Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.011
Fatemeh Asghari, Mehdi Malekan, Hamed Mirzadeh, Alireza Kalhor, Massoud Emamy
The influences of silicon addition to commercially pure magnesium (CP Mg) and cooling rate during solidification on the as-cast microstructure and shear mechanical properties of Mg–Si alloys were systematically investigated. For this purpose, the Mg–0.6Si, Mg–1.34Si, and Mg–3Si (wt%) alloys were considered as hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic alloys, respectively. By decreasing the geometrical modulus of the solidifying section (increasing cooling rate), remarkable grain refinement, refining the dendrite arm spacing (DAS), and modification of Mg2Si particles were achieved. Moreover, the grain size was refined via Si addition in the hypoeutectic range, while coarsening of grain size at high Si concentrations was observed. The results of shear punch testing and hardness measurements demonstrated that the ultimate shear strength (USS) and hardness increased by increasing the cooling rate during solidification. Moreover, Si addition generally improved hardness, while the highest USS level was achieved for the eutectic alloy due to the fine grain size and strengthening effect of the eutectic constituent. However, regarding the hypereutectic Mg–3Si alloy that exhibited high hardness, the shear properties were inferior due to the detrimental effect of the primary Mg2Si particles. Finally, the results were discussed with consideration of the relationship between strength and hardness, for which the critical effect of Si was clarified.
{"title":"Microstructural modification and tailoring the shear mechanical properties of in-situ manufactured Mg–Si alloys via varying cooling rates during solidification","authors":"Fatemeh Asghari, Mehdi Malekan, Hamed Mirzadeh, Alireza Kalhor, Massoud Emamy","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"The influences of silicon addition to commercially pure magnesium (CP Mg) and cooling rate during solidification on the as-cast microstructure and shear mechanical properties of Mg–Si alloys were systematically investigated. For this purpose, the Mg–0.6Si, Mg–1.34Si, and Mg–3Si (wt%) alloys were considered as hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic alloys, respectively. By decreasing the geometrical modulus of the solidifying section (increasing cooling rate), remarkable grain refinement, refining the dendrite arm spacing (DAS), and modification of Mg<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>Si particles were achieved. Moreover, the grain size was refined via Si addition in the hypoeutectic range, while coarsening of grain size at high Si concentrations was observed. The results of shear punch testing and hardness measurements demonstrated that the ultimate shear strength (USS) and hardness increased by increasing the cooling rate during solidification. Moreover, Si addition generally improved hardness, while the highest USS level was achieved for the eutectic alloy due to the fine grain size and strengthening effect of the eutectic constituent. However, regarding the hypereutectic Mg–3Si alloy that exhibited high hardness, the shear properties were inferior due to the detrimental effect of the primary Mg<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>Si particles. Finally, the results were discussed with consideration of the relationship between strength and hardness, for which the critical effect of Si was clarified.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.017
Jong Han Song, Seung Yeop Lee, Seho Cheon, Seong Ho Lee, Jinyeong Yu, Seunghun Baek, Jeongkyun Roh, Sung Hyuk Park, Taekyung Lee
A novel T-type specimen enabled the separation of the thermal and athermal contributions of electropulsing treatment (EPT) in pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy. The combination of T-type geometry and carefully selected EPT conditions equalized the thermal contributions at two distinct locations (J70-C and J77-D) in a thermally stable regime, which isolated the athermal effect in J70-C. The results were verified using finite element analysis. Although the athermal EPT contribution did not alter the fundamental microstructural evolution mechanisms, the evolution rate increased significantly. As a result, the J70-C region exhibited faster grain growth, annihilation of twin boundaries, reduction of low-angle grain boundaries, dislocation annihilation, and static recrystallization compared to its counterpart, as further supported by the microhardness trends. These results were interpreted in light of the additional driving force by the athermal EPT contribution, which accelerated the strain-induced boundary migrations beyond Joule heating alone. The proposed T-type specimen methodology offers a robust framework for decoupling the thermal and athermal effects in macroscale EPT processes.
{"title":"Validating the athermal contribution of electropulsing treatment utilizing T-type Mg specimen","authors":"Jong Han Song, Seung Yeop Lee, Seho Cheon, Seong Ho Lee, Jinyeong Yu, Seunghun Baek, Jeongkyun Roh, Sung Hyuk Park, Taekyung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"A novel T-type specimen enabled the separation of the thermal and athermal contributions of electropulsing treatment (EPT) in pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy. The combination of T-type geometry and carefully selected EPT conditions equalized the thermal contributions at two distinct locations (<ce:italic>J</ce:italic>70-<ce:italic>C</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>J</ce:italic>77-<ce:italic>D</ce:italic>) in a thermally stable regime, which isolated the athermal effect in <ce:italic>J</ce:italic>70-<ce:italic>C</ce:italic>. The results were verified using finite element analysis. Although the athermal EPT contribution did not alter the fundamental microstructural evolution mechanisms, the evolution rate increased significantly. As a result, the <ce:italic>J</ce:italic>70-<ce:italic>C</ce:italic> region exhibited faster grain growth, annihilation of twin boundaries, reduction of low-angle grain boundaries, dislocation annihilation, and static recrystallization compared to its counterpart, as further supported by the microhardness trends. These results were interpreted in light of the additional driving force by the athermal EPT contribution, which accelerated the strain-induced boundary migrations beyond Joule heating alone. The proposed T-type specimen methodology offers a robust framework for decoupling the thermal and athermal effects in macroscale EPT processes.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MgH2 shows promise for solid-state hydrogen storage because of its high gravimetric capacity (7.6%) and ecofriendliness but cannot be easily commercialized because of its sluggish dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation kinetics and high thermodynamic stability. Herein, Ce/N–codoped TiO2 (CN-T) synthesized using a solvothermal/calcination method was composited with MgH2 to enhance its hydrogen storage performance. The composite with a CN-T loading of 7 wt% started releasing H2 at 187.2 °C and released 6.45 wt.% H2 in 180 s at 301 °C, which corresponded to nearly complete dehydrogenation. The residue could be rapidly rehydrogenated, with hydrogen contents of 3.24 and 5.45 wt% achieved in 1 min at 100 °C/20 bar H2 and 5 min at 200 °C/20 bar H2, respectively. This performance enhancement was attributed to the combined effects of doped N, multivalent Ti, and Ce. The doped N weakened Mg–H bonds via charge transfer and modified the electronic state density of MgH2. Ti catalyzed H2 dissociation/recombination through dynamic valence cycling and D-electron injection, and the introduction of Ce3+ created O vacancies, which lowered the electron density of Mg–H bonds, generated strain fields for hydrogen release, provided diffusion pathways, and introduced bandgap states to strengthen electron–hydrogen coupling. Thus, this study paves the way for the commercialization of MgH2 as a green high-capacity hydrogen carrier for diverse applications.
{"title":"Improving the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2 by compositing with Ce/N–codoped TiO2","authors":"Cheng Lv, Qingjie He, Yongjin Zou, Ruoyang Zhang, Hanjie Wen, Jiayan Huang, Jing Zhi, Cuili Xiang, Lixian Sun, Yong Shen Chua","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"MgH<sub>2</sub> shows promise for solid-state hydrogen storage because of its high gravimetric capacity (7.6%) and ecofriendliness but cannot be easily commercialized because of its sluggish dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation kinetics and high thermodynamic stability. Herein, Ce/N–codoped TiO<sub>2</sub> (CN-T) synthesized using a solvothermal/calcination method was composited with MgH<sub>2</sub> to enhance its hydrogen storage performance. The composite with a CN-T loading of 7 wt% started releasing H<sub>2</sub> at 187.2 °C and released 6.45 wt.% H<sub>2</sub> in 180 s at 301 °C, which corresponded to nearly complete dehydrogenation. The residue could be rapidly rehydrogenated, with hydrogen contents of 3.24 and 5.45 wt% achieved in 1 min at 100 °C/20 bar H<sub>2</sub> and 5 min at 200 °C/20 bar H<sub>2</sub>, respectively. This performance enhancement was attributed to the combined effects of doped N, multivalent Ti, and Ce. The doped N weakened Mg–H bonds via charge transfer and modified the electronic state density of MgH<sub>2</sub>. Ti catalyzed H<sub>2</sub> dissociation/recombination through dynamic valence cycling and D-electron injection, and the introduction of Ce<sup>3+</sup> created O vacancies, which lowered the electron density of Mg–H bonds, generated strain fields for hydrogen release, provided diffusion pathways, and introduced bandgap states to strengthen electron–hydrogen coupling. Thus, this study paves the way for the commercialization of MgH<sub>2</sub> as a green high-capacity hydrogen carrier for diverse applications.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.017
Xuhui Feng , Xiaojun Wang , Chao Xu , Xiaoshi Hu , Hailong Shi , Xuejian Li , Zhen Lu
Magnesium, being the lightest structural metal, faces limitations in alloy development due to its inherently low elastic modulus. Therefore, this study develops high-performance, high-modulus Mg-15Gd-8Y-xAl-0.3Mn (wt.%) (x = 6, 8, 10) alloys and investigates their microstructure and mechanical properties. The findings indicate that the alloys primarily consist of Al2RE and α-Mg phases, with both the amount and size of Al2RE phase increasing as the Al content rises. After extrusion, both the grains and the Al2RE phase are refined. The increased modulus of the alloys is mainly due to the formation of the high-modulus Al2RE phase. When the Al content is 6%, 8%, and 10%, the modulus of the alloys is 51.8 GPa, 53.8 GPa, and 56.1 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the Al2RE and Mg5RE phases can jointly regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. As the Al content increases, the amount of Al2RE phase increases, consuming the rare earth elements in the alloy and reducing the nano-precipitated Mg5RE phase. Consequently, with the increase in Al content, the recrystallization rate increases, and the recrystallized grains become larger. When the Al content is 6%, the alloy exhibits a bimodal structure with the smallest recrystallized grains, resulting in the highest yield strength of 341 MPa. When the Al content is 8%, the alloy has a fine, fully recrystallized structure, leading to a relatively high elongation of 9.1%. These findings provide valuable insights for designing high-modulus magnesium alloys with optimized yield strength and elongation for structural applications.
{"title":"High-modulus magnesium alloy: Control of microstructure and mechanical properties via in-situ synthesis of the Al2RE phase","authors":"Xuhui Feng , Xiaojun Wang , Chao Xu , Xiaoshi Hu , Hailong Shi , Xuejian Li , Zhen Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium, being the lightest structural metal, faces limitations in alloy development due to its inherently low elastic modulus. Therefore, this study develops high-performance, high-modulus Mg-15Gd-8Y-xAl-0.3Mn (wt.%) (<em>x</em> = 6, 8, 10) alloys and investigates their microstructure and mechanical properties. The findings indicate that the alloys primarily consist of Al<sub>2</sub>RE and α-Mg phases, with both the amount and size of Al<sub>2</sub>RE phase increasing as the Al content rises. After extrusion, both the grains and the Al<sub>2</sub>RE phase are refined. The increased modulus of the alloys is mainly due to the formation of the high-modulus Al<sub>2</sub>RE phase. When the Al content is 6%, 8%, and 10%, the modulus of the alloys is 51.8 GPa, 53.8 GPa, and 56.1 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the Al<sub>2</sub>RE and Mg<sub>5</sub>RE phases can jointly regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. As the Al content increases, the amount of Al<sub>2</sub>RE phase increases, consuming the rare earth elements in the alloy and reducing the nano-precipitated Mg<sub>5</sub>RE phase. Consequently, with the increase in Al content, the recrystallization rate increases, and the recrystallized grains become larger. When the Al content is 6%, the alloy exhibits a bimodal structure with the smallest recrystallized grains, resulting in the highest yield strength of 341 MPa. When the Al content is 8%, the alloy has a fine, fully recrystallized structure, leading to a relatively high elongation of 9.1%. These findings provide valuable insights for designing high-modulus magnesium alloys with optimized yield strength and elongation for structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 5882-5896"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.033
Shun Luo , Feng Li , Yuan Qi Li , Hai Bo Wang , Jia Yang Zhang
Prefabricated twinning represents an effective strategy for optimizing the microstructure of extruded forming components and facilitating changes in texture. The study examines the incorporation of [10–12] twins into an AZ31 magnesium alloy billet via cold pre-upsetting deformation before alternating forward extrusion (CUAFE). The experimental results indicate that the initial presence of [10–12] twins is advantageous for the development of [10–10] and [11–20] texture components during the extrusion process. In addition, different DRX mechanisms have different influences on the evolution of basal texture. The CDRX grains tend to preferentially select the [11–20] texture orientation, weakening the [10–10] texture and enhancing the [11–20] texture. However, most DDRX grains deviate significantly from the orientation of their surrounding original grain and do not have a preferred orientation. This is reflected in the mechanical properties of the CUAFE part. The tensile strength is 323.5 MPa, while the elongation is as high as 20.1%.
{"title":"Modification of texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy via cold pre-upsetting alternating forward extrusion","authors":"Shun Luo , Feng Li , Yuan Qi Li , Hai Bo Wang , Jia Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prefabricated twinning represents an effective strategy for optimizing the microstructure of extruded forming components and facilitating changes in texture. The study examines the incorporation of [10–12] twins into an AZ31 magnesium alloy billet via cold pre-upsetting deformation before alternating forward extrusion (CUAFE). The experimental results indicate that the initial presence of [10–12] twins is advantageous for the development of [10–10] and [11–20] texture components during the extrusion process. In addition, different DRX mechanisms have different influences on the evolution of basal texture. The CDRX grains tend to preferentially select the [11–20] texture orientation, weakening the [10–10] texture and enhancing the [11–20] texture. However, most DDRX grains deviate significantly from the orientation of their surrounding original grain and do not have a preferred orientation. This is reflected in the mechanical properties of the CUAFE part. The tensile strength is 323.5 MPa, while the elongation is as high as 20.1%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 6183-6194"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.009
Yu Liu , Jie Wang , Sanchun Lin , Lidong Gu , Bing Yan , Dengming Zhang , Lv Xiao , Lixiang Yang , Gaoming Zhu , Xiaoqin Zeng
This study investigates the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of a laser-welded dissimilar joint between wrought AZ80 and cast AM60 magnesium alloys. Microstructure analysis revealed a distinct fusion zone (FZ) spanning 1.5 mm and a heat-affected zone (HAZ) measuring 550 µm in width adjacent to the AZ80 alloy. Meanwhile, the AM60 side showed no fusion-related structural changes. The FZ microstructure had a characteristic dendritic solidification pattern, with an average grain size around 20 µm. The welded joint exhibited mechanical performance comparable to that of the base materials, with a yield strength of 137 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 250 MPa, and an elongation of 5.9%. These properties resulted from precipitated phases within the FZ, strengthening the joint and the coarse-grained structure’s significant work-hardening ability. Digital image correlation (DIC) during tensile testing indicated that strain concentrated within the FZ due to its coarse microstructure. As deformation continued, the AM60 base material experienced plastic deformation, sharing the main strain burden with the FZ. In later stages, microcracks formed specifically at the FZ-AM60 interface. These microcracks coalesced, accelerating crack propagation and resulting in a main crack that caused the joint to fracture. These findings offer valuable insights into controlling failure mechanisms in dissimilar magnesium alloy welds.
{"title":"A dissimilar laser welding joint of magnesium alloys AZ80 and AM60: Microstructure analysis and mechanical behavior","authors":"Yu Liu , Jie Wang , Sanchun Lin , Lidong Gu , Bing Yan , Dengming Zhang , Lv Xiao , Lixiang Yang , Gaoming Zhu , Xiaoqin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of a laser-welded dissimilar joint between wrought AZ80 and cast AM60 magnesium alloys. Microstructure analysis revealed a distinct fusion zone (FZ) spanning 1.5 mm and a heat-affected zone (HAZ) measuring 550 µm in width adjacent to the AZ80 alloy. Meanwhile, the AM60 side showed no fusion-related structural changes. The FZ microstructure had a characteristic dendritic solidification pattern, with an average grain size around 20 µm. The welded joint exhibited mechanical performance comparable to that of the base materials, with a yield strength of 137 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 250 MPa, and an elongation of 5.9%. These properties resulted from precipitated phases within the FZ, strengthening the joint and the coarse-grained structure’s significant work-hardening ability. Digital image correlation (DIC) during tensile testing indicated that strain concentrated within the FZ due to its coarse microstructure. As deformation continued, the AM60 base material experienced plastic deformation, sharing the main strain burden with the FZ. In later stages, microcracks formed specifically at the FZ-AM60 interface. These microcracks coalesced, accelerating crack propagation and resulting in a main crack that caused the joint to fracture. These findings offer valuable insights into controlling failure mechanisms in dissimilar magnesium alloy welds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 5873-5881"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface modification is found to be an effective way to control the initial degradation of Mg based biomedical alloys. The present study focuses on the modulation of in vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-Ce alloy through a stearic acid-treated polypyrrole coating, which developed superhydrophobic surface (contact angle ∼ 153°) that drastically enhanced the corrosion resistance (more than 85% efficacy). Cerium addition to Mg alloy results basal texture strengthening and grain refinement, resulting in improved mechanical properties. All the specimens exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against gram-negative E. Coli (DH5α) and gram positive S. aureus bacteria. The oligodynamic effect of polypyrrole coating leads to complete bacterial mitigation. Non-toxic nature of the specimens was studied by MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation in indirect cell culture method. Improved corrosion resistance of the coated specimen leads to enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Hard tissue histology and micro-CT analysis exhibited higher fraction of newly formed callus tissues and highest bone-implant integration across the coated specimen, when implanted in rabbit femur. Efficacy of the material in fracture healing was evaluated by implanting bone plate and screw in a clinically fractured goat tibia. At 3 months, complete fracture healed with no vital organ toxicity was observed for the coated specimen. The present results suggest that Ce addition and polypyrrole coating are effective ways to modulate the corrosion and biocompatibility behavior making it a potential candidate for fracture fixation applications.
{"title":"Insights of stearic acid/polypyrrole superhydrophobic coating on controlling corrosion, antibacterial and cytocompatibility of biodegradable Mg alloy and its implication on fracture fixation","authors":"Satyabrata Nigamananda Sahoo , Pritish Rath , Santanu Mandal , Meeta Ashok Kamde , Partha Saha , Samit Kumar Nandi , Mangal Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface modification is found to be an effective way to control the initial degradation of Mg based biomedical alloys. The present study focuses on the modulation of in vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-Ce alloy through a stearic acid-treated polypyrrole coating, which developed superhydrophobic surface (contact angle ∼ 153°) that drastically enhanced the corrosion resistance (more than 85% efficacy). Cerium addition to Mg alloy results basal texture strengthening and grain refinement, resulting in improved mechanical properties. All the specimens exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against gram-negative <em>E. Coli</em> (DH5α) and gram positive <em>S. aureus</em> bacteria. The oligodynamic effect of polypyrrole coating leads to complete bacterial mitigation. Non-toxic nature of the specimens was studied by MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation in indirect cell culture method. Improved corrosion resistance of the coated specimen leads to enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Hard tissue histology and micro-CT analysis exhibited higher fraction of newly formed callus tissues and highest bone-implant integration across the coated specimen, when implanted in rabbit femur. Efficacy of the material in fracture healing was evaluated by implanting bone plate and screw in a clinically fractured goat tibia. At 3 months, complete fracture healed with no vital organ toxicity was observed for the coated specimen. The present results suggest that Ce addition and polypyrrole coating are effective ways to modulate the corrosion and biocompatibility behavior making it a potential candidate for fracture fixation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 6195-6220"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145872165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.016
Ji-Yoon Lee , Je Hyeong An , Hyung Jun Kim , Jun Ho Bae , Joung Sik Suh , Taekyung Lee , Sung Hyuk Park
This study systematically investigates the effects of Al content on the microstructure, tensile properties, and high-cycle fatigue behavior of extruded Mg–xAl–Zn–Ca–Y (SENx) alloys. The results reveal that all extruded alloys exhibit fully recrystallized microstructures with undissolved second-phase particles enriched with Ca and Y. The average grain size varies non-monotonically with Al content due to the competing effects of recrystallization kinetics, solute drag, and particle band distribution. As Al content increases, tensile strength increases, while ductility decreases. Notably, despite its relatively coarse grain structure, the SEN9 alloy exhibits significantly higher yield strength than the SEN6 alloy. This improvement is mainly attributed to additional precipitation strengthening from fine Mg17Al12 discontinuous precipitates formed along grain boundaries. Meanwhile, the reduced elongation observed in the SEN9 and SEN11 alloys is attributed to premature fracture at coarse Mg17(Al,Zn,Ca)12 particle bands aligned along the extrusion direction. From the SEN1 to SEN9 alloys, the fatigue strength (FS) increases approximately linearly with ultimate tensile strength (UTS), reaching 170 MPa. However, this FS–UTS proportionality fails in the SEN11 alloy, where FS falls to 120 MPa despite the highest UTS. This deviation from the FS–UTS correlation that is observed for the lower-Al-content alloys is attributed to the clustered distribution of coarse Mg17(Al,Zn,Ca)12 particles in the SEN11 alloy, which promotes early crack initiation under cyclic loading. These findings emphasize the importance of controlled Al addition in enhancing both strength and fatigue resistance while also highlighting the adverse effects of excessive Al content owing to microstructural embrittlement.
{"title":"Effect of Al content on the microstructural characteristics and tensile and fatigue properties of extruded SEN Mg alloys","authors":"Ji-Yoon Lee , Je Hyeong An , Hyung Jun Kim , Jun Ho Bae , Joung Sik Suh , Taekyung Lee , Sung Hyuk Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of Al content on the microstructure, tensile properties, and high-cycle fatigue behavior of extruded Mg–<em>x</em>Al–Zn–Ca–Y (SEN<em>x</em>) alloys. The results reveal that all extruded alloys exhibit fully recrystallized microstructures with undissolved second-phase particles enriched with Ca and Y. The average grain size varies non-monotonically with Al content due to the competing effects of recrystallization kinetics, solute drag, and particle band distribution. As Al content increases, tensile strength increases, while ductility decreases. Notably, despite its relatively coarse grain structure, the SEN9 alloy exhibits significantly higher yield strength than the SEN6 alloy. This improvement is mainly attributed to additional precipitation strengthening from fine Mg<sub>17</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> discontinuous precipitates formed along grain boundaries. Meanwhile, the reduced elongation observed in the SEN9 and SEN11 alloys is attributed to premature fracture at coarse Mg<sub>17</sub>(Al,Zn,Ca)<sub>12</sub> particle bands aligned along the extrusion direction. From the SEN1 to SEN9 alloys, the fatigue strength (FS) increases approximately linearly with ultimate tensile strength (UTS), reaching 170 MPa. However, this FS–UTS proportionality fails in the SEN11 alloy, where FS falls to 120 MPa despite the highest UTS. This deviation from the FS–UTS correlation that is observed for the lower-Al-content alloys is attributed to the clustered distribution of coarse Mg<sub>17</sub>(Al,Zn,Ca)<sub>12</sub> particles in the SEN11 alloy, which promotes early crack initiation under cyclic loading. These findings emphasize the importance of controlled Al addition in enhancing both strength and fatigue resistance while also highlighting the adverse effects of excessive Al content owing to microstructural embrittlement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 6136-6153"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.011
Xinzhi Li, Mugong Zhang, Xuewei Fang, Xiaochuan Liu, You Zhou, Tianxing Chang, Ke Huang
Research on the preparation of over-sized lightweight magnesium rare-earth (Mg-RE) components using the wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) is progressively gaining attention in the advanced manufacturing fields. Herein, to satisfy the demand of ultrahigh load-bearing, the Zn-modified Mg-10Gd-2Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (GWZ1021K) alloy was designed for exploring the influence pattern of Zn element on the microstructure and properties of Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr (GW102K) with high RE content. Specifically, the Zn element enables finer and more homogeneous grains in the as-built GWZ1021K (18.2 µm) than that in the as-built GW102K (23.9 µm), owing to more nucleation sites and precipitation of nano-γ" and nano-γ' to impede grain growth during the intrinsic heat treatment. After solution treatment, the eutectic phases and RE-rich regions completely disappear in both GW102K and GWZ1021K, yielding elongations of up to 14.6% and 13.2%, respectively. Notably, the high-temperature solution process allows the growth of nano-γ" and nano-γ', as well as the segregation of RE/Zn clusters and subsequent atomic rearrangements to form the 14H long period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures. Following peak-aging treatment, although dense nano-β' is precipitated in both GW102K and GWZ1021K, the Zn element facilitates the precipitation of nano-β1 to relieve the stress concentration induced by the two adjacent nano-β'. Generally, Zn elemental addition enhances strength with a sacrifice of ductility, which can be ascribed to the prismatic nano-β′ and basal 14H-LPSO structures work together to hinder the movement of both basal and non-basal dislocations. As a result, the GWZ1021K alloy achieves an ultra-high strength with an ultimate tensile strength of 403 MPa and a yield strength of 278 MPa, which far exceeds the reported average level of the WA-DED Mg-RE alloys. This study thus sheds new light on the fabrication of ultrahigh-strength Mg-RE alloy components by WA-DED process through appropriate composition modification.
{"title":"The origin of ultrahigh-strength in GWZ1021K alloy fabricated by wire-arc directed energy deposition","authors":"Xinzhi Li, Mugong Zhang, Xuewei Fang, Xiaochuan Liu, You Zhou, Tianxing Chang, Ke Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on the preparation of over-sized lightweight magnesium rare-earth (Mg-RE) components using the wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) is progressively gaining attention in the advanced manufacturing fields. Herein, to satisfy the demand of ultrahigh load-bearing, the Zn-modified Mg-10Gd-2Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (GWZ1021K) alloy was designed for exploring the influence pattern of Zn element on the microstructure and properties of Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr (GW102K) with high RE content. Specifically, the Zn element enables finer and more homogeneous grains in the as-built GWZ1021K (18.2 µm) than that in the as-built GW102K (23.9 µm), owing to more nucleation sites and precipitation of nano-γ\" and nano-γ' to impede grain growth during the intrinsic heat treatment. After solution treatment, the eutectic phases and RE-rich regions completely disappear in both GW102K and GWZ1021K, yielding elongations of up to 14.6% and 13.2%, respectively. Notably, the high-temperature solution process allows the growth of nano-γ\" and nano-γ', as well as the segregation of RE/Zn clusters and subsequent atomic rearrangements to form the 14H long period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures. Following peak-aging treatment, although dense nano-β' is precipitated in both GW102K and GWZ1021K, the Zn element facilitates the precipitation of nano-β<sub>1</sub> to relieve the stress concentration induced by the two adjacent nano-β'. Generally, Zn elemental addition enhances strength with a sacrifice of ductility, which can be ascribed to the prismatic nano-β′ and basal 14H-LPSO structures work together to hinder the movement of both basal and non-basal dislocations. As a result, the GWZ1021K alloy achieves an ultra-high strength with an ultimate tensile strength of 403 MPa and a yield strength of 278 MPa, which far exceeds the reported average level of the WA-DED Mg-RE alloys. This study thus sheds new light on the fabrication of ultrahigh-strength Mg-RE alloy components by WA-DED process through appropriate composition modification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 6065-6085"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.036
RK Singh Raman , Amal Sibi , Dandapani Vijayshankar , M.J.N.V. Prasad , G. Keerthiga , Solomon Ansah , Saad Al-Saadi , Jafar Albinmousa
Though magnesium (Mg) alloys are highly attractive for their use as biodegradable/temporary implants, they can be critically compromised in such applications due to their susceptibility to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in human body fluid (such as Hanks’ solution). This study investigated the role of additions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glucose to Hanks’ solution in SCC of a Mg alloy, ZK60. The study reproducibly demonstrated the novel and unique characteristic of the acutely elliptical shape of the overall fracture surface of alloy subjected to SCC tests, exclusively when BSA was added to the Hanks’ solution, whereas tests in the Hanks’ solution without BSA produced the fracture surface of usual circular shape. Also, the BSA addition to the Hanks’ solution produced contrasting influences on SCC and electrochemical corrosion. The study provides a comprehensive mechanistic explanation for the two phenomena.
{"title":"Protein in physiological fluid resists premature fracture of a magnesium alloy: Unique, remarkable and contrasting influences on stress corrosion cracking and corrosion","authors":"RK Singh Raman , Amal Sibi , Dandapani Vijayshankar , M.J.N.V. Prasad , G. Keerthiga , Solomon Ansah , Saad Al-Saadi , Jafar Albinmousa","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Though magnesium (Mg) alloys are highly attractive for their use as biodegradable/temporary implants, they can be critically compromised in such applications due to their susceptibility to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in human body fluid (such as Hanks’ solution). This study investigated the role of additions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glucose to Hanks’ solution in SCC of a Mg alloy, ZK60. The study reproducibly demonstrated the novel and unique characteristic of the acutely elliptical shape of the overall fracture surface of alloy subjected to SCC tests, exclusively when BSA was added to the Hanks’ solution, whereas tests in the Hanks’ solution without BSA produced the fracture surface of usual circular shape. Also, the BSA addition to the Hanks’ solution produced contrasting influences on SCC and electrochemical corrosion. The study provides a comprehensive mechanistic explanation for the two phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 12","pages":"Pages 5842-5854"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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