Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107616
Zhi-Lin Cheng , Pei Ni , Jun-Yi Pan , Liang Han , Wen-Sheng Li , Stefano Albanese , Zhe Chi , Jun-Ying Ding , Jian-Ming Cui
<div><div>Sn and Cu are proposed to have their mineralization potential predetermined by their contents in initial fluids of granite-related magmatic-hydrothermal systems. However, it remains ambiguous whether the giant Sn-mineralized skarn system is applicable, and whether the Sn-Cu association in some deposits is predominantly determined by their initial metal contents. The Gejiu orefield is one of the most essential Sn-polymetallic districts worldwide, with proven resources of 3.27 million tons of tin, 3.25 million tons of copper, 4.29 million tons of lead and zinc, and >20 other metals with economic significance. Sn-polymetallic mineralization at Gejiu constitutes a composite skarn ore system that includes proximal skarn and related cassiterite-sulfide, greisen, and tourmaline-vein types. The Laochang Sn-polymetallic deposit hosts several largest skarn and cassiterite-sulfide orebodies in the eastern part of Gejiu. Recent exploitation at Laochang discovered Sn-mineralized quartz veins hosted in the concealed granite, providing a valuable opportunity to characterize the proximal magmatic-hydrothermal process of the mineralizing granitic system. Here, fluid inclusion analysis is carried out on these veins to discuss the fluid evolution, cassiterite precipitation mechanism and whether metal content in early proximal magmatic fluids determines the metal association and endowment in the deposit.</div><div>Based on the paragenesis of ore and gangue minerals, three hydrothermal stages are distinguished, including quartz-tourmaline stage (Stage I), cassiterite-arsenopyrite-quartz stage (Stage II) and late sulfide stage (Stage III). Fluid evolution controlling vein formation is constrained by microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS analysis of four fluid inclusions generations successively entrapped in quartz and cassiterite. The fluids involved during vein formation show an interplay between single-sourced magmatic fluids and meteoric water. The intermediate-density single phase fluid recorded at stage I quartz is derived from initial fluids directly exsolving from granitic magma. At stage II, fluid immiscibility occurred and the separated brines were entrapped in quartz and early-formed cassiterite. Along with cassiterite precipitation, brines were mixed with low-salinity and cooler meteoric water, leading to entrapment of low-salinity aqueous fluid in outer growth zones of cassiterite at stage II. The constructed fluid evolution history suggests that fluid immiscibility may have facilitated the nucleation of cassiterite crystals at the onset of deposition while mixing of magmatic fluid with meteoric water likely dominate later cassiterite mineralization.</div><div>Compared with the fluid dataset of barren and mineralized granitic systems worldwide, pre-ore fluids of the studied quartz veins are enriched in Sn, confirming that high Sn content in the initial magmatic fluid can serve as indicator to distinguish mineralized system. In contrast, although Cu m
{"title":"Fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS constraint on hydrothermal evolution of proximal cassiterite-bearing quartz veins in the giant Gejiu orefield: Implications for controls on metallogenic potential of granite-related skarn system","authors":"Zhi-Lin Cheng , Pei Ni , Jun-Yi Pan , Liang Han , Wen-Sheng Li , Stefano Albanese , Zhe Chi , Jun-Ying Ding , Jian-Ming Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sn and Cu are proposed to have their mineralization potential predetermined by their contents in initial fluids of granite-related magmatic-hydrothermal systems. However, it remains ambiguous whether the giant Sn-mineralized skarn system is applicable, and whether the Sn-Cu association in some deposits is predominantly determined by their initial metal contents. The Gejiu orefield is one of the most essential Sn-polymetallic districts worldwide, with proven resources of 3.27 million tons of tin, 3.25 million tons of copper, 4.29 million tons of lead and zinc, and >20 other metals with economic significance. Sn-polymetallic mineralization at Gejiu constitutes a composite skarn ore system that includes proximal skarn and related cassiterite-sulfide, greisen, and tourmaline-vein types. The Laochang Sn-polymetallic deposit hosts several largest skarn and cassiterite-sulfide orebodies in the eastern part of Gejiu. Recent exploitation at Laochang discovered Sn-mineralized quartz veins hosted in the concealed granite, providing a valuable opportunity to characterize the proximal magmatic-hydrothermal process of the mineralizing granitic system. Here, fluid inclusion analysis is carried out on these veins to discuss the fluid evolution, cassiterite precipitation mechanism and whether metal content in early proximal magmatic fluids determines the metal association and endowment in the deposit.</div><div>Based on the paragenesis of ore and gangue minerals, three hydrothermal stages are distinguished, including quartz-tourmaline stage (Stage I), cassiterite-arsenopyrite-quartz stage (Stage II) and late sulfide stage (Stage III). Fluid evolution controlling vein formation is constrained by microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS analysis of four fluid inclusions generations successively entrapped in quartz and cassiterite. The fluids involved during vein formation show an interplay between single-sourced magmatic fluids and meteoric water. The intermediate-density single phase fluid recorded at stage I quartz is derived from initial fluids directly exsolving from granitic magma. At stage II, fluid immiscibility occurred and the separated brines were entrapped in quartz and early-formed cassiterite. Along with cassiterite precipitation, brines were mixed with low-salinity and cooler meteoric water, leading to entrapment of low-salinity aqueous fluid in outer growth zones of cassiterite at stage II. The constructed fluid evolution history suggests that fluid immiscibility may have facilitated the nucleation of cassiterite crystals at the onset of deposition while mixing of magmatic fluid with meteoric water likely dominate later cassiterite mineralization.</div><div>Compared with the fluid dataset of barren and mineralized granitic systems worldwide, pre-ore fluids of the studied quartz veins are enriched in Sn, confirming that high Sn content in the initial magmatic fluid can serve as indicator to distinguish mineralized system. In contrast, although Cu m","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107616"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107615
Long-Jiao Li , Xian-Cheng Mao , Zhan-Kun Liu , Xin-Ming Duan , Yun-Qi Wang , Qi-Xing Ai , De-Xian Li
The western intrusion of the world-class Jinchuan NiCu sulfide deposit consists of fine-grained and coarse-grained binary lithofacies units. However, recent exploration has revealed two layers of net-textured sulfides in the fine-grained unit at the western end of the Jinchuan intrusion, adding complexity to the genesis of sulfide mineralization. We measured chalcophile elements and collected exploration data on Cu and Ni content to investigate their genesis and prospecting potential. The lower fine-grained subunits, comprising a layer of disseminated sulfides (DS-1) in the bottom and overlain by massive sulfide (MS) and olivine-sulfide cumulates (NTS-1), were overlain by the upper fine-grained subunits disseminated sulfides (DS-2) with a core of net-textured sulfides (NTS-2). The coarse-grained lherzolite with disseminated sulfides (DS-3) sharply cut through the upper subunit. All disseminated samples have Cu/Pd ratios (11,414–128,626) that exceed the mantle range. Additionally, the Pd/Ru ratios of DS-1 (1.26–13.2) are the lowest, followed by DS-2 (3.69–13.5), and highest in DS-3 (2.80–33.6). The exploration data indicate that the Ni and Cu contents and Cu/(Cu + Ni) ratios are significantly higher in DS-3 than in DS-2, while DS-1 shows more dispersed. The NTS-1 exhibits significant Ir and Ru depletion, with Cu/(Cu + Ni) decreasing with depth, eventually encountering Ir and Ru-riched MS. In addition, NTS-2 shows partially Ir depletion but Ru non-depletion, and Cu/(Cu + Ni) increases with depth. These signatures suggest that the lower and upper subunits, along with the coarse-grained unit, formed from platinum-group elements (PGE) in increasingly depleted magma, likely resulting from prior sulfide segregation before emplacement. Furthermore, the differences in Ir and Ru depletion and the variation in the Cu/(Cu + Ni) trend with depth between NTS-1 and NTS-2 were explained by the migration direction of fractional sulfide liquid during sulfide fractionation. We propose that the western end of the Jinchuan intrusion was formed by multi-stage magma emplacement. The strong correlation between exploration data (Ni, Cu, and Cu/(Cu + Ni)) and various sulfide mineralization layers suggests that delineating the spatial range of each sulfide mineralization could provide valuable information for deep mineral prospectivity mapping.
世界级金川硫化镍铜矿床的西部侵入体由细粒和粗粒二元岩性单元组成。然而，最近的勘探在金川侵入体西端的细粒单元中发现了两层净纹理硫化物，增加了硫化物成矿的复杂性。我们测量了亲铝元素并收集了铜和镍含量的勘探数据，以研究其成因和找矿潜力。下部细粒亚单元由底部的浸染状硫化物层（DS-1）和块状硫化物（MS）及橄榄石硫化物积层（NTS-1）组成，上部细粒亚单元为浸染状硫化物层（DS-2），核心为净纹理硫化物（NTS-2）。粗粒蛭石与浸染状硫化物（DS-3）尖锐地切割了上亚单元。所有浸染状样品的铜/钯比率（11,414-128,626）都超过了地幔范围。此外，DS-1（1.26-13.2）的钯/钌比值最低，DS-2（3.69-13.5）次之，DS-3（2.80-33.6）最高。勘探数据表明，DS-3 中的 Ni 和 Cu 含量以及 Cu/（Cu + Ni）比值明显高于 DS-2，而 DS-1 则更为分散。NTS-1表现出明显的Ir和Ru贫化，Cu/（Cu + Ni）随深度降低，最终遇到Ir和Ru富集的MS。此外，NTS-2 显示部分 Ir 贫化，但 Ru 未贫化，Cu/（Cu + Ni）随深度增加。这些特征表明，下亚单元和上亚单元以及粗粒度单元是在日益贫化的岩浆中由铂族元素（PGE）形成的，很可能是在成岩之前硫化物偏析造成的。此外，NTS-1和NTS-2之间Ir和Ru贫化程度的差异以及Cu/（Cu + Ni）随深度变化的趋势，可以用硫化物分馏过程中分馏硫化物液体的迁移方向来解释。我们认为金川侵入体西端是由多级岩浆喷发形成的。勘探数据（镍、铜和铜/（铜+镍））与各硫化物矿化层之间的强相关性表明，划分各硫化物矿化层的空间范围可为深部找矿制图提供有价值的信息。
{"title":"Multi-stage magma emplacement in the western end of the Jinchuan NiCu sulfide deposit, NW China, and mineral exploration strategy based on exploration data","authors":"Long-Jiao Li , Xian-Cheng Mao , Zhan-Kun Liu , Xin-Ming Duan , Yun-Qi Wang , Qi-Xing Ai , De-Xian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The western intrusion of the world-class Jinchuan Ni<img>Cu sulfide deposit consists of fine-grained and coarse-grained binary lithofacies units. However, recent exploration has revealed two layers of net-textured sulfides in the fine-grained unit at the western end of the Jinchuan intrusion, adding complexity to the genesis of sulfide mineralization. We measured chalcophile elements and collected exploration data on Cu and Ni content to investigate their genesis and prospecting potential. The lower fine-grained subunits, comprising a layer of disseminated sulfides (DS-1) in the bottom and overlain by massive sulfide (MS) and olivine-sulfide cumulates (NTS-1), were overlain by the upper fine-grained subunits disseminated sulfides (DS-2) with a core of net-textured sulfides (NTS-2). The coarse-grained lherzolite with disseminated sulfides (DS-3) sharply cut through the upper subunit. All disseminated samples have Cu/Pd ratios (11,414–128,626) that exceed the mantle range. Additionally, the Pd/Ru ratios of DS-1 (1.26–13.2) are the lowest, followed by DS-2 (3.69–13.5), and highest in DS-3 (2.80–33.6). The exploration data indicate that the Ni and Cu contents and Cu/(Cu + Ni) ratios are significantly higher in DS-3 than in DS-2, while DS-1 shows more dispersed. The NTS-1 exhibits significant Ir and Ru depletion, with Cu/(Cu + Ni) decreasing with depth, eventually encountering Ir and Ru-riched MS. In addition, NTS-2 shows partially Ir depletion but Ru non-depletion, and Cu/(Cu + Ni) increases with depth. These signatures suggest that the lower and upper subunits, along with the coarse-grained unit, formed from platinum-group elements (PGE) in increasingly depleted magma, likely resulting from prior sulfide segregation before emplacement. Furthermore, the differences in Ir and Ru depletion and the variation in the Cu/(Cu + Ni) trend with depth between NTS-1 and NTS-2 were explained by the migration direction of fractional sulfide liquid during sulfide fractionation. We propose that the western end of the Jinchuan intrusion was formed by multi-stage magma emplacement. The strong correlation between exploration data (Ni, Cu, and Cu/(Cu + Ni)) and various sulfide mineralization layers suggests that delineating the spatial range of each sulfide mineralization could provide valuable information for deep mineral prospectivity mapping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 107615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107611
Li Chen, Nannan Zhang, Jinyu Chang, Shibin Liao, Jintao Tao, Hao Zhang, Siyuan Li
Rare metal resources are extensively used in the emerging energy field, making the security and sustainability of rare metal supply chains critical issues. Pegmatite-type rare metal deposits are a significant source of rare metal resources. Geochemistry is one of the most direct and effective methods of mineral exploration. In this study, whole-rock geochemical data from the Akesayi region, located in the Western Kunlun area of China, were used to identify the indicative elements of pegmatite automatically. Based on the stream sediment geochemical data, various deep learning models have been employed to achieve automatic lithological identification of the area. The results indicate that a novel interpretable model using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was employed to select indicative elements for the pegmatite in the Akesayi region, identifying Ta and Rb as key elements. The state-of-the-art application of deep-learning algorithms for lithological mapping has proven to be highly effective. Among the four approaches, the ensemble strategy integrating 1D convolutional neural networks, 2D3D convolutional neural networks, and dual-branch neural networks yields the best lithological mapping results. This approach resulted in a total classification accuracy of 90.422 %, an average accuracy of 90.502 %, a Kappa coefficient of 89.643 %, and a user accuracy of 65.530 % for the pegmatite lithological unit. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can provide robust technical support for the exploration of rare metal pegmatites in regions with challenging natural conditions and limited research.
{"title":"Indicator element selection and lithological mapping using deep learning methods in the Dahongliutan area, NW China","authors":"Li Chen, Nannan Zhang, Jinyu Chang, Shibin Liao, Jintao Tao, Hao Zhang, Siyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare metal resources are extensively used in the emerging energy field, making the security and sustainability of rare metal supply chains critical issues. Pegmatite-type rare metal deposits are a significant source of rare metal resources. Geochemistry is one of the most direct and effective methods of mineral exploration. In this study, whole-rock geochemical data from the Akesayi region, located in the Western Kunlun area of China, were used to identify the indicative elements of pegmatite automatically. Based on the stream sediment geochemical data, various deep learning models have been employed to achieve automatic lithological identification of the area. The results indicate that a novel interpretable model using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was employed to select indicative elements for the pegmatite in the Akesayi region, identifying Ta and Rb as key elements. The state-of-the-art application of deep-learning algorithms for lithological mapping has proven to be highly effective. Among the four approaches, the ensemble strategy integrating 1D convolutional neural networks, 2D<img>3D convolutional neural networks, and dual-branch neural networks yields the best lithological mapping results. This approach resulted in a total classification accuracy of 90.422 %, an average accuracy of 90.502 %, a Kappa coefficient of 89.643 %, and a user accuracy of 65.530 % for the pegmatite lithological unit. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can provide robust technical support for the exploration of rare metal pegmatites in regions with challenging natural conditions and limited research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 107611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107607
Chaokun Luo, Ruidong Yang, Junbo Gao, Jun Chen, Hongcheng Mo
Karst bauxites, the dominant mineral resources of Guizhou Province, southwest China, are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous Jiujialu Formation and the Lower Permian Dazhuyuan Formation. Currently, the total bauxite resources in central Guizhou area (CGA) have exceeded 500 million tons. Herein, we present a detailed petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits located in CGA, with a particular focus on the differences in mineral composition. The aim of this study is to discuss the genesis of major minerals, analyze the sedimentary environment of representative bauxite deposits, and further reveal the metallogenic model of the Jiujialu Formation. Mineralogically, the Tanguanyao bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore, chamosite, anatase, and pyrite, whereas the Ganba bauxite consists of diaspore, chamosite, anatase, boehmite, kaolinite, and illite. This is because the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits are located in different paleo-elevation, and their mineral compositions are significantly different due to the fluctuation of groundwater level. Mineralogical evidence suggests that the diaspore in the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits also includes supergene crystallization in addition to metamorphic processes. In terms of sedimentary environment, the Tanguanyao bauxite deposit belongs to the phreatic bauxite type characterized by a reducing environment, while the Ganba bauxite belongs to the transitional type between the vadose and phreatic facies.
{"title":"Metallogenic model of the carboniferous karst bauxites in Central Guizhou Province, Southwest China","authors":"Chaokun Luo, Ruidong Yang, Junbo Gao, Jun Chen, Hongcheng Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst bauxites, the dominant mineral resources of Guizhou Province, southwest China, are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous Jiujialu Formation and the Lower Permian Dazhuyuan Formation. Currently, the total bauxite resources in central Guizhou area (CGA) have exceeded 500 million tons. Herein, we present a detailed petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits located in CGA, with a particular focus on the differences in mineral composition. The aim of this study is to discuss the genesis of major minerals, analyze the sedimentary environment of representative bauxite deposits, and further reveal the metallogenic model of the Jiujialu Formation. Mineralogically, the Tanguanyao bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore, chamosite, anatase, and pyrite, whereas the Ganba bauxite consists of diaspore, chamosite, anatase, boehmite, kaolinite, and illite. This is because the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits are located in different paleo-elevation, and their mineral compositions are significantly different due to the fluctuation of groundwater level. Mineralogical evidence suggests that the diaspore in the Tanguanyao and Ganba bauxite deposits also includes supergene crystallization in addition to metamorphic processes. In terms of sedimentary environment, the Tanguanyao bauxite deposit belongs to the phreatic bauxite type characterized by a reducing environment, while the Ganba bauxite belongs to the transitional type between the vadose and phreatic facies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 107607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107618
Philippe Négrel , Anna Ladenberger , Alecos Demetriades , Clemens Reimann , Manfred Birke , Martiya Sadeghi , The GEMAS Project Team
About a century ago, B was recognised as an essential element for the normal growth of plants and terrestrial organisms. Limitations for plant development have been recognised in agricultural systems, particularly in highly weathered soil. Boron is rarely analysed in whole rock or soil analysis, as it requires specific analytical techniques. It is often determined, after partial extraction (aqua regia or CaCl), usually on a limited number of samples. Many more questions than answers exist about the environmental behaviour of B.
We present B contents in agricultural soil samples (0–10 cm) collected in 33 European countries (5.6 million km2) during the GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) continental-scale project. The B content, determined by ICP-MS following hot aqua regia extraction, varies in European agricultural soil from 0.5 to 49 mg/kg (median 2.42 mg/kg, n = 2108), which is somewhat similar to total B estimates for the Upper Continental Crust (17–47 mg/kg). Its spatial distribution in agricultural soil shows a patchy pattern with low values in regions with granitic bedrock and high contents in soil formed over limestone and in volcanic areas.
Boron geochemical behaviour in soil is strongly dependent on other factors such as pH, CEC, presence of organic matter, clay and secondary oxides and hydroxides. Boron geochemical mapping at the continental scale in arable soil allows investigations of plant health, i.e., the beneficial and adverse effects due to the nutritional status of boron.
{"title":"GEMAS: Boron as a geochemical proxy for weathering of European agricultural soil","authors":"Philippe Négrel , Anna Ladenberger , Alecos Demetriades , Clemens Reimann , Manfred Birke , Martiya Sadeghi , The GEMAS Project Team","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>About a century ago, B was recognised as an essential element for the normal growth of plants and terrestrial organisms. Limitations for plant development have been recognised in agricultural systems, particularly in highly weathered soil. Boron is rarely analysed in whole rock or soil analysis, as it requires specific analytical techniques. It is often determined, after partial extraction (aqua regia or Ca<img>Cl), usually on a limited number of samples. Many more questions than answers exist about the environmental behaviour of B.</div><div>We present B contents in agricultural soil samples (0–10 cm) collected in 33 European countries (5.6 million km<sup>2</sup>) during the GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) continental-scale project. The B content, determined by ICP-MS following hot aqua regia extraction, varies in European agricultural soil from 0.5 to 49 mg/kg (median 2.42 mg/kg, <em>n</em> = 2108), which is somewhat similar to total B estimates for the Upper Continental Crust (17–47 mg/kg). Its spatial distribution in agricultural soil shows a patchy pattern with low values in regions with granitic bedrock and high contents in soil formed over limestone and in volcanic areas.</div><div>Boron geochemical behaviour in soil is strongly dependent on other factors such as pH, CEC, presence of organic matter, clay and secondary oxides and hydroxides. Boron geochemical mapping at the continental scale in arable soil allows investigations of plant health, i.e., the beneficial and adverse effects due to the nutritional status of boron.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107614
Gerald L. Chuwa , Charles H. Kasanzu , Emmanuel O. Kazimoto , Francisco E. Apen
In northwestern Tanzania, mafic sills intruded the Akanyaru and Kagera Supergroup rocks in the Mesoproterozoic Karagwe-Ankolean Belt (KAB). Trace element geochemistry and UPb geochronology results are reported to unravel petrogenetic and geochronological evolution of the sills in order to place constraints on Ni-Cu-Co prospectivity of the KAB. The sills are subalkaline gabbronorite and dolerite. They are relatively evolved Mg# = 43–69, with transitional metal contents lower than juvenile mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Kabanga-Musongati Alignment (KMA) intrusions. The sills can be subdivided into western and eastern swarms that display similar geochemical characteristics, including enrichment in LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements), LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements), Pb, Th, and U relative to HFSE (High Field Strength Elements). They are characterised by depletions of Nb-Ta-Ti in primitive mantle normalised spiderplots, enrichments in LREE and relatively flat MREE and HREE with negative Eu anomalies Eu/Eu* = 0.74–0.94 in chondrite normalised REE spiderplots. Together with elemental trace element ratios Nb/Yb, Th/Yb, Zr/Nb, Ba/Nb, and Nb-Yb-Ti index suggest derivation of the mafic sills from a sub-continental lithospheric mantle source followed by fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination.
Zircon UPb geochronology yields a concordant weighted age of 1424 ± 13 Ma for a gabbronorite in the western sills and an upper age intercept of 1411 ± 54 Ma for a dolerite in the eastern sills. The emplacement ages are similar to those of the KMA and the Lake Victoria Dolerite Dyke Swarm (LVDDS). Temporal and geochemical similarities with the KMA and LVDDS supports for emplacement of the mafic sills in an intracratonic rift setting. Although the KAB sills are relatively more geochemically evolved, they share similar evolutionary path with Ni-Cu-Co mineralised juvenile KMA intrusions, sensu stricto interaction with sulphur bearing country rocks. We suggest that trace elements geochemistry including chalcophile elemental ratios (Ni/Cr and Cu/Zn) of the sills be applied as vectors to locate prospective Ni-Cu-Co targets in the KAB.
{"title":"Trace element geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of mafic sills from the Karagwe Ankolean Belt of northwestern Tanzania: Implications for petrogenesis and Ni-Cu-Co prospectivity","authors":"Gerald L. Chuwa , Charles H. Kasanzu , Emmanuel O. Kazimoto , Francisco E. Apen","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In northwestern Tanzania, mafic sills intruded the Akanyaru and Kagera Supergroup rocks in the Mesoproterozoic Karagwe-Ankolean Belt (KAB). Trace element geochemistry and U<img>Pb geochronology results are reported to unravel petrogenetic and geochronological evolution of the sills in order to place constraints on Ni-Cu-Co prospectivity of the KAB. The sills are subalkaline gabbronorite and dolerite. They are relatively evolved Mg# = 43–69, with transitional metal contents lower than juvenile mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Kabanga-Musongati Alignment (KMA) intrusions. The sills can be subdivided into western and eastern swarms that display similar geochemical characteristics, including enrichment in LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements), LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements), Pb, Th, and U relative to HFSE (High Field Strength Elements). They are characterised by depletions of Nb-Ta-Ti in primitive mantle normalised spiderplots, enrichments in LREE and relatively flat MREE and HREE with negative Eu anomalies Eu/Eu* = 0.74–0.94 in chondrite normalised REE spiderplots. Together with elemental trace element ratios Nb/Yb, Th/Yb, Zr/Nb, Ba/Nb, and Nb-Yb-Ti index suggest derivation of the mafic sills from a sub-continental lithospheric mantle source followed by fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination.</div><div>Zircon U<img>Pb geochronology yields a concordant weighted age of 1424 ± 13 Ma for a gabbronorite in the western sills and an upper age intercept of 1411 ± 54 Ma for a dolerite in the eastern sills. The emplacement ages are similar to those of the KMA and the Lake Victoria Dolerite Dyke Swarm (LVDDS). Temporal and geochemical similarities with the KMA and LVDDS supports for emplacement of the mafic sills in an intracratonic rift setting. Although the KAB sills are relatively more geochemically evolved, they share similar evolutionary path with Ni-Cu-Co mineralised juvenile KMA intrusions, sensu stricto interaction with sulphur bearing country rocks. We suggest that trace elements geochemistry including chalcophile elemental ratios (Ni/Cr and Cu/Zn) of the sills be applied as vectors to locate prospective Ni-Cu-Co targets in the KAB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 107614"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107608
Travis Batch , Caroline Tiddy , Adrienne Brotodewo , David Giles , Glen Little , Antonio Belperio , Michael Taylor , Vaclav Metelka
We present mineral chemistry data from the rare-earth element (REE) bearing phosphates monazite and rhabdophane sampled from the Jericho iron sulfide‑copper‑gold (ISCG) deposit in the Cloncurry District, north-west Queensland. REE-bearing phosphates sampled from within the narrow mineralised sequence have a characteristic mineralogy and chemical signature compared to REE-bearing phosphates sampled from the unmineralised metamorphic host sequences only meters away. The mineralised samples contain the hydrated REE-bearing phosphate rhabdophane (REEPO4 · n H2O) which occurs as veins and ‘spongy’ textured grains in association with sulfide minerals and commonly replacing apatite. In contrast, the metamorphic host rocks contain monazite (REEPO4) with metamorphic textures and are rarely associated with sulfide minerals. Rhabdophane and monazite have comparable ΣREE and REE profiles, however the rhabdophane grains are characterised by lower Th contents and higher Ca, S and water contents. Molar ratios of S/Th and Ca/Th, determined by electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), can be used to discriminate between REE phosphates from within the Jericho mineralisation from those not associated with mineralisation. The presence of hydrated rhabdophane also indicates the temperature of mineralisation is at or below 200–250 °C.
{"title":"REE-bearing phosphate mineral chemistry for iron sulfide‑copper‑gold exploration: A study at Jericho, NW Queensland, Australia","authors":"Travis Batch , Caroline Tiddy , Adrienne Brotodewo , David Giles , Glen Little , Antonio Belperio , Michael Taylor , Vaclav Metelka","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present mineral chemistry data from the rare-earth element (REE) bearing phosphates monazite and rhabdophane sampled from the Jericho iron sulfide‑copper‑gold (ISCG) deposit in the Cloncurry District, north-west Queensland. REE-bearing phosphates sampled from within the narrow mineralised sequence have a characteristic mineralogy and chemical signature compared to REE-bearing phosphates sampled from the unmineralised metamorphic host sequences only meters away. The mineralised samples contain the hydrated REE-bearing phosphate rhabdophane (REEPO<sub>4</sub> · n H<sub>2</sub>O) which occurs as veins and ‘spongy’ textured grains in association with sulfide minerals and commonly replacing apatite. In contrast, the metamorphic host rocks contain monazite (REEPO<sub>4</sub>) with metamorphic textures and are rarely associated with sulfide minerals. Rhabdophane and monazite have comparable ΣREE and REE profiles, however the rhabdophane grains are characterised by lower Th contents and higher Ca, S and water contents. Molar ratios of S/Th and Ca/Th, determined by electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), can be used to discriminate between REE phosphates from within the Jericho mineralisation from those not associated with mineralisation. The presence of hydrated rhabdophane also indicates the temperature of mineralisation is at or below 200–250 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107608"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107609
Panagiotis Voudouris , Vasilios Melfos , Margarita Melfou , Alexandre Tarantola , Max Frenzel , Paul G. Spry , Konstantinos Soukis , Christophe Scheffer , Olivier Vanderhaeghe , Laurie Reisberg , Lambrini Papadopoulou , Christina Stouraiti , Constantinos Mavrogonatos
The Plaka porphyry Mo-Cu system occurs in the world-class Lavrion Ag-Pb-Zn district in Attica, southern Greece. It is spatially associated with a granodiorite porphyry that intruded the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Complex in the late Miocene, along the footwall of the Western Cycladic detachment fault. A Re-Os age of 9.51 ± 0.04 Ma indicates that molybdenite formed during the early stage of the granodiorite porphyry intrusion and that subsequent cooling was very rapid. Brittle deformation and hydrothermal fluid flow created a network of A-, B-, diopside-actinolite and D-veins, associated with potassic-, sodic-calcic and sericitic alterations. Potassic alteration is characterized by secondary biotite + K-feldspar + quartz + magnetite ± apatite, contains disseminated molybdenite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite, and formed at 420–500 °C, at pressures up to 530 bars (< 5.3 km depth) from hydrothermal fluids that underwent phase separation. Sodic-calcic alteration is devoid of Cu-Mo mineralization and, consists of diopside + actinolite + oligoclase/andesine + titanite + magnetite ± epidote-allanite ± chlorite ± quartz, which corresponded to a temperature range of between 350 and < 500 °C. Primary magnetite, titanite and biotite crystallized between the nickel‑nickel oxide (NNO) and hematite-magnetite (HM) buffers, indicating fairly oxidizing conditions for the granodioritic magma. Hydrothermal biotite plots closer to the HM buffer suggesting increasing oxygen fugacity during exsolution of the hydrothermal fluids associated with potassic alteration. The system evolved toward more reducing conditions during sericitic alteration and associated pyrite-molybdenite mineralization. A combination of evaporated seawater and magmatic fluids likely caused formation of the sodic-calcic alteration through the decarbonation of the host marble.
{"title":"Molybdenite Re-Os geochronology and conditions of formation of potassic and sodic-calcic alteration associated with the Plaka porphyry Mo-Cu system, Lavrion, Greece","authors":"Panagiotis Voudouris , Vasilios Melfos , Margarita Melfou , Alexandre Tarantola , Max Frenzel , Paul G. Spry , Konstantinos Soukis , Christophe Scheffer , Olivier Vanderhaeghe , Laurie Reisberg , Lambrini Papadopoulou , Christina Stouraiti , Constantinos Mavrogonatos","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Plaka porphyry Mo-Cu system occurs in the world-class Lavrion Ag-Pb-Zn district in Attica, southern Greece. It is spatially associated with a granodiorite porphyry that intruded the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Complex in the late Miocene, along the footwall of the Western Cycladic detachment fault. A Re-Os age of 9.51 ± 0.04 Ma indicates that molybdenite formed during the early stage of the granodiorite porphyry intrusion and that subsequent cooling was very rapid. Brittle deformation and hydrothermal fluid flow created a network of A-, B-, diopside-actinolite and D-veins, associated with potassic-, sodic-calcic and sericitic alterations. Potassic alteration is characterized by secondary biotite + K-feldspar + quartz + magnetite ± apatite, contains disseminated molybdenite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite, and formed at 420–500 °C, at pressures up to 530 bars (< 5.3 km depth) from hydrothermal fluids that underwent phase separation. Sodic-calcic alteration is devoid of Cu-Mo mineralization and, consists of diopside + actinolite + oligoclase/andesine + titanite + magnetite ± epidote-allanite ± chlorite ± quartz, which corresponded to a temperature range of between 350 and < 500 °C. Primary magnetite, titanite and biotite crystallized between the nickel‑nickel oxide (NNO) and hematite-magnetite (HM) buffers, indicating fairly oxidizing conditions for the granodioritic magma. Hydrothermal biotite plots closer to the HM buffer suggesting increasing oxygen fugacity during exsolution of the hydrothermal fluids associated with potassic alteration. The system evolved toward more reducing conditions during sericitic alteration and associated pyrite-molybdenite mineralization. A combination of evaporated seawater and magmatic fluids likely caused formation of the sodic-calcic alteration through the decarbonation of the host marble.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wild edible plants have played a crucial role since ages, in sustaining the local communities across globe, particularly during food scarcity, by supplementing the household diets. Despite their significance, the nutritional composition of wild edible plants has been inadequately researched and generally poorly understood. Moreover the studies of nutritional contents usually overlook the presence of potentially toxic elements(PTEs) which may be detrimental to the human health. This study was aimed at assessing the levels of PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn), in selected wild edible plants traditionally consumed by rural people of District Doda. For this purpose the leaves of three wild edible plants, namely Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica and Phytolacca acinosa were collected, air-dried and processed into powder. The plant samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The findings of this study exhibited that PTEs were detectable in all the three tested wild edible plants. The levels of PTEs (mg/1000gdw) were found to be Cu (18.1 to 36.1), Fe (646.6 to 1457.8), Mn (80.4 to 207.6), Se (0.1 to 0.3) and Zn (58.2 to 86.8), PTEs Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Sr were also detectable in all the three analyzed plant samples. The Al content was found to be highest among these PTEs (427.7 to 1224.4 mg/ 1000 g dw) which can pose health risks.
{"title":"Assessment of potentially toxic elements in some wild edible plants of district Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India","authors":"Sania Hamid , Devendra Kumar Pandey , Deepika Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wild edible plants have played a crucial role since ages, in sustaining the local communities across globe, particularly during food scarcity, by supplementing the household diets. Despite their significance, the nutritional composition of wild edible plants has been inadequately researched and generally poorly understood. Moreover the studies of nutritional contents usually overlook the presence of potentially toxic elements(PTEs) which may be detrimental to the human health. This study was aimed at assessing the levels of PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn), in selected wild edible plants traditionally consumed by rural people of District Doda. For this purpose the leaves of three wild edible plants, namely <em>Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica</em> and <em>Phytolacca acinosa</em> were collected, air-dried and processed into powder. The plant samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The findings of this study exhibited that PTEs were detectable in all the three tested wild edible plants. The levels of PTEs (mg/1000gdw) were found to be Cu (18.1 to 36.1), Fe (646.6 to 1457.8), Mn (80.4 to 207.6), Se (0.1 to 0.3) and Zn (58.2 to 86.8), PTEs Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Sr were also detectable in all the three analyzed plant samples. The Al content was found to be highest among these PTEs (427.7 to 1224.4 mg/ 1000 g dw) which can pose health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107606
Jifei Cao , Wenyuan Li , Maksud Isokov , Jakhongir Movlanov , Miraziz Mirkhamdamov , Zhongping Ma , Kai Weng , Kai Cao , Guanglu Meng
With the world economy gradually shifting to alow‑carbon and greener model in recent years, there is a growing need for developing key metals like lithium in economic development. Economic growth has sped up the country's shift to a green economy along with Uzbekistan's reform and opening up, and the country's developing major mineral resources, such as lithium, have garnered a lot of attention. Owing to lithium resource protential of Uzbekistan is unclear, it is important to examine the possibility of lithium mineralization. The distribution and enrichment characteristics of lithium in the Uzbeksitan Tianshan are studied in this paper, based on geochemical mapping data at a 1:1000000 scale. It's concluded that stream sediments from the Tianshan region of Uzbekistan have higher concentration of lithium than the continental crust, and the South Tianshan has the highest lithium content. Lithium mineralization has been found in the lithium-geochemical anomaly areas in the eastern part of Uzbekistan South Tianshan through field investigation. Spodumene pegmatite, the first instance of pegmatitic type lithium mineralization in this region and even in the Tianshan orogenic belt of Central Asia. In conjunction with the geological background analysis, the metallogenic potential of lithium was assessed, resulting in the identification of four regions with lithium geochemical anomaly, and these sites will serve as target areas for Li deposits prospecting work in the future. This work has significant implications for the advancement of our understanding of the metallogenic theory of pegmatite-type Li deposits, as well as practical guiding significance for lithium ore prospecting in the Tianshan orogenic belt of Central Asia.
{"title":"Distribution, enrichment characteristics and prospecting potential of lithium in Uzbekistan: Insights from 1:1 million geochemical mapping","authors":"Jifei Cao , Wenyuan Li , Maksud Isokov , Jakhongir Movlanov , Miraziz Mirkhamdamov , Zhongping Ma , Kai Weng , Kai Cao , Guanglu Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the world economy gradually shifting to alow‑carbon and greener model in recent years, there is a growing need for developing key metals like lithium in economic development. Economic growth has sped up the country's shift to a green economy along with Uzbekistan's reform and opening up, and the country's developing major mineral resources, such as lithium, have garnered a lot of attention. Owing to lithium resource protential of Uzbekistan is unclear, it is important to examine the possibility of lithium mineralization. The distribution and enrichment characteristics of lithium in the Uzbeksitan Tianshan are studied in this paper, based on geochemical mapping data at a 1:1000000 scale. It's concluded that stream sediments from the Tianshan region of Uzbekistan have higher concentration of lithium than the continental crust, and the South Tianshan has the highest lithium content. Lithium mineralization has been found in the lithium-geochemical anomaly areas in the eastern part of Uzbekistan South Tianshan through field investigation. Spodumene pegmatite, the first instance of pegmatitic type lithium mineralization in this region and even in the Tianshan orogenic belt of Central Asia. In conjunction with the geological background analysis, the metallogenic potential of lithium was assessed, resulting in the identification of four regions with lithium geochemical anomaly, and these sites will serve as target areas for Li deposits prospecting work in the future. This work has significant implications for the advancement of our understanding of the metallogenic theory of pegmatite-type Li deposits, as well as practical guiding significance for lithium ore prospecting in the Tianshan orogenic belt of Central Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 107606"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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