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Effect of Liquid Miscibility Gap on Defects in Inconel 625–GRCop42 Joints through Analysis of Gradient Composition Microstructure 通过梯度成分显微结构分析液体混溶间隙对铬镍铁合金 625-GRCop42 接头缺陷的影响
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010042
Jakub Preis, Donghua Xu, Brian K. Paul, Peter A. Eschbach, S. Pasebani
Joining of Cu-based dispersion-strengthened alloys to Ni-based superalloys has garnered increased attention for liquid rocket engine applications due to the high thermal conductivity of Cu-based alloys and high temperature tensile strength of Ni-based superalloys. However, such joints can suffer from cracking when joined via liquid state processes, leading to part failure. In this work, compositions of 15–95 wt.% GRCop42 are alloyed with Inconel 625 and characterized to better understand the root cause of cracking. Results indicate a lack of miscibility between Cu-deprived and Cu-rich liquids in compositions corresponding to 30–95 wt.% GRCop42. Two distinct morphologies are observed and explained by use of CALPHAD; Cu-deprived dendrites with Cu-rich interdendritic zones at 30–50 wt.% GRCop42 and Cu-deprived spheres surrounded by a Cu-rich matrix at 60–95 wt.% GRCop42. Phase analysis reveals brittle intermetallic phases precipitate in the 60–95 wt.% GRCop42 Cu-deprived region. Three cracking mechanisms are proposed herein that provide guidance on the avoidance of defects Ni-based superalloy to Cu-based dispersion strengthened alloy joints.
由于铜基合金的高导热性和镍基超合金的高温抗拉强度,铜基分散强化合金与镍基超合金的连接在液体火箭发动机应用中越来越受到关注。然而,此类接头在通过液态工艺连接时可能会出现开裂,导致部件失效。在这项研究中,我们将 15-95 重量%的 GRCop42 与铬镍铁合金 625 进行了合金化,并对其进行了表征,以更好地了解开裂的根本原因。结果表明,在 30-95 重量%的 GRCop42 成分中,缺铜液体和富铜液体之间缺乏互溶性。通过使用 CALPHAD 可以观察到并解释两种不同的形态:30-50 wt.% GRCop42 时,缺铜树枝状物与富含铜的树枝状物间区域;60-95 wt.% GRCop42 时,缺铜球体被富含铜的基体包围。相分析表明,在 60-95 重量%的 GRCop42 缺铜区域析出了脆性金属间相。本文提出了三种开裂机制,为避免镍基超级合金与铜基弥散强化合金接头出现缺陷提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Liquid Miscibility Gap on Defects in Inconel 625–GRCop42 Joints through Analysis of Gradient Composition Microstructure 通过梯度成分显微结构分析液体混溶间隙对铬镍铁合金 625-GRCop42 接头缺陷的影响
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010042
Jakub Preis, Donghua Xu, Brian K. Paul, Peter A. Eschbach, S. Pasebani
Joining of Cu-based dispersion-strengthened alloys to Ni-based superalloys has garnered increased attention for liquid rocket engine applications due to the high thermal conductivity of Cu-based alloys and high temperature tensile strength of Ni-based superalloys. However, such joints can suffer from cracking when joined via liquid state processes, leading to part failure. In this work, compositions of 15–95 wt.% GRCop42 are alloyed with Inconel 625 and characterized to better understand the root cause of cracking. Results indicate a lack of miscibility between Cu-deprived and Cu-rich liquids in compositions corresponding to 30–95 wt.% GRCop42. Two distinct morphologies are observed and explained by use of CALPHAD; Cu-deprived dendrites with Cu-rich interdendritic zones at 30–50 wt.% GRCop42 and Cu-deprived spheres surrounded by a Cu-rich matrix at 60–95 wt.% GRCop42. Phase analysis reveals brittle intermetallic phases precipitate in the 60–95 wt.% GRCop42 Cu-deprived region. Three cracking mechanisms are proposed herein that provide guidance on the avoidance of defects Ni-based superalloy to Cu-based dispersion strengthened alloy joints.
由于铜基合金的高导热性和镍基超合金的高温抗拉强度,铜基分散强化合金与镍基超合金的连接在液体火箭发动机应用中越来越受到关注。然而,此类接头在通过液态工艺连接时可能会出现开裂,导致部件失效。在这项研究中,我们将 15-95 重量%的 GRCop42 与铬镍铁合金 625 进行了合金化,并对其进行了表征,以更好地了解开裂的根本原因。结果表明,在 30-95 重量%的 GRCop42 成分中,缺铜液体和富铜液体之间缺乏互溶性。通过使用 CALPHAD 可以观察到并解释两种不同的形态:30-50 wt.% GRCop42 时,缺铜树枝状物与富含铜的树枝状物间区域;60-95 wt.% GRCop42 时,缺铜球体被富含铜的基体包围。相分析表明,在 60-95 重量%的 GRCop42 缺铜区域析出了脆性金属间相。本文提出了三种开裂机制,为避免镍基超级合金与铜基弥散强化合金接头出现缺陷提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Niobium Addition on the Operational and Metallurgical Behavior of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Deposited by Shielded Metal Arc Welding 添加铌对通过金属保护弧焊沉积的 Fe-Cr-C 硬面的操作和冶金性能的影响
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010038
Jaime Perez, Jesus Gutierrez, J. Olaya, Oscar Piamba, A. Scotti
Hardfacing is commonly used in parts recovery and in obtaining surfaces with improved properties. Within this field, it is important to analyze the effect of alloying elements on the properties of the deposited layers. One of the critical parameters affecting alloying performances in SMAW is improper arc length. This article examines the effect of the addition of niobium in different quantities (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% by weight) to the electrode coating in Fe-Cr-C shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), with short and long arc lengths, on the operational process efficiency, dilution, arc energy, microstructure, and microhardness of the deposited layers. A decrease in operational process efficiency and dilution was found with increases in niobium content. On the other hand, it was found that adding niobium leads to a refinement in chromium carbide sizes, directly affecting the hardness of the obtained deposits. There is a direct relationship between the arc energy, with both short and long arc lengths, leading to a tendency to decrease the dilution in the obtained hardfacing.
硬面堆焊通常用于零件修复和获得性能更好的表面。在这一领域,分析合金元素对沉积层性能的影响非常重要。影响 SMAW 合金性能的关键参数之一是不适当的电弧长度。本文研究了在长短弧长的铁铬钴金属保护电弧焊(SMAW)中,在电极涂层中添加不同数量(0、2、4、6 和 8%(重量百分比))的铌对熔敷层的操作流程效率、稀释、电弧能量、微观结构和显微硬度的影响。随着铌含量的增加,操作流程效率和稀释度都有所下降。另一方面,研究发现铌的添加会导致碳化铬尺寸的细化,从而直接影响所获得沉积层的硬度。电弧能量与短电弧和长电弧长度之间存在直接关系,导致所获得硬面的稀释度呈下降趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Fabrication of an Optically Transparent Planar Inverted-F Antenna Using PEDOT-Based Silver Nanowire Clear Ink with Aerosol-Jet Printing Method towards Effective Antennas 使用 PEDOT 银纳米线透明油墨和气溶胶喷射印刷方法制作光学透明平面倒 F 天线,实现有效天线
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010039
Philip Li, Jason Fleischer, Edwin Quinn, Donghun Park
We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an optically transparent printed planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) operating at 2.45 GHz using the aerosol jet (AJ) printing method. The proposed antenna was fabricated using a clear conductive ink on glass and Delrin. The antenna exhibits a wide fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 20% centered at 2.45 GHz, with a peak realized gain of −3.6 dBi and transparency of ~80%. The proposed fabrication method provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for manufacturing transparent antennas with potential applications in wireless communication, sensing, and wearable devices operating at mmWave frequencies higher than 30 GHz.
我们报告了利用气溶胶喷射(AJ)印刷方法设计、制造和实验表征工作频率为 2.45 GHz 的光学透明印刷平面倒 F 天线(PIFA)的情况。所提议的天线是在玻璃和 Delrin 上使用透明导电油墨制作的。该天线以 2.45 GHz 为中心,具有 20% 的宽分数带宽 (FBW),峰值增益为 -3.6 dBi,透明度约为 80%。所提出的制造方法为制造透明天线提供了一种具有成本效益且可扩展的解决方案,有望应用于工作频率高于 30 GHz 的毫米波无线通信、传感和可穿戴设备。
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引用次数: 0
Fabrication of an Optically Transparent Planar Inverted-F Antenna Using PEDOT-Based Silver Nanowire Clear Ink with Aerosol-Jet Printing Method towards Effective Antennas 使用 PEDOT 银纳米线透明油墨和气溶胶喷射印刷方法制作光学透明平面倒 F 天线,实现有效天线
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010039
Philip Li, Jason Fleischer, Edwin Quinn, Donghun Park
We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an optically transparent printed planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) operating at 2.45 GHz using the aerosol jet (AJ) printing method. The proposed antenna was fabricated using a clear conductive ink on glass and Delrin. The antenna exhibits a wide fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 20% centered at 2.45 GHz, with a peak realized gain of −3.6 dBi and transparency of ~80%. The proposed fabrication method provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for manufacturing transparent antennas with potential applications in wireless communication, sensing, and wearable devices operating at mmWave frequencies higher than 30 GHz.
我们报告了利用气溶胶喷射(AJ)印刷方法设计、制造和实验表征工作频率为 2.45 GHz 的光学透明印刷平面倒 F 天线(PIFA)的情况。所提议的天线是在玻璃和 Delrin 上使用透明导电油墨制作的。该天线以 2.45 GHz 为中心,具有 20% 的宽分数带宽 (FBW),峰值增益为 -3.6 dBi,透明度约为 80%。所提出的制造方法为制造透明天线提供了一种具有成本效益且可扩展的解决方案,有望应用于工作频率高于 30 GHz 的毫米波无线通信、传感和可穿戴设备。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Niobium Addition on the Operational and Metallurgical Behavior of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Deposited by Shielded Metal Arc Welding 添加铌对通过金属保护弧焊沉积的 Fe-Cr-C 硬面的操作和冶金性能的影响
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010038
Jaime Perez, Jesus Gutierrez, J. Olaya, Oscar Piamba, A. Scotti
Hardfacing is commonly used in parts recovery and in obtaining surfaces with improved properties. Within this field, it is important to analyze the effect of alloying elements on the properties of the deposited layers. One of the critical parameters affecting alloying performances in SMAW is improper arc length. This article examines the effect of the addition of niobium in different quantities (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% by weight) to the electrode coating in Fe-Cr-C shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), with short and long arc lengths, on the operational process efficiency, dilution, arc energy, microstructure, and microhardness of the deposited layers. A decrease in operational process efficiency and dilution was found with increases in niobium content. On the other hand, it was found that adding niobium leads to a refinement in chromium carbide sizes, directly affecting the hardness of the obtained deposits. There is a direct relationship between the arc energy, with both short and long arc lengths, leading to a tendency to decrease the dilution in the obtained hardfacing.
硬面堆焊通常用于零件修复和获得性能更好的表面。在这一领域,分析合金元素对沉积层性能的影响非常重要。影响 SMAW 合金性能的关键参数之一是不适当的电弧长度。本文研究了在长短弧长的铁铬钴金属保护电弧焊(SMAW)中,在电极涂层中添加不同数量(0、2、4、6 和 8%(重量百分比))的铌对熔敷层的操作流程效率、稀释、电弧能量、微观结构和显微硬度的影响。随着铌含量的增加,操作流程效率和稀释度都有所下降。另一方面,研究发现铌的添加会导致碳化铬尺寸的细化,从而直接影响所获得沉积层的硬度。电弧能量与短电弧和长电弧长度之间存在直接关系,导致所获得硬面的稀释度呈下降趋势。
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引用次数: 0
INCONEL® Alloy Machining and Tool Wear Finite Element Analysis Assessment: An Extended Review INCONEL® 合金加工和刀具磨损有限元分析评估:扩展回顾
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010037
André F. V. Pedroso, N. Sebbe, R. Costa, Marta L. S. Barbosa, R. Sales-Contini, F. Silva, R. Campilho, A. D. De Jesus
Machining INCONEL® presents significant challenges in predicting its behaviour, and a comprehensive experimental assessment of its machinability is costly and unsustainable. Design of Experiments (DOE) can be conducted non-destructively through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). However, it is crucial to ascertain whether numerical and constitutive models can accurately predict INCONEL® machining. Therefore, a comprehensive review of FEA machining strategies is presented to systematically summarise and analyse the advancements in INCONEL® milling, turning, and drilling simulations through FEA from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, non-conventional manufacturing simulations are addressed. This review highlights the most recent modelling digital solutions, prospects, and limitations that researchers have proposed when tackling INCONEL® FEA machining. The genesis of this paper is owed to articles and books from diverse sources. Conducting simulations of INCONEL® machining through FEA can significantly enhance experimental analyses with the proper choice of damage and failure criteria. This approach not only enables a more precise calibration of parameters but also improves temperature (T) prediction during the machining process, accurate Tool Wear (TW) quantity and typology forecasts, and accurate surface quality assessment by evaluating Surface Roughness (SR) and the surface stress state. Additionally, it aids in making informed choices regarding the potential use of tool coatings.
INCONEL® 的机加工在预测其性能方面面临巨大挑战,而对其机加工性能进行全面的实验评估成本高昂且难以为继。可以通过有限元分析(FEA)进行非破坏性的实验设计(DOE)。然而,确定数值模型和构成模型能否准确预测 INCONEL® 加工至关重要。因此,本文对有限元分析加工策略进行了全面回顾,系统地总结和分析了从 2013 年到 2023 年通过有限元分析在 INCONEL® 铣削、车削和钻孔模拟方面取得的进展。此外,还讨论了非常规制造模拟。本综述重点介绍了研究人员在处理 INCONEL® 有限元加工时提出的最新建模数字解决方案、前景和局限性。本文的起源得益于各种来源的文章和书籍。通过有限元分析对 INCONEL® 加工进行模拟,可以通过适当选择损伤和失效标准大大提高实验分析的效果。这种方法不仅能更精确地校准参数,还能改进加工过程中的温度 (T) 预测、精确的刀具磨损 (TW) 数量和类型预测,以及通过评估表面粗糙度 (SR) 和表面应力状态进行精确的表面质量评估。此外,它还有助于在可能使用刀具涂层时做出明智的选择。
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引用次数: 0
A Systematic Method for Assessing the Machine Performance of Material Extrusion Printers 评估材料挤压印刷机机器性能的系统方法
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010036
L. Spitaels, Endika Nieto Fuentes, E. Rivière-Lorphèvre, P. Arrazola, F. Ducobu
The performance assessment of additive manufacturing (AM) printers is still a challenge since no dedicated standard exists. This paper proposes a systematic method for evaluating the dimensional and geometrical performance of such machines using the concept of machine performance. The method was applied to an Ultimaker 2+ printer producing parts with polylactic acid (PLA). The X and Y axes of the printer were the most performant and led to narrower potential and real tolerance intervals than the Z axis. The proposed systematic framework can be used to assess the performance of any material extrusion printer and its achievable tolerance intervals.
由于没有专门的标准,对增材制造(AM)打印机进行性能评估仍是一项挑战。本文提出了一种使用机器性能概念评估此类机器尺寸和几何性能的系统方法。该方法适用于使用聚乳酸 (PLA) 生产零件的 Ultimaker 2+ 打印机。与 Z 轴相比,打印机的 X 轴和 Y 轴性能最好,潜在公差和实际公差区间更小。建议的系统框架可用于评估任何材料挤出打印机的性能及其可实现的公差范围。
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引用次数: 0
INCONEL® Alloy Machining and Tool Wear Finite Element Analysis Assessment: An Extended Review INCONEL® 合金加工和刀具磨损有限元分析评估:扩展回顾
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010037
André F. V. Pedroso, N. Sebbe, R. Costa, Marta L. S. Barbosa, R. Sales-Contini, F. Silva, R. Campilho, A. D. De Jesus
Machining INCONEL® presents significant challenges in predicting its behaviour, and a comprehensive experimental assessment of its machinability is costly and unsustainable. Design of Experiments (DOE) can be conducted non-destructively through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). However, it is crucial to ascertain whether numerical and constitutive models can accurately predict INCONEL® machining. Therefore, a comprehensive review of FEA machining strategies is presented to systematically summarise and analyse the advancements in INCONEL® milling, turning, and drilling simulations through FEA from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, non-conventional manufacturing simulations are addressed. This review highlights the most recent modelling digital solutions, prospects, and limitations that researchers have proposed when tackling INCONEL® FEA machining. The genesis of this paper is owed to articles and books from diverse sources. Conducting simulations of INCONEL® machining through FEA can significantly enhance experimental analyses with the proper choice of damage and failure criteria. This approach not only enables a more precise calibration of parameters but also improves temperature (T) prediction during the machining process, accurate Tool Wear (TW) quantity and typology forecasts, and accurate surface quality assessment by evaluating Surface Roughness (SR) and the surface stress state. Additionally, it aids in making informed choices regarding the potential use of tool coatings.
INCONEL® 的机加工在预测其性能方面面临巨大挑战,而对其机加工性能进行全面的实验评估成本高昂且难以为继。可以通过有限元分析(FEA)进行非破坏性的实验设计(DOE)。然而,确定数值模型和构成模型能否准确预测 INCONEL® 加工至关重要。因此,本文对有限元分析加工策略进行了全面回顾,系统地总结和分析了从 2013 年到 2023 年通过有限元分析在 INCONEL® 铣削、车削和钻孔模拟方面取得的进展。此外,还讨论了非常规制造模拟。本综述重点介绍了研究人员在处理 INCONEL® 有限元加工时提出的最新建模数字解决方案、前景和局限性。本文的起源得益于各种来源的文章和书籍。通过有限元分析对 INCONEL® 加工进行模拟,可以通过适当选择损伤和失效标准大大提高实验分析的效果。这种方法不仅能更精确地校准参数,还能改进加工过程中的温度 (T) 预测、精确的刀具磨损 (TW) 数量和类型预测,以及通过评估表面粗糙度 (SR) 和表面应力状态进行精确的表面质量评估。此外,它还有助于在可能使用刀具涂层时做出明智的选择。
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引用次数: 0
A Systematic Method for Assessing the Machine Performance of Material Extrusion Printers 评估材料挤压印刷机机器性能的系统方法
IF 3.2 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8010036
L. Spitaels, Endika Nieto Fuentes, E. Rivière-Lorphèvre, P. Arrazola, F. Ducobu
The performance assessment of additive manufacturing (AM) printers is still a challenge since no dedicated standard exists. This paper proposes a systematic method for evaluating the dimensional and geometrical performance of such machines using the concept of machine performance. The method was applied to an Ultimaker 2+ printer producing parts with polylactic acid (PLA). The X and Y axes of the printer were the most performant and led to narrower potential and real tolerance intervals than the Z axis. The proposed systematic framework can be used to assess the performance of any material extrusion printer and its achievable tolerance intervals.
由于没有专门的标准,对增材制造(AM)打印机进行性能评估仍是一项挑战。本文提出了一种使用机器性能概念评估此类机器尺寸和几何性能的系统方法。该方法适用于使用聚乳酸 (PLA) 生产零件的 Ultimaker 2+ 打印机。与 Z 轴相比,打印机的 X 轴和 Y 轴性能最好,潜在公差和实际公差区间更小。建议的系统框架可用于评估任何材料挤出打印机的性能及其可实现的公差范围。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
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