Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.004
Parisa Golmohammadi, Behzad Nayebi, Ahmad Bahmani, Nader Parvin, Woo Jin Kim
Light-weight Mg-based alloys have gained attention owing to their various applications in engineering and biomedical fields. Recent advancements in modern powder metallurgy techniques, such as spark plasma technique (SPS), have enabled achieving near-net-shape products with tailored properties and decreased in-process oxidation. However, improving their mechanical and physical properties require further enhancement. In this study, a novel Mg-0.7Ca alloy was produced using SPS process. The effects of process parameters such as sintering time and additive type on the microstructural evolutions, phase arrangements, and mechanical and physical properties of the consolidated materials were investigated through various characterization techniques. Full-dense samples were produced from 60-minute ball-milled powder mixtures through spark plasma sintering at 420 °C for 7, 10, and 13 min under 38 MPa of externally applied pressure. The obtained samples were then characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis methods, as well as mechanical tests including compression strength and micro-hardness measurements. The results indicated that while improved densification behavior is observed in paraffin-contained samples, relatively better compression properties are achieved in starch-contained alloys. It is also found that the phase arrangement of the starch-contained samples includes higher fractions of the secondary phases such as oxides and residual carbons, which can positively affect the mechanical strength, despite decreased hardness. The microstructural characterizations showed an intensified thermomechanical response of the materials in both groups via increased sintering time. However, the competition between the influencing parameters causes scattered strengthening behavior and texture in the consolidated samples. Detailed discussions about the densification behavior, texture, and obtained characteristics were also included.
{"title":"Spark plasma sintering of a novel Mg-0.7Ca alloy: A comprehensive study","authors":"Parisa Golmohammadi, Behzad Nayebi, Ahmad Bahmani, Nader Parvin, Woo Jin Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"Light-weight Mg-based alloys have gained attention owing to their various applications in engineering and biomedical fields. Recent advancements in modern powder metallurgy techniques, such as spark plasma technique (SPS), have enabled achieving near-net-shape products with tailored properties and decreased in-process oxidation. However, improving their mechanical and physical properties require further enhancement. In this study, a novel Mg-0.7Ca alloy was produced using SPS process. The effects of process parameters such as sintering time and additive type on the microstructural evolutions, phase arrangements, and mechanical and physical properties of the consolidated materials were investigated through various characterization techniques. Full-dense samples were produced from 60-minute ball-milled powder mixtures through spark plasma sintering at 420 °C for 7, 10, and 13 min under 38 MPa of externally applied pressure. The obtained samples were then characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis methods, as well as mechanical tests including compression strength and micro-hardness measurements. The results indicated that while improved densification behavior is observed in paraffin-contained samples, relatively better compression properties are achieved in starch-contained alloys. It is also found that the phase arrangement of the starch-contained samples includes higher fractions of the secondary phases such as oxides and residual carbons, which can positively affect the mechanical strength, despite decreased hardness. The microstructural characterizations showed an intensified thermomechanical response of the materials in both groups via increased sintering time. However, the competition between the influencing parameters causes scattered strengthening behavior and texture in the consolidated samples. Detailed discussions about the densification behavior, texture, and obtained characteristics were also included.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.001
Xizao Wang, Ce Zheng, Tianjiao Luo, Tianyu Liu, Qiuyan Huang, Yingju Li, Yuansheng Yang
Poor formability is a key problem that limits the application of flame-retardant Mg-Al-Ca based alloys at room temperature. In this study, we present a new Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy which exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance and excellent formability. Due to the high Ca content, the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy does not burn at 1065 °C. The formability of the alloys is measured using a three-point bending test, and the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy shows excellent formability, with a significant increase in bending displacement from 7.1 mm to 23.8 mm compared to the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn (wt%) alloy. The combined effect of the weakened basal texture, the reduction of twins and the plastically deformable Al2Ca phase particles ensures good formability of the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy. The dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of the alloys have been analyzed, and the promotion of dynamic recrystallization by the PSN mechanism is responsible for the weakened basal texture and the reduction of twins in the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy. The new Mg alloy is attractive for industrial applications due to its excellent flame-retardant performance and formability.
{"title":"Enhancing the formability of flame-retardant magnesium alloy through Zn alloying","authors":"Xizao Wang, Ce Zheng, Tianjiao Luo, Tianyu Liu, Qiuyan Huang, Yingju Li, Yuansheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"Poor formability is a key problem that limits the application of flame-retardant Mg-Al-Ca based alloys at room temperature. In this study, we present a new Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy which exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance and excellent formability. Due to the high Ca content, the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy does not burn at 1065 °C. The formability of the alloys is measured using a three-point bending test, and the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy shows excellent formability, with a significant increase in bending displacement from 7.1 mm to 23.8 mm compared to the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn (wt%) alloy. The combined effect of the weakened basal texture, the reduction of twins and the plastically deformable Al<sub>2</sub>Ca phase particles ensures good formability of the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy. The dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of the alloys have been analyzed, and the promotion of dynamic recrystallization by the PSN mechanism is responsible for the weakened basal texture and the reduction of twins in the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn (wt%) alloy. The new Mg alloy is attractive for industrial applications due to its excellent flame-retardant performance and formability.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"26 7 Suppl 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in inhomogeneous deformation zones, such as grain boundaries, shear bands, and deformation bands, is critical for texture modification in magnesium alloys during deformation at elevated temperatures. This study investigates the DRX mechanisms in AZWX3100 magnesium alloy under plane strain compression at 200 °C. Microstructural analysis revealed necklace-type DRX accompanied by evidence of local grain boundary bulging. Additionally, ribbons of recrystallized grains were observed within fine deformation bands, aligned with theoretical pyramidal I and II slip traces derived from the matrix. The distribution of local misorientation within the deformed microstructure demonstrated a clear association between deformation bands and localized strain. Dislocation analysis of lamellar specimens extracted from two pyramidal slip bands revealed 〈c + a〉 dislocations, indicating a connection between 〈c + a〉 slip activation and the formation of deformation bands. Crystal plasticity simulations suggest that the orientation of deformation bands is responsible for the unique recrystallization texture of the DRX grains within these bands. The texture characteristics imply a progressive, glide-induced DRX mechanism. A fundamental understanding of the role of deformation bands in texture modification can facilitate future alloy and process design.
{"title":"Understanding pyramidal slip-induced deformation bands and dynamic recrystallization in AZWX3100 magnesium alloy","authors":"Risheng Pei, Fatim-Zahra Mouhib, Mattis Seehaus, Simon Arnoldi, Pei-Ling Sun, Talal Al-Samman","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in inhomogeneous deformation zones, such as grain boundaries, shear bands, and deformation bands, is critical for texture modification in magnesium alloys during deformation at elevated temperatures. This study investigates the DRX mechanisms in AZWX3100 magnesium alloy under plane strain compression at 200 °C. Microstructural analysis revealed necklace-type DRX accompanied by evidence of local grain boundary bulging. Additionally, ribbons of recrystallized grains were observed within fine deformation bands, aligned with theoretical pyramidal I and II slip traces derived from the matrix. The distribution of local misorientation within the deformed microstructure demonstrated a clear association between deformation bands and localized strain. Dislocation analysis of lamellar specimens extracted from two pyramidal slip bands revealed 〈<em>c</em> + <em>a〉</em> dislocations, indicating a connection between 〈<em>c</em> + <em>a〉</em> slip activation and the formation of deformation bands. Crystal plasticity simulations suggest that the orientation of deformation bands is responsible for the unique recrystallization texture of the DRX grains within these bands. The texture characteristics imply a progressive, glide-induced DRX mechanism. A fundamental understanding of the role of deformation bands in texture modification can facilitate future alloy and process design.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143560942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.008
Feilong Wang, Yunjiao He, Dong Xiang, Xuenan Liu, Fan Yang, Yulin Hou, Weiliang Wu, Dandan Xia, Yongxiang Xu, Yunsong Liu
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes are extensively utilized in dental implantation. However, the existing GBR membranes showed insufficient space-maintaining capability and poor bone promoting ability, affecting the effectiveness of clinical bone augmentation, which in turn resulted in poor implant outcomes and even failure. In this study, we designed a novel magnesium reinforced sandwich structured composite membrane, consisting of an inner magnesium scaffold and a PLGA/collagen hybrid (mixture of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and collagen) top and bottom layer. The magnesium scaffold provided mechanical support and released Mg2+ to enhance osteogenesis. The PLGA/collagen hybrid regulated membrane degradation and improved biocompatibility, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation (P < 0.05). The PLGA/collagen hybrid regulated the release of magnesium ions, such that the MgP10C (mass ratios of PLGA and collagen =100:10) group showed the best in vitro osteogenic effect. Further mechanism exploration confirmed that MgP10C membranes significantly enhanced bone defect repair via the MAPK/ERK 1/2 pathway by the Mg2+ released from the composite membranes. In rat calvarial defect and rabbit alveolar defect model (P < 0.05), the in vivo osteogenic effect of the MgP10C group was superior to that of other groups. Finite element analysis models validated the support effect of composite membranes, demonstrating lower stress and a significant reduction in strain on the bone graft in the MgP10C group. In conclusion, the magnesium-reinforced sandwich structure composite membrane, with its space-maintaining properties and osteoinductive activity, represents a new strategy for GBR and enhancing osteogenic potential that meets directly clinical needs.
{"title":"Magnesium-reinforced sandwich structured composite membranes promote osteogenesis","authors":"Feilong Wang, Yunjiao He, Dong Xiang, Xuenan Liu, Fan Yang, Yulin Hou, Weiliang Wu, Dandan Xia, Yongxiang Xu, Yunsong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes are extensively utilized in dental implantation. However, the existing GBR membranes showed insufficient space-maintaining capability and poor bone promoting ability, affecting the effectiveness of clinical bone augmentation, which in turn resulted in poor implant outcomes and even failure. In this study, we designed a novel magnesium reinforced sandwich structured composite membrane, consisting of an inner magnesium scaffold and a PLGA/collagen hybrid (mixture of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and collagen) top and bottom layer. The magnesium scaffold provided mechanical support and released Mg<sup>2+</sup> to enhance osteogenesis. The PLGA/collagen hybrid regulated membrane degradation and improved biocompatibility, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The PLGA/collagen hybrid regulated the release of magnesium ions, such that the MgP10C (mass ratios of PLGA and collagen =100:10) group showed the best in vitro osteogenic effect. Further mechanism exploration confirmed that MgP10C membranes significantly enhanced bone defect repair via the MAPK/ERK 1/2 pathway by the Mg<sup>2+</sup> released from the composite membranes. In rat calvarial defect and rabbit alveolar defect model (<em>P</em> < 0.05), the in vivo osteogenic effect of the MgP10C group was superior to that of other groups. Finite element analysis models validated the support effect of composite membranes, demonstrating lower stress and a significant reduction in strain on the bone graft in the MgP10C group. In conclusion, the magnesium-reinforced sandwich structure composite membrane, with its space-maintaining properties and osteoinductive activity, represents a new strategy for GBR and enhancing osteogenic potential that meets directly clinical needs.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143560724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.014
R. Shanthappa, Ashok Kumar Kakarla, Hari Bandi, Wasim Akram Syed, Jae Su Yu
High-performance aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as one of the greatest favorable candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their low cost, sustainability, high safety, and eco-friendliness. In this report, we prepared magnesium vanadate (MgVO)-based nanostructures by a facile single-step solvothermal method with varying experimental reaction times (1, 3, and 6 h) and investigated the effect of the reaction time on the morphology and layered structure for MgVO-based compounds. The newly prepared MgVO-1 h, MgVO-3 h and MgVO-6 h samples were used as cathode materials for AZIBs. Compared to the MgVO-1 h and MgVO-6 h cathodes, the MgVO-3 h cathode showed a higher specific capacity of 492.74 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 over 500 cycles and excellent rate behavior (291.58 mA h g-1 at 3.75 A g-1) with high cycling stability (116 %) over 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1. Moreover, the MgVO-3 h electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance owing to its fast Zn-ion diffusion kinetics. Additionally, various ex-situ analyses confirmed that the MgVO-3 h cathode displayed excellent insertion/extraction of Zn2+ ions during charge and discharge processes. This study offers an efficient method for the synthesis of nanostructured MgVO-based cathode materials for high-performance AZIBs.
{"title":"Unraveling electrochemical performance of magnesium vanadate-based nanostructures as advanced cathodes for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries","authors":"R. Shanthappa, Ashok Kumar Kakarla, Hari Bandi, Wasim Akram Syed, Jae Su Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.014","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as one of the greatest favorable candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their low cost, sustainability, high safety, and eco-friendliness. In this report, we prepared magnesium vanadate (MgVO)-based nanostructures by a facile single-step solvothermal method with varying experimental reaction times (1, 3, and 6 h) and investigated the effect of the reaction time on the morphology and layered structure for MgVO-based compounds. The newly prepared MgVO-1 h, MgVO-3 h and MgVO-6 h samples were used as cathode materials for AZIBs. Compared to the MgVO-1 h and MgVO-6 h cathodes, the MgVO-3 h cathode showed a higher specific capacity of 492.74 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup> over 500 cycles and excellent rate behavior (291.58 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at 3.75 A g<sup>-1</sup>) with high cycling stability (116 %) over 2000 cycles at 5 A g<sup>-1</sup>. Moreover, the MgVO-3 h electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance owing to its fast Zn-ion diffusion kinetics. Additionally, various ex-situ analyses confirmed that the MgVO-3 h cathode displayed excellent insertion/extraction of Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions during charge and discharge processes. This study offers an efficient method for the synthesis of nanostructured MgVO-based cathode materials for high-performance AZIBs.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.010
Yutong Ma, Yi Wang, Siwei Song, Xinyue Yu, Can Xu, Long Wan, Fan Yao, Ke Yang, Frank Witte, Shude Yang
Magnesium-based materials, including magnesium alloys, have emerged as a promising class of biodegradable materials with potential applications in cancer therapy due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment. The main degradation products of magnesium alloys are magnesium ions (Mg2+), hydrogen (H2), and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). Magnesium ions can regulate tumor growth and metastasis by mediating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, maintaining genomic stability, and affecting the tumor microenvironment. Similarly, hydrogen can inhibit tumorigenesis through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, Mg(OH)2 can alter the pH of the microenvironment, impacting tumorigenesis. Biodegradable magnesium alloys serve various functions in clinical applications, including, but not limited to, bone fixation, coronary stents, and drug carriers. Nonetheless, the anti-tumor mechanism associated with magnesium-based materials has not been thoroughly investigated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of magnesium-based therapies for cancer. It highlights the mechanisms of action, identifies the challenges that must be addressed, and discusses prospects for oncological applications.
{"title":"Mechanism and application prospect of magnesium-based materials in cancer treatment","authors":"Yutong Ma, Yi Wang, Siwei Song, Xinyue Yu, Can Xu, Long Wan, Fan Yao, Ke Yang, Frank Witte, Shude Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium-based materials, including magnesium alloys, have emerged as a promising class of biodegradable materials with potential applications in cancer therapy due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment. The main degradation products of magnesium alloys are magnesium ions (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>). Magnesium ions can regulate tumor growth and metastasis by mediating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, maintaining genomic stability, and affecting the tumor microenvironment. Similarly, hydrogen can inhibit tumorigenesis through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> can alter the pH of the microenvironment, impacting tumorigenesis. Biodegradable magnesium alloys serve various functions in clinical applications, including, but not limited to, bone fixation, coronary stents, and drug carriers. Nonetheless, the anti-tumor mechanism associated with magnesium-based materials has not been thoroughly investigated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of magnesium-based therapies for cancer. It highlights the mechanisms of action, identifies the challenges that must be addressed, and discusses prospects for oncological applications.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.012
S. Terlicka, N. Sobczak, K. Janus, J.J. Sobczak
The sessile drop method combined with a capillary purification procedure was used, for the first time, to analyze the high-temperature behavior of molten Mg on three dissimilar substrates: 1) molybdenum, 2) tantalum and 3) AISI 316L stainless steel. All tests were performed under isothermal conditions at 720°C in a protective atmosphere (Ar + 5 wt% H2). Images of Mg/substrate couples recorded during the experiments were used to calculate the contact angles (θ) formed between the liquid Mg drop and the selected substrates.After the sessile drop tests, the Mg/Mo, Mg/Ta, and Mg/AISI 316L couples were subjected to in-depth microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Under the employed experimental conditions, oxide-free Mg drops on all tested couples presented non-wetting behavior (θ > 90°). The average values of the calculated contact angles after 40 s of liquid Mg deposition were θMg/Mo = 124°, θMg/Ta= 125°, and θMg/AISI 316L= 126°, respectively. The SEM/EDS analysis showed no mass transfer and no bonding between solidified drops and the substrates. This non-reactive and non-wetting behavior of investigated couples can be associated with the immiscible nature of the Mg-Mo, Mg-Ta, and Mg-Fe systems, where the solubility of liquid Mg with all tested materials is negligible, and Mg does not form any compounds with them.
{"title":"Wetting behavior of Mo, Ta, and stainless steel substrates in contact with molten Mg","authors":"S. Terlicka, N. Sobczak, K. Janus, J.J. Sobczak","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"The sessile drop method combined with a capillary purification procedure was used, for the first time, to analyze the high-temperature behavior of molten Mg on three dissimilar substrates: 1) molybdenum, 2) tantalum and 3) AISI 316L stainless steel. All tests were performed under isothermal conditions at 720°C in a protective atmosphere (Ar + 5 wt% H<sub>2</sub>). Images of Mg/substrate couples recorded during the experiments were used to calculate the contact angles (θ) formed between the liquid Mg drop and the selected substrates.After the sessile drop tests, the Mg/Mo, Mg/Ta, and Mg/AISI 316L couples were subjected to in-depth microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Under the employed experimental conditions, oxide-free Mg drops on all tested couples presented non-wetting behavior (θ > 90°). The average values of the calculated contact angles after 40 s of liquid Mg deposition were θ<sub>Mg/Mo</sub> = 124°, θ<sub>Mg/Ta</sub>= 125°, and θ<sub>Mg/AISI 316L</sub>= 126°, respectively. The SEM/EDS analysis showed no mass transfer and no bonding between solidified drops and the substrates. This non-reactive and non-wetting behavior of investigated couples can be associated with the immiscible nature of the Mg-Mo, Mg-Ta, and Mg-Fe systems, where the solubility of liquid Mg with all tested materials is negligible, and Mg does not form any compounds with them.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.020
Sinuo Xu, Chaoyang Sun, Hongxiang Li, Boyu Liu, Yinghao Feng, Chunhui Wang, Jingchen Liu
Overcoming the strength and ductility trade-off is conducive to expanding the application prospects of the Mg matrix composites. A new approach of using the master alloy containing particulate reinforcements to achieve the strength and ductility synergy in the Mg matrix composites was proposed, which can induce the grain size bimodal structure by regulating the dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Specifically, a novel AlN-Al master alloy was prepared via powder metallurgy to fabricate the AlN/ZK60 composite, and the effects of adding the AlN-Al master alloy on microstructure evolution related to the strength and ductility synergy in the composite were thoughtfully investigated, involving precipitation, grain size, and DRX behavior. The reaction between the Al in the master alloy and the Zr in the ZK60 Mg alloy suppressed the grain refinement, and the coarse grains were further formed after the solution treatment on the as-cast composite. Subsequently, deformation heterogeneity between the AlN and Mg matrix during the hot extrusion induced discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and promoted fine grain fraction. The combination formed the bimodal structure in the AlN/ZK60 composite, and coarse and fine grains acted as hard and soft zones, respectively, during the room temperature deformation. The hard zone was enhanced by the basal texture strengthening, and the ductility was improved due to the promotion of the basal 〈a〉 slipping in the soft zone, jointly leading to the strength and ductility synergy in the AlN/ZK60 composite for the ultimate tensile strength increased by ∼7.4 % while maintaining the same elongation compared with the ZK60 Mg alloy.
{"title":"Achieving the strength and ductility synergy in the AlN/ZK60 Mg matrix composite with the bimodal structure","authors":"Sinuo Xu, Chaoyang Sun, Hongxiang Li, Boyu Liu, Yinghao Feng, Chunhui Wang, Jingchen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"Overcoming the strength and ductility trade-off is conducive to expanding the application prospects of the Mg matrix composites. A new approach of using the master alloy containing particulate reinforcements to achieve the strength and ductility synergy in the Mg matrix composites was proposed, which can induce the grain size bimodal structure by regulating the dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Specifically, a novel AlN-Al master alloy was prepared via powder metallurgy to fabricate the AlN/ZK60 composite, and the effects of adding the AlN-Al master alloy on microstructure evolution related to the strength and ductility synergy in the composite were thoughtfully investigated, involving precipitation, grain size, and DRX behavior. The reaction between the Al in the master alloy and the Zr in the ZK60 Mg alloy suppressed the grain refinement, and the coarse grains were further formed after the solution treatment on the as-cast composite. Subsequently, deformation heterogeneity between the AlN and Mg matrix during the hot extrusion induced discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and promoted fine grain fraction. The combination formed the bimodal structure in the AlN/ZK60 composite, and coarse and fine grains acted as hard and soft zones, respectively, during the room temperature deformation. The hard zone was enhanced by the basal texture strengthening, and the ductility was improved due to the promotion of the basal 〈a〉 slipping in the soft zone, jointly leading to the strength and ductility synergy in the AlN/ZK60 composite for the ultimate tensile strength increased by ∼7.4 % while maintaining the same elongation compared with the ZK60 Mg alloy.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.003
Jie Li, Ting Zou, Junjie Yang, Helong Yu, Peng Zhang, Xiaochao Ji, Xin Zhao, Zhiyong Yan, Wei Li
Introduction of hard particles is considered an effective approach to improve alloy wear resistances. However, the wear resistances of Mg alloys could be deteriorated by increasing the hard particle content in many researches. To reveal the underlying negative effect of precipitate on the wear resistance, the wear behaviors of three AZ-Mg alloys (precipitate contents: AZ31: 2.1 %, AZ61: 3.8 %, AZ91: 5.0 %) at the axial loads of 3 and 15 N were investigated. The results indicated that although wear volume of the AZ-Mg alloys decreased with the increasing Mg17Al12 content at 3 N (0.30→0.24→0.20 µm3) and 15 N (1.04→0.88→0.85 µm3), the relative wear resistances of AZ61 and AZ91 to AZ31 decreased with increasing load (AZ61: 1.25→1.17, AZ91: 1.50→1.22) and the reduction was proportional to the precipitates content (AZ61:7 %, AZ91:28 %). That is because the wear volume of AZ-Mg was mainly attributed to micro-cutting, which was negatively correlated with the precipitate content and tribolayer hardness. However, the wear hardening ability of AZ-Mg alloys was weakened by precipitate for its inhibition on the formation of mechanical twins that the precursors for the tribolayer. Moreover, the inhibition of the precipitate on tribolayer could be amplified by the load, resulting in an increase in tribolayer hardness at 3 N (AZ31: 0.94, AZ61: 1.03, AZ91: 1.10 GPa) but a decrease at 15 N (AZ31: 1.77, AZ61: 1.73, AZ91: 1.62 GPa). Therefore, the formation of twin was inhibited by precipitates, which is detrimental to the wear resistance of Mg alloys. That means the wear resistance could be enhanced by promoting twin formation, which provides a new concept for the design of wear-resistant Mg alloys.
{"title":"Clarifying the adverse effect of secondary phase on the tribological property of Mg alloy","authors":"Jie Li, Ting Zou, Junjie Yang, Helong Yu, Peng Zhang, Xiaochao Ji, Xin Zhao, Zhiyong Yan, Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction of hard particles is considered an effective approach to improve alloy wear resistances. However, the wear resistances of Mg alloys could be deteriorated by increasing the hard particle content in many researches. To reveal the underlying negative effect of precipitate on the wear resistance, the wear behaviors of three AZ-Mg alloys (precipitate contents: AZ31: 2.1 %, AZ61: 3.8 %, AZ91: 5.0 %) at the axial loads of 3 and 15 N were investigated. The results indicated that although wear volume of the AZ-Mg alloys decreased with the increasing Mg<sub>17</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> content at 3 N (0.30→0.24→0.20 µm<sup>3</sup>) and 15 N (1.04→0.88→0.85 µm<sup>3</sup>), the relative wear resistances of AZ61 and AZ91 to AZ31 decreased with increasing load (AZ61: 1.25→1.17, AZ91: 1.50→1.22) and the reduction was proportional to the precipitates content (AZ61:7 %, AZ91:28 %). That is because the wear volume of AZ-Mg was mainly attributed to micro-cutting, which was negatively correlated with the precipitate content and tribolayer hardness. However, the wear hardening ability of AZ-Mg alloys was weakened by precipitate for its inhibition on the formation of mechanical twins that the precursors for the tribolayer. Moreover, the inhibition of the precipitate on tribolayer could be amplified by the load, resulting in an increase in tribolayer hardness at 3 N (AZ31: 0.94, AZ61: 1.03, AZ91: 1.10 GPa) but a decrease at 15 N (AZ31: 1.77, AZ61: 1.73, AZ91: 1.62 GPa). Therefore, the formation of twin was inhibited by precipitates, which is detrimental to the wear resistance of Mg alloys. That means the wear resistance could be enhanced by promoting twin formation, which provides a new concept for the design of wear-resistant Mg alloys.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized modern manufacturing, but the application of magnesium (Mg) alloys in laser-based AM remains underexplored due to challenges such as oxidation, low boiling point, and thermal expansion, which lead to defects like porosity and cracking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of microstructure changes in WE43 magnesium (Mg) alloy after laser surface melting (LSM), examining grain morphology, orientation, size, microsegregation, and defects under various combinations of laser power, scan speed, and spot size. Our findings reveal that variations in laser power and spot size exert a more significant influence on the depth and aspect ratio of the keyhole melt pool compared to laser scan speed. Critically, we demonstrate that laser energy density, while widely used as a quantitative metric to describe the combined effects of process parameters, exhibits significant limitations. Notable variations in melt pool depth, normalized width, and microstructure with laser energy density were observed, as reflected by low R² values. Additionally, we underscore the importance of assessing the temperature gradient across the width of the melt pool, which determines whether conduction or keyhole melting modes dominate. These modes exhibit distinct heat flow mechanisms and yield fundamentally different microstructural outcomes. Furthermore, we show that the microstructure and grain size in conduction mode exhibit a good correlation with the temperature gradient (G) and solidification rate (R). This research provides a framework for achieving localized microstructural control in LSM, providing insights to optimize process parameters for laser-based 3D printing of Mg alloys, and advancing the integration of Mg alloys into AM technologies.
{"title":"Revealing the limits of laser energy density: A study of the combined effects of process parameters on melt pool and microstructure in WE43 magnesium alloys","authors":"Chee Ying Tan, Cuie Wen, Edwin Mayes, Dechuang Zhang, Hua Qian Ang","doi":"10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.019","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized modern manufacturing, but the application of magnesium (Mg) alloys in laser-based AM remains underexplored due to challenges such as oxidation, low boiling point, and thermal expansion, which lead to defects like porosity and cracking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of microstructure changes in WE43 magnesium (Mg) alloy after laser surface melting (LSM), examining grain morphology, orientation, size, microsegregation, and defects under various combinations of laser power, scan speed, and spot size. Our findings reveal that variations in laser power and spot size exert a more significant influence on the depth and aspect ratio of the keyhole melt pool compared to laser scan speed. Critically, we demonstrate that laser energy density, while widely used as a quantitative metric to describe the combined effects of process parameters, exhibits significant limitations. Notable variations in melt pool depth, normalized width, and microstructure with laser energy density were observed, as reflected by low R² values. Additionally, we underscore the importance of assessing the temperature gradient across the width of the melt pool, which determines whether conduction or keyhole melting modes dominate. These modes exhibit distinct heat flow mechanisms and yield fundamentally different microstructural outcomes. Furthermore, we show that the microstructure and grain size in conduction mode exhibit a good correlation with the temperature gradient (G) and solidification rate (R). This research provides a framework for achieving localized microstructural control in LSM, providing insights to optimize process parameters for laser-based 3D printing of Mg alloys, and advancing the integration of Mg alloys into AM technologies.","PeriodicalId":16214,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"5 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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