寿命长的 40 T 脉冲磁体。为了应对热和机械方面的各种挑战,我们将铜导体和内部纤维相结合,以增强机械强度并最大限度地降低温升,从而延长磁体的使用寿命和可允许的工作时间。内部冷却通道的引入在不影响机械强度的前提下提高了冷却速度。实验结果表明,该磁体在实现 40 T 脉冲磁场的可靠性和可重复性方面达到了数十毫秒,冷却时间为 6 分钟。重要的是,该磁体能够实现 40 T 平顶脉冲磁场(平顶时间 10 毫秒),冷却时间为 16 分钟。这有助于陀螺仪的长脉冲准稳定运行,对许多高功率太赫兹应用具有吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Compact Elliptical Slot Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna for 5G Applications 面向 5G 应用的紧凑型椭圆槽毫米波 MIMO 天线
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-01002-y
Nazia Farooq, Khalid Muzaffar, S. A. Malik

This study introduces a novel, highly compact broadband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna design and its Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration proposed for 28 GHz applications targeting 5G networks. The antenna is designed over a 0.25 mm thick Rogers RT5880LZ substrate having a relative dielectric permittivity of 2 and an overall size of 16 mm × 16 mm. Its MIMO configuration utilizes polarization diversity and includes four elliptical-slot radiators integrated with microstrip-line structures, specifically optimized for 28 GHz operation. The performance of the proposed mm-wave MIMO configuration is validated through simulation of its S-parameters using CST software and measurements obtained with a vector network analyzer (VNA). The proposed antenna demonstrates excellent S-parameter performance, achieving a gain of up to 6 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 94% across the operational frequency band. Each antenna element exhibits an impressive wide operating bandwidth of 9 GHz, spanning from 22.2 to 31.4 GHz at a − 10 dB threshold. Evaluations of the MIMO system’s performance indicate promising results, including an exceptionally low envelope correlation of about ({10}^{-5}) and a diversity gain of around 10 dB throughout the operating bandwidth. The design also ensures significant isolation between MIMO elements without requiring decoupling structures. A physical prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and subjected to measurements, depicting a strong corelation between the measured and simulated data, with some minor variations attributed to fabrication tolerances and cable losses. Comparative analysis further emphasizes the potential viability of the proposed MIMO antenna positioning it as a viable candidate for future compact-sized mm-wave MIMO systems.

本研究介绍了一种新型、高度紧凑的宽带毫米波(mm-wave)天线设计及其多输入多输出(MIMO)配置,建议用于以 5G 网络为目标的 28 GHz 应用。该天线设计采用厚度为 0.25 毫米的罗杰斯 RT5880LZ 衬底,相对介电常数为 2,整体尺寸为 16 毫米 × 16 毫米。其 MIMO 配置采用了极化分集技术,包括四个与微带线结构集成的椭圆槽辐射器,专门针对 28 GHz 工作频率进行了优化。通过使用 CST 软件对其 S 参数进行仿真,以及使用矢量网络分析仪(VNA)进行测量,验证了拟议毫米波 MIMO 配置的性能。拟议的天线显示出卓越的 S 参数性能,在整个工作频段内实现了高达 6 dBi 的增益和 94% 的辐射效率。每个天线元件都具有令人印象深刻的 9 GHz 宽工作带宽,在 - 10 dB 门限时,工作带宽从 22.2 GHz 到 31.4 GHz。对 MIMO 系统性能的评估显示出良好的结果,包括约 ({10}^{-5}) 的超低包络相关性和整个工作带宽内约 10 dB 的分集增益。该设计还能确保 MIMO 元件之间的显著隔离,而无需去耦结构。我们制作了拟议天线的物理原型并对其进行了测量,结果表明测量数据与模拟数据之间具有很强的相关性,一些细微的变化归因于制造公差和电缆损耗。对比分析进一步强调了拟议多输入多输出天线的潜在可行性,并将其定位为未来紧凑型毫米波多输入多输出系统的可行候选方案。
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引用次数: 0
Ultra-Wideband PIN-PD THz Emitter with > 5.5 THz Bandwidth 带宽大于 5.5 THz 的超宽带 PIN-PD THz 发射器
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-01001-z
Milan Deumer, Simon Nellen, Sebastian Lauck, Shahram Keyvaninia, Shaffi Berrios, Matti Kieper, Martin Schell, Robert B. Kohlhaas

We present novel PIN photodiode (PD) continuous wave (cw) terahertz (THz) emitters with an increased responsivity and reduced substrate thickness compared to the state-of-the-art. Our improved devices feature up to 4 dB higher output power below 500 GHz with maximum power of -0.53 dBm at 115 GHz and strongly reduced THz absorption of the substrate for frequencies above 3 THz. The latter enables us to measure coherent cw THz spectra with a record bandwidth of 5.5 THz, for the first time, which is 1 THz (22%) more than the state-of-the-art.

我们展示了新型 PIN 光电二极管 (PD) 连续波 (cw) 太赫兹 (THz) 发射器,与最先进的器件相比,它的响应率更高,衬底厚度更小。我们改进后的器件在 500 GHz 以下的输出功率提高了 4 dB,在 115 GHz 时的最大功率为 -0.53 dBm,并且在 3 THz 以上频率时,基底的太赫兹吸收大大降低。后者使我们能够测量相干 cw 太赫兹光谱,其带宽首次达到创纪录的 5.5 太赫兹,比最先进水平高出 1 太赫兹(22%)。
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引用次数: 0
Terahertz Radiation from Water Molecules Rotated by Femtosecond Laser Field 飞秒激光场旋转水分子产生的太赫兹辐射
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-01000-0
Yezi Pu, Xiao-Yu Peng, Xuan Shi, Hongquan Zhao

THz radiation can be generated routinely from water plasmas by focusing femtosecond laser pulses on a water film or water line. However, there are no relevant reports on the THz generation from rotated water molecules driven directly by strong electric field of femtosecond laser pulses under non-plasma condition. Here, we develop a theoretical model of water molecules to study the interaction between laser electric field and water molecules based on quantum mechanics theory. We find that broadband THz radiation (bandwidth ~ 10 THz) can be generated through the transitions of rotational energy levels of the rotated water molecules driven by a linear polarization mid-infrared laser (laser intensity ≤ 1012 W∙cm−2). We demonstrate that the generated THz spectrum can be controlled by changing the laser intensity and its pulse duration. Moreover, for a Gaussian pump laser beam, the high-frequency components of THz wave increase gradually, while the low-frequency components decrease gradually when the laser pulse duration increases from 150 to 400 fs. Our results provide a new idea and possibility for THz generation from water.

通过将飞秒激光脉冲聚焦在水膜或水线上,可以从水等离子体中产生常规的太赫兹辐射。然而,目前还没有关于非等离子体条件下飞秒激光脉冲强电场直接驱动旋转水分子产生太赫兹辐射的相关报道。在此,我们基于量子力学理论建立了一个水分子理论模型来研究激光电场与水分子之间的相互作用。我们发现,在线性偏振中红外激光(激光强度≤ 1012 W∙cm-2)的驱动下,旋转水分子的旋转能级跃迁可产生宽带太赫兹辐射(带宽约为 10 THz)。我们证明,可以通过改变激光强度及其脉冲持续时间来控制所产生的太赫兹光谱。此外,对于高斯泵浦激光束,当激光脉冲持续时间从 150 fs 增加到 400 fs 时,太赫兹波的高频成分逐渐增加,而低频成分逐渐减少。我们的研究结果为从水中产生太赫兹波提供了新的思路和可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for High-Precision Studies of Jet-Cooled Molecules and Weakly Bound Molecular Complexes 用于高精度研究喷射冷却分子和弱结合分子复合物的毫米波光谱仪
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00999-6
I. V. Tarabukin, V. A. Panfilov, D. G. Poydashev, L. A. Surin

We have constructed a millimeter-wave free-space absorption spectrometer for high-resolution studies of jet-cooled molecules and weakly bound van der Waals complexes. The spectrometer employs a microwave frequency generator supplemented by active frequency multipliers and covers the spectral region from 50 to 170 GHz. A nozzle source is fixed on a rooftop mirror placed in the vacuum chamber in such a way that the millimeter-wave radiation propagates parallel to the molecular jet and makes two passes along it. Such arrangement of radiation and nozzle provides better sensitivity and higher spectral resolution compared to more common perpendicular configuration. Schottky diode detectors are used to measure absorption in the molecular gas flow. The observed linewidths are 30–40 kHz, and the accuracy of the line center determination is about 3–4 kHz. The presented spectra of the astrophysically relevant rare CO isotopologues, and the weakly bound NH3–H2 complexes demonstrate the potential of the newly built spectrometer. The line splittings arising from the hyperfine interactions of the nuclear spins of 13C for CO and 14N for NH3–H2 were resolved and analyzed.

我们建造了一个毫米波自由空间吸收光谱仪,用于对喷射冷却分子和弱结合范德华复合体进行高分辨率研究。该光谱仪采用微波频率发生器,辅以有源频率倍增器,覆盖 50 至 170 千兆赫的光谱区域。喷嘴源固定在真空室中的屋顶镜上,使毫米波辐射平行于分子射流传播,并沿分子射流传播两次。与更常见的垂直配置相比,这种辐射和喷嘴的布置提供了更好的灵敏度和更高的光谱分辨率。肖特基二极管探测器用于测量分子气流中的吸收。观测到的线宽为 30-40 kHz,线中心测定精度约为 3-4 kHz。所展示的天体物理学相关的稀有 CO 同素异形体以及弱结合 NH3-H2 复合物的光谱证明了新建成光谱仪的潜力。对 CO 的 13C 和 NH3-H2 的 14N 核自旋超细相互作用产生的线分裂进行了解析和分析。
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引用次数: 0
Broadband MIMO Configuration Using a Novel Split Ring Metasurface as Superstrate for Gain Enhancement Operating in Millimetre Wave Regime 使用新型分环金属表面作为超基底以增强毫米波频段增益的宽带多输入多输出(MIMO)配置
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00997-8
Vijay Kumar Sahu, Rajyalakshmi Valluri, P. V. Sridevi

This paper outlines the design and analysis of a compact antenna and its multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) arrangement for use in applications at millimetre wave (mmW). The antenna was constructed with the Rogers substrate RT Durioid 5880, which possesses a total dimension of 44 × 44 mm2 with a height of 1.575 mm. The coplanar waveguide fed (CPW) antenna was originally intended to function within a 30–50-GHz frequency spectrum. Subsequently, the MIMO configuration of the same antenna is designed and developed over which a metamaterial superstrate was positioned in the design. The proposed MIMO configuration offers a good impedance match over a wide frequency range, considerable gain, minimal coupling among the antennas, and a low ECC, in addition to attaining a high diversity gain. To further highlight the importance of the suggested work, a comparison with related studies has been established.

本文概述了用于毫米波(mmW)应用的紧凑型天线及其多输入多输出(MIMO)排列的设计和分析。该天线采用罗杰斯公司的 RT Durioid 5880 衬底,总尺寸为 44 × 44 平方毫米,高度为 1.575 毫米。共面波导馈电(CPW)天线最初用于 30-50 千兆赫频谱。随后,我们设计并开发了同一天线的多输入多输出(MIMO)配置,并在其上安装了超材料叠层。所提出的 MIMO 配置在较宽的频率范围内具有良好的阻抗匹配、可观的增益、最小的天线间耦合和较低的 ECC,此外还获得了较高的分集增益。为了进一步突出建议工作的重要性,还与相关研究进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
3D Printed Broadband Sub-terahertz Absorber for Absolute Power Sensors in Free Space 用于自由空间绝对功率传感器的 3D 打印宽带亚太赫兹吸收器
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00996-9
Genki Kuwano, Kazuma Kurihara, Ryohei Hokari, Yuya Tojima, Moto Kinoshita

Evaluating the output of emitters and calibrating detectors using absolute power sensors is critical for public use. In free-space thermal power sensors, the measurement accuracy and sensitivity depend on the absorption characteristics of the absorber, and the response time relates to its intrinsic thermal time constant. A response time of a few seconds is useful in practical scenarios where factors such as power variations caused by changes in the current–voltage characteristics of the emitter are monitored. At the minimum, an intrinsic thermal time constant of a few tens of second is required to achieve a few-second measurement time because the actual time can be enhanced by the control method of the sensors. However, in the sub-terahertz region, conventional broadband absorbers must be adequately thick for high absorption, increasing thermal capacity. Thus, achieving high absorption and a good thermal response remains challenging. In this study, an absorber featuring a resin-hollow pyramidal structure covered with a metal film thinner than the skin depth was devised. To realize the proposed absorber, we used resin 3D printing and Ni–P electroless plating. A comparison with conventional absorbers demonstrated that the thermal time constant was comparable to that of a planar absorber, known for its suitable response but low absorption below 1 THz, while maintaining over 98.6% absorptance in the 0.1- to 0.3-THz range. These results can aid in the construction of a sub-terahertz power sensor with high accuracy, high sensitivity, and a few-second response time.

使用绝对功率传感器评估发射器的输出和校准探测器对于公共用途至关重要。在自由空间热功率传感器中,测量精度和灵敏度取决于吸收器的吸收特性,而响应时间则与其固有的热时间常数有关。在实际应用中,几秒钟的响应时间是非常有用的,因为在实际应用中需要监测发射器电流-电压特性变化引起的功率变化等因素。要达到几秒的测量时间,至少需要几十秒的固有热时间常数,因为传感器的控制方法可以延长实际时间。然而,在亚太赫兹区域,传统的宽带吸收器必须有足够的厚度才能实现高吸收,从而增加热容量。因此,实现高吸收和良好的热响应仍然具有挑战性。在这项研究中,我们设计了一种吸收器,它采用树脂空心金字塔结构,表面覆盖一层比表皮深度更薄的金属膜。为了实现所提出的吸收器,我们采用了树脂三维打印和无电解镀镍工艺。与传统吸收器的比较结果表明,该吸收器的热时间常数与平面吸收器的热时间常数相当,而平面吸收器因其合适的响应而闻名,但在 1 太赫兹以下吸收率较低,同时在 0.1 至 0.3 太赫兹范围内保持 98.6% 以上的吸收率。这些结果有助于构建高精度、高灵敏度和响应时间仅为几秒的亚太赫兹功率传感器。
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引用次数: 0
Terahertz Characterization Microcellular Polyethylene Terephthalate (MCPET) across Broad Temperature Range 微孔聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (MCPET) 在宽温度范围内的太赫兹特性分析
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00995-w
Hirohisa Uchida, Katsuhiko Miyamoto, Kei Takeya

The optical properties of Microcellular Polyethylene Terephthalate (MCPET) towards light and terahertz waves were compared. Within the measurement range of 0.3–1.3 THz and 30 K to room temperature, the refractive index remained nearly constant at approximately 1.15, close to 1. It was observed that MCPET with a thickness of 0.5 mm transmits over 70% of terahertz waves, while blocking more than 99.9% of light in the 300–2000 nm range. These findings present significant advantages for the design of optical devices using MCPET, highlighting its potential for selective dichroism and high opacity in specific applications.

比较了微孔聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(MCPET)对光波和太赫兹波的光学特性。在 0.3-1.3 太赫兹和 30 K 至室温的测量范围内,折射率几乎保持恒定,约为 1.15,接近 1。这些发现为使用 MCPET 设计光学设备提供了显著优势,突出了其在特定应用中的选择性二色性和高不透明性潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Design of a Dual Layer, Via-free, Polarization-rotating Metasurface with Wideband Asymmetric Transmission 设计具有宽带非对称传输功能的双层、无通孔、偏振旋转元表面
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00992-z
Chunyu Li, Peng Fei

Techniques for adjusting and controlling the polarization state of electromagnetic waves are of great importance in the optical and microwave regimes. In this letter, a dual-layer, via-free, polarization-rotating metasurface with wideband and effective asymmetric transmission properties is presented. Numerical and experimental results show that the metasurface can rotate the polarization of the incident electromagnetic wave by 90°, from 24.5 to approximately 30.9 GHz (relative bandwidth 23.10%). The simple structure and good performance of the proposed metasurface make it a promising candidate in quasimillimeter wave radar and communication applications and can be easily scaled to other frequency bands.

调整和控制电磁波偏振态的技术在光学和微波领域非常重要。本文介绍了一种具有宽带和有效非对称传输特性的双层、无通孔、偏振旋转元表面。数值和实验结果表明,该元表面可将入射电磁波的极化旋转 90°,频率范围从 24.5 GHz 到约 30.9 GHz(相对带宽为 23.10%)。所提出的元表面结构简单、性能良好,有望应用于准毫米波雷达和通信领域,并可轻松扩展到其他频段。
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引用次数: 0
Resonant Ring with a Gain of 36 for Use with a 1 MW 110 GHz Gyrotron 增益为 36 的谐振环,用于 1 MW 110 GHz 陀螺仪
IF 2.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10762-024-00991-0
Elliot L. Claveau, Michael A. Shapiro, Richard J. Temkin

A 110 GHz quasi-optical ring resonator, designed for use with a 1 MW pulsed gyrotron, has been built and successfully tested using a 100 mW solid-state source. A low reflectance (2.4%) input coupler and a low-loss, four-mirror ring demonstrated a compression ratio, defined as the ratio of output to input power, of 36. The 6 ns output pulses were generated from the 2 m length ring using a silicon laser-driven semiconductor switch (LDSS). The quasi-optical ring resonator was designed with large waist sizes so that input pulses of up to 1 MW will stay under the 35 kV/cm electric field limit for ionization in ambient air. Maximum compression gain was achieved by matching the input coupling fraction to the round trip loss in the ring, achieving close to critical coupling. The experimental output pulse shape obtained after firing the LDSS was modeled using the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance of the switch vs. time and vs. laser pulse fluence, with good agreement found with theory. The timing for the peak energy efficiency of 32% was found and the main loss mechanism limiting that efficiency was found to be the absorptance in the silicon wafer.

设计用于 1 兆瓦脉冲陀螺仪的 110 千兆赫准光环谐振器已经制作完成,并使用 100 毫瓦固态源成功进行了测试。低反射率(2.4%)输入耦合器和低损耗四镜环的压缩比(即输出功率与输入功率之比)达到了 36。6 毫微秒的输出脉冲是利用硅激光驱动半导体开关(LDSS)从 2 米长的环上产生的。准光学环形谐振器的设计具有较大的腰部尺寸,因此输入的高达 1 兆瓦的脉冲将保持在 35 kV/cm 的电场极限以下,以便在环境空气中实现电离。通过将输入耦合分数与环中的往返损耗相匹配,实现了最大的压缩增益,接近临界耦合。利用开关的反射率、透射率和吸收率与时间和激光脉冲能量的关系,对 LDSS 点火后获得的实验输出脉冲形状进行了建模,结果与理论十分吻合。我们找到了峰值能量效率为 32% 的时间,并发现限制该效率的主要损耗机制是硅晶片中的吸收率。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
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