Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107969
Jinyu Cheng , Lin Yang , Qingfei Wang , Yixin Li , Wen Zhang , Bin Sun , Xue Dong , Shiyu Zhao , Dapeng Li , Kexin Zhao , Hong Wang
Composition and source of ore-forming fluids in Jiaodong gold deposits remain controversial. To address this issue, the mineral parageneses, in situ trace element and sulfur–iron isotope of pyrite in shallow Nanlvxinmu and deep Zhaoxian gold deposits hosted by the Jiaojia Fault were analyzed. Four hydrothermal stages were identified in both two deposits: quartz–pyrite stage (I), quartz–pyrite–native gold stage (II), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite–galena–sphalerite stage (III), and quartz–calcite–pyrite stage (IV). Fine-coarse and euhedral-subhedral pyrites (Py2) from the gold-bearing stage II display elevated Au (median: 0.10 ppm) and Ag (median: 0.31 ppm) concentrations in contrast to low Au (median: 0.05 ppm) in other stages. The Au-related Py2 from the Nanlvxinmu deposit has δ34S range of 11.0–12.8 ‰ and δ56Fe range of 0.30–0.71 ‰, and the δ34S and δ56Fe values of Py2 in the Zhaoxian deposit are 11.2–12.5 ‰ and 0.31–0.85 ‰, respectively. The deduced sulfur and iron isotope compositions of initial ore-forming fluids indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from the overlying sediments on the subducted slab. The trace elements and SFe isotopes of pyrite suggest that fluid immiscibility is the primary mechanism of gold precipitation. The similar compositions and source of ore-forming fluids at shallow and deep areas of the Jiaojia Fault indicate that the deeper area of the fault zone still has gold mineralization potential.
{"title":"Origin, evolution and precipitation mechanism of ore-forming fluids in Jiaojia belt, Jiaodong Peninsula: Insights from trace elements and SFe isotopes of pyrite","authors":"Jinyu Cheng , Lin Yang , Qingfei Wang , Yixin Li , Wen Zhang , Bin Sun , Xue Dong , Shiyu Zhao , Dapeng Li , Kexin Zhao , Hong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composition and source of ore-forming fluids in Jiaodong gold deposits remain controversial. To address this issue, the mineral parageneses, <em>in situ</em> trace element and sulfur–iron isotope of pyrite in shallow Nanlvxinmu and deep Zhaoxian gold deposits hosted by the Jiaojia Fault were analyzed. Four hydrothermal stages were identified in both two deposits: quartz–pyrite stage (I), quartz–pyrite–native gold stage (II), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite–galena–sphalerite stage (III), and quartz–calcite–pyrite stage (IV). Fine-coarse and euhedral-subhedral pyrites (Py2) from the gold-bearing stage II display elevated Au (median: 0.10 ppm) and Ag (median: 0.31 ppm) concentrations in contrast to low Au (median: 0.05 ppm) in other stages. The Au-related Py2 from the Nanlvxinmu deposit has δ<sup>34</sup>S range of 11.0–12.8 ‰ and δ<sup>56</sup>Fe range of 0.30–0.71 ‰, and the δ<sup>34</sup>S and δ<sup>56</sup>Fe values of Py2 in the Zhaoxian deposit are 11.2–12.5 ‰ and 0.31–0.85 ‰, respectively. The deduced sulfur and iron isotope compositions of initial ore-forming fluids indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from the overlying sediments on the subducted slab. The trace elements and S<img>Fe isotopes of pyrite suggest that fluid immiscibility is the primary mechanism of gold precipitation. The similar compositions and source of ore-forming fluids at shallow and deep areas of the Jiaojia Fault indicate that the deeper area of the fault zone still has gold mineralization potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107989
Lian Chen , Zhenjiang Wang , Lingyun Sun , Zhipeng Wu , Sen Lin , Dan Wang , Jianan Wu , Zhiyi Li , Gaocong Li
The spatial characterization of risk patterns and their driving factors in urban soils co-contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remains a critical research challenge. To address this, we developed a novel integrated framework, MGRB (MCDA-GIS-RF-BLMI), that synergistically combines Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Random Forest (RF), and Bivariate Local Moran's I (BLMI). This framework enables comprehensive assessment of combined contamination risks, generation of detailed risk zoning maps, identification of key influencing factors, and analysis of spatial interactions between risk levels and environmental drivers. Guangzhou, a major political, economic, and cultural center in southern China, was applied to the MGRB framework to demonstrate its feasibility and innovation. Results derived from MCDA and GIS revealed a distinct spatial risk gradient, with risk zones distributed as follows: low-risk (55.0%, 4092.4 km2) > moderate-risk (23.1%, 1713.9 km2) > considerable-risk (12.7%, 942.1 km2) > no-risk (7.7%, 572.9 km2) > high-risk (1.5%, 113.0 km2). Notably, approximately 37% of Guangzhou's territory exhibited moderate-to-high risk levels, with significant spatial clustering in western and central districts as well as scattered high-risk patches in northern, eastern, and southern areas. RF analysis identified road density, population density, and GDP as the dominant drivers, displaying most frequently and strongest associations with PTE-PAH risk. BLMI results further indicated that high-high clusters, where both contamination risk levels and driving factors are elevated, were predominantly concentrated in western and southern regions, which should be prioritized for targeted pollution control and mitigation strategies. This study develops an innovative methodology for the comprehensive spatial assessment of combined PTE-PAH risks and their driving factors in Guangzhou. This framework serves both to guide local risk management and to provide a transferable model for other rapidly urbanizing regions with analogous challenges.
{"title":"A hybrid spatial framework for risk mapping and driving factor diagnosis of soil combined contamination in Guangzhou","authors":"Lian Chen , Zhenjiang Wang , Lingyun Sun , Zhipeng Wu , Sen Lin , Dan Wang , Jianan Wu , Zhiyi Li , Gaocong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The spatial characterization of risk patterns and their driving factors in urban soils co-contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remains a critical research challenge. To address this, we developed a novel integrated framework, MGRB (MCDA-GIS-RF-BLMI), that synergistically combines Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Random Forest (RF), and Bivariate Local Moran's I (BLMI). This framework enables comprehensive assessment of combined contamination risks, generation of detailed risk zoning maps, identification of key influencing factors, and analysis of spatial interactions between risk levels and environmental drivers. Guangzhou, a major political, economic, and cultural center in southern China, was applied to the MGRB framework to demonstrate its feasibility and innovation. Results derived from MCDA and GIS revealed a distinct spatial risk gradient, with risk zones distributed as follows: low-risk (55.0%, 4092.4 km<sup>2</sup>) > moderate-risk (23.1%, 1713.9 km<sup>2</sup>) > considerable-risk (12.7%, 942.1 km<sup>2</sup>) > no-risk (7.7%, 572.9 km<sup>2</sup>) > high-risk (1.5%, 113.0 km<sup>2</sup>). Notably, approximately 37% of Guangzhou's territory exhibited moderate-to-high risk levels, with significant spatial clustering in western and central districts as well as scattered high-risk patches in northern, eastern, and southern areas. RF analysis identified road density, population density, and GDP as the dominant drivers, displaying most frequently and strongest associations with PTE-PAH risk. BLMI results further indicated that high-high clusters, where both contamination risk levels and driving factors are elevated, were predominantly concentrated in western and southern regions, which should be prioritized for targeted pollution control and mitigation strategies. This study develops an innovative methodology for the comprehensive spatial assessment of combined PTE-PAH risks and their driving factors in Guangzhou. This framework serves both to guide local risk management and to provide a transferable model for other rapidly urbanizing regions with analogous challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107987
Jiaxuan Zhu , Qingfei Wang , Matthew Steele-MacInnis , Hongyu Duan , Songyan Liu
A series of sediment-host base metal deposits, related to the collision between the Indian and Asian plates, are distributed in the Lanping basin in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The genesis of these deposits remains controversial. Here, we report ReOs isotopic data of chalcopyrite-tennantite and laser ablation mineral mapping from the Baiyangping deposit, a large sediment-hosted CuPbZn deposit. The isochron age, which offers the first insight into the absolute age of the Cu mineralization, at 30.8 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 2.7, n = 5, ±2σ). This demonstrates the application of the low-level ReOs system in chalcopyrite-tennantite dating, with high 187Re/188Os (400–10,000 ppb) but low Re abundances (3–20 ppb). La-ICP-MS analysis show that sphalerite intergrown with chalcopyrite from Cu-rich mineralization exhibits a fibrous texture formed in a setting where vein cementation kept pace with dilation and is enriched in Ag, As, Cu and Sb. This is a common feature of basinal rocks influenced by compressional tectonics. In contrast, euhedral sphalerite in PbZn orebody is enriched in Fe and Cd and displays concentric and sectoral zoning patterns. It was formed by precipitation into open space, probably assisted by structural dilation along jogs on extensional faults in transpressional or extensional zones. The Baiyangping deposit within thrust belts occurs as a result of synorogenic stress transition from compression to transpression/extension during the Cenozoic after Indo-Asian initial-collision. Regional metallogenesis also shows that Cu mineralization formed along thrust fault during the extrusion and PbZn mineralization focus on extensional zones and extensional faults.
青藏高原东南部兰坪盆地分布着一系列与印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞有关的以沉积为主的贱金属矿床。这些矿床的成因仍有争议。本文报道了白洋坪大型铜锌矿床黄铜矿-钛矿的ReOs同位素数据和激光烧蚀矿物填图。等时线年龄为30.8±1.4 Ma (MSWD = 2.7, n = 5，±2σ)，首次揭示了铜成矿的绝对年龄。这证明了低水平ReOs系统在黄铜矿-钛矿定年中的应用，具有高的187Re/188Os (400-10,000 ppb)，但低的Re丰度（3-20 ppb）。La-ICP-MS分析表明，与富Cu矿化黄铜矿共生的闪锌矿呈纤维状结构，形成于脉状胶结与扩张同步的环境中，富含Ag、As、Cu和Sb，这是受挤压构造影响的盆地岩石的共同特征。而铅锌矿体中自晶体闪锌矿则富集Fe和Cd，呈同心和扇形分带。它是由沉积到开阔空间形成的，可能是由逆挤压带或伸展带的伸展断层上的斜坡上的构造扩张辅助形成的。冲断带内的白洋坪矿床是新生代印亚初碰撞后同造面应力由挤压向挤压/伸展转变的结果。区域成矿作用还表明，挤压期铜成矿沿逆冲断层形成，铅锌成矿以伸展带和伸展断裂为主。
{"title":"Genesis of copper mineralization in the Lanping foreland basin, southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from ReOs geochronology and sulfide geochemistry at Baiyangping","authors":"Jiaxuan Zhu , Qingfei Wang , Matthew Steele-MacInnis , Hongyu Duan , Songyan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of sediment-host base metal deposits, related to the collision between the Indian and Asian plates, are distributed in the Lanping basin in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The genesis of these deposits remains controversial. Here, we report Re<img>Os isotopic data of chalcopyrite-tennantite and laser ablation mineral mapping from the Baiyangping deposit, a large sediment-hosted Cu<img>Pb<img>Zn deposit. The isochron age, which offers the first insight into the absolute age of the Cu mineralization, at 30.8 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 2.7, n = 5, ±2σ). This demonstrates the application of the low-level Re<img>Os system in chalcopyrite-tennantite dating, with high <sup>187</sup>Re/<sup>188</sup>Os (400–10,000 ppb) but low Re abundances (3–20 ppb). La-ICP-MS analysis show that sphalerite intergrown with chalcopyrite from Cu-rich mineralization exhibits a fibrous texture formed in a setting where vein cementation kept pace with dilation and is enriched in Ag, As, Cu and Sb. This is a common feature of basinal rocks influenced by compressional tectonics. In contrast, euhedral sphalerite in Pb<img>Zn orebody is enriched in Fe and Cd and displays concentric and sectoral zoning patterns. It was formed by precipitation into open space, probably assisted by structural dilation along jogs on extensional faults in transpressional or extensional zones. The Baiyangping deposit within thrust belts occurs as a result of synorogenic stress transition from compression to transpression/extension during the Cenozoic after Indo-Asian initial-collision. Regional metallogenesis also shows that Cu mineralization formed along thrust fault during the extrusion and Pb<img>Zn mineralization focus on extensional zones and extensional faults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107967
Go-Eun Kim , Woo-Jin Shin , Mukesh Kumar Gautam , Kwang-Sik Lee
South Korean ecosystems are increasingly exposed to elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from agricultural activities, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial emissions, which pose risks to soil health and ecosystem stability. This study investigated contamination levels and spatial distribution patterns of PTEs in South Korean topsoil. We analyzed 12 PTEs in 329 agricultural and 430 forest sites. Contamination exceedances were assessed using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), degree of contamination (Cd), and pollution load index (PLI). The Igeo values for Al, Fe, Ti, and V were below one, indicating low accumulation, whereas Ni and As showed higher levels, with As reaching Class 5. Most samples fell within Igeo Classes 0–1, although significant accumulations of Cr, Zn, As, and Pb were observed in higher classes. Both Cd and PLI showed enrichment relative to the background levels, with forest soils showing greater enrichment, particularly for Cu, As, and Pb. Notably, forest soils had more samples in the highest contamination category (Cf ≥ 6). The spatial patterns of Igeo revealed localized contamination, and Al, Fe, and Ti exhibited consistent spatial trends across the different regions. The Cd and PLI maps showed regional variability. This study provides critical insights into the assessment of soil contamination and sustainable land management in South Korea.
{"title":"National-scale spatial variations in potentially toxic elements in agricultural and forest topsoil in South Korea","authors":"Go-Eun Kim , Woo-Jin Shin , Mukesh Kumar Gautam , Kwang-Sik Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>South Korean ecosystems are increasingly exposed to elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from agricultural activities, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial emissions, which pose risks to soil health and ecosystem stability. This study investigated contamination levels and spatial distribution patterns of PTEs in South Korean topsoil. We analyzed 12 PTEs in 329 agricultural and 430 forest sites. Contamination exceedances were assessed using the geoaccumulation index (I<sub><em>geo</em></sub>), degree of contamination (C<sub><em>d</em></sub>), and pollution load index (PLI). The I<sub><em>geo</em></sub> values for Al, Fe, Ti, and V were below one, indicating low accumulation, whereas Ni and As showed higher levels, with As reaching Class 5. Most samples fell within I<sub><em>geo</em></sub> Classes 0–1, although significant accumulations of Cr, Zn, As, and Pb were observed in higher classes. Both C<sub><em>d</em></sub> and PLI showed enrichment relative to the background levels, with forest soils showing greater enrichment, particularly for Cu, As, and Pb. Notably, forest soils had more samples in the highest contamination category (C<sub><em>f</em></sub> ≥ 6). The spatial patterns of I<sub><em>geo</em></sub> revealed localized contamination, and Al, Fe, and Ti exhibited consistent spatial trends across the different regions. The C<sub><em>d</em></sub> and PLI maps showed regional variability. This study provides critical insights into the assessment of soil contamination and sustainable land management in South Korea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107967"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107993
Rui Zhong , Fulin Tian , Yiran Li , Zhengyu Liu , Jingyuan Wei , Hong Li , Peng Kang , Haibo Zhao , Zhisen Liu
A novel integrated probabilistic model combining Monte Carlo simulation with multi-pollutant risk assessment was developed to evaluate soil contamination risks in urban ecosystems. This MATLAB-based framework establishes an independent computational architecture with native implementation of environmental risk algorithms, eliminating dependencies on external statistical packages. The system demonstrates robust compatibility through standardized interfaces that enable direct coupling with receptor models for integrated source-to-risk analysis. A case study was conducted in Shenyang's urban core (a northeastern Chinese megacity) to evaluate the model. Sixteen priority PAHs and nine potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the city's surface soils were simultaneously analyzed. The results indicated that the non-carcinogenic risks of PAHs and PTEs were within acceptable levels. However, in terms of carcinogenic risks, 2.50% of children and 17.89% of adults exceeded the recommended guideline value of 10−4 for PAH exposure. Furthermore, 2.82% of adults surpassed the recommended threshold of 10−4 for carcinogenic risk linked to Cr exposure, suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk for this demographic. Sensitivity analysis results showed that body weight and exposure duration were the main influencing factors of carcinogenic risk. The model is feasible for application and can be further integrated with other modeling approaches. The current study may represent a significant advancement in enhancing the integration and compatibility of risk analysis modeling frameworks.
{"title":"A novel integrated model for risk analysis of soil PAHs and PTEs based on Monte Carlo simulation: a case study of Shenyang, China","authors":"Rui Zhong , Fulin Tian , Yiran Li , Zhengyu Liu , Jingyuan Wei , Hong Li , Peng Kang , Haibo Zhao , Zhisen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel integrated probabilistic model combining Monte Carlo simulation with multi-pollutant risk assessment was developed to evaluate soil contamination risks in urban ecosystems. This MATLAB-based framework establishes an independent computational architecture with native implementation of environmental risk algorithms, eliminating dependencies on external statistical packages. The system demonstrates robust compatibility through standardized interfaces that enable direct coupling with receptor models for integrated source-to-risk analysis. A case study was conducted in Shenyang's urban core (a northeastern Chinese megacity) to evaluate the model. Sixteen priority PAHs and nine potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the city's surface soils were simultaneously analyzed. The results indicated that the non-carcinogenic risks of PAHs and PTEs were within acceptable levels. However, in terms of carcinogenic risks, 2.50% of children and 17.89% of adults exceeded the recommended guideline value of 10<sup>−4</sup> for PAH exposure. Furthermore, 2.82% of adults surpassed the recommended threshold of 10<sup>−4</sup> for carcinogenic risk linked to Cr exposure, suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk for this demographic. Sensitivity analysis results showed that body weight and exposure duration were the main influencing factors of carcinogenic risk. The model is feasible for application and can be further integrated with other modeling approaches. The current study may represent a significant advancement in enhancing the integration and compatibility of risk analysis modeling frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107991
Rui Tang , Cheng Li , Keyan Xiao
Exploration geochemical data, often compiled from multiple map sheets, are susceptible to systematic errors that create artificial “shift” effects at their boundaries. While linear leveling methods exist, they often fail to capture the complex, non-linear relationships inherent in geochemical data. To address this limitation, this study introduces and validates a novel machine learning approach: the Boundary-based Random Forest (BRF) method. Using data from four map sheets in the Baiyinchagan–Maodeng area, we apply the BRF method, which leverages the non-linear capabilities of Random Forest to model the relationship between adjacent data blocks. We compare its performance against the standard Contrast Return (CR) method. The results demonstrate that the BRF method is significantly more effective at eliminating boundary artifacts. The resulting geochemical maps show a more continuous and geologically coherent distribution, aligning better with known fault zones and mineralization. We conclude that the BRF method represents a robust and superior alternative to linear approaches, offering a more accurate foundation for mineral exploration and anomaly targeting.
{"title":"Boundary-based random forest leveling of multi-map geochemical data: A case study of the Baiyinchagan-Maodeng Area, Inner Mongolia","authors":"Rui Tang , Cheng Li , Keyan Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploration geochemical data, often compiled from multiple map sheets, are susceptible to systematic errors that create artificial “shift” effects at their boundaries. While linear leveling methods exist, they often fail to capture the complex, non-linear relationships inherent in geochemical data. To address this limitation, this study introduces and validates a novel machine learning approach: the Boundary-based Random Forest (BRF) method. Using data from four map sheets in the Baiyinchagan–Maodeng area, we apply the BRF method, which leverages the non-linear capabilities of Random Forest to model the relationship between adjacent data blocks. We compare its performance against the standard Contrast Return (CR) method. The results demonstrate that the BRF method is significantly more effective at eliminating boundary artifacts. The resulting geochemical maps show a more continuous and geologically coherent distribution, aligning better with known fault zones and mineralization. We conclude that the BRF method represents a robust and superior alternative to linear approaches, offering a more accurate foundation for mineral exploration and anomaly targeting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107991"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107974
Zhenyu Qin , Fan Yang , Xiaoyu Ge , Leon Bagas , Zhaoyue Ding , Luyang Wang , Lifeng Xu
Porphyry deposits are major sources of molybdenum (Mo) and are closely linked to subduction- and collision-related tectonic settings. The transport and deposition of Mo from aqueous fluids are governed by changes in physicochemical conditions, which are recorded in the geochemistry of hydrothermal minerals. The Jinduicheng Mo deposit, located in the East Qinling Orogen of central China, is a giant Mo resource hosted in granitic and andesitic porphyries. Despite previous studies focus on its origin, the detailed mechanisms of hydrothermal mineralization, along with Mo transport and enrichment remain poorly understood. Hydrothermal biotite, which is commonly associated with Mo deposition in porphyry systems, provides valuable insights into ore-forming processes. This study investigates the major and trace element compositions of hydrothermal biotite from the Jinduicheng deposit to constrain the physicochemical conditions and reveal the evolution of the hydrothermal system. The studied biotite is classified as Mg-rich and crystallized at temperatures of approximately 229–331 °C, recording the thermal conditions of the main Mo precipitation stage. Its composition reveals consistently high oxygen fugacity, which favored the stability of soluble hexavalent Mo species in the hydrothermal fluids. The calculated intercept values of IV(F), IV(Cl), and IV(F/Cl) range from 1.06 to 1.55, −4.31 to −3.61, and 4.83–5.68, respectively. These yield high log(fH2O/fHCl) values of 3.71–4.37, low log(fH2O/fHF) values of 0.98–1.64, and log(fHF/fHCl) values of 0.49–1.64. Halogen fugacity calculations indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were exceptionally enriched in fluorine relative to chlorine, a characteristic that aligns with significant fluorite alteration observed in the deposit. This F-rich signature likely enhanced Mo extraction from the melt and its transport as molybdate complexes (e.g., KHMoO4 or NaHMoO4). The precipitation of molybdenite was primarily driven by the cooling of the hydrothermal fluids, which destabilized these complexes. Fluid mixing and pressure fluctuations likely played secondary roles in the formation of Mo-bearing veins. This study demonstrates that hydrothermal biotite geochemistry is a powerful tool for directly quantifying the oxidized, F-rich nature of ore-forming fluids, and for clarifying the dominant role of cooling in triggering Mo deposition in porphyry systems.
{"title":"Tracing molybdenum mineralization through hydrothermal biotite geochemistry in the Jinduicheng porphyry deposit, East Qinling, China","authors":"Zhenyu Qin , Fan Yang , Xiaoyu Ge , Leon Bagas , Zhaoyue Ding , Luyang Wang , Lifeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry deposits are major sources of molybdenum (Mo) and are closely linked to subduction- and collision-related tectonic settings. The transport and deposition of Mo from aqueous fluids are governed by changes in physicochemical conditions, which are recorded in the geochemistry of hydrothermal minerals. The Jinduicheng Mo deposit, located in the East Qinling Orogen of central China, is a giant Mo resource hosted in granitic and andesitic porphyries. Despite previous studies focus on its origin, the detailed mechanisms of hydrothermal mineralization, along with Mo transport and enrichment remain poorly understood. Hydrothermal biotite, which is commonly associated with Mo deposition in porphyry systems, provides valuable insights into ore-forming processes. This study investigates the major and trace element compositions of hydrothermal biotite from the Jinduicheng deposit to constrain the physicochemical conditions and reveal the evolution of the hydrothermal system. The studied biotite is classified as Mg-rich and crystallized at temperatures of approximately 229–331 °C, recording the thermal conditions of the main Mo precipitation stage. Its composition reveals consistently high oxygen fugacity, which favored the stability of soluble hexavalent Mo species in the hydrothermal fluids. The calculated intercept values of IV(F), IV(Cl), and IV(F/Cl) range from 1.06 to 1.55, −4.31 to −3.61, and 4.83–5.68, respectively. These yield high log(f<sub>H</sub><sub>2</sub><sub>O</sub>/f<sub>HCl</sub>) values of 3.71–4.37, low log(f<sub>H2O</sub>/f<sub>HF</sub>) values of 0.98–1.64, and log(f<sub>HF</sub>/f<sub>HCl</sub>) values of 0.49–1.64. Halogen fugacity calculations indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were exceptionally enriched in fluorine relative to chlorine, a characteristic that aligns with significant fluorite alteration observed in the deposit. This F-rich signature likely enhanced Mo extraction from the melt and its transport as molybdate complexes (e.g., KHMoO<sub>4</sub> or NaHMoO<sub>4</sub>). The precipitation of molybdenite was primarily driven by the cooling of the hydrothermal fluids, which destabilized these complexes. Fluid mixing and pressure fluctuations likely played secondary roles in the formation of Mo-bearing veins. This study demonstrates that hydrothermal biotite geochemistry is a powerful tool for directly quantifying the oxidized, F-rich nature of ore-forming fluids, and for clarifying the dominant role of cooling in triggering Mo deposition in porphyry systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107974"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107973
Georgios Soulamidis , Christina Stouraiti , Panagiotis Voudouris , Jean Cauzid , Harilaos Tsikos , Marjolene Jatteau , Paul R.D. Mason , Alexandre Tarantola
Todorokite is a unique tunnel-structured hydrous manganese oxide common in terrestrial manganese deposits. It is renowned for its excellent adsorption capacity, associated with a high specific surface area and microporous structure. Due to its role in metal accumulation in the oxidation zone of some ore bodies, todorokite may act as a vectoring tool for concealed ore deposits. This research uses a multi-method analytical approach to investigate the mineral chemistry of todorokite-rich samples from six hydrothermal deposits in different geological settings in Greece: Mavro Xylo-Karposluk (Drama), Aspro gialoudi-Vani (Milos Island), Piavitsa (Chalkidiki), Trikorfo (Thasos Island), Thapsana (Paros Island), and Koskina (Evia Island). Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) was used as the primary analytical method of various Mn-ore samples, complemented by XRD, SEM and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) for mineral characterization and finally, micro-XRF and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the concentration and distribution of economically important metals(loids) such as Zn, Pb, Ag, and Sb. In this research, we demonstrate that todorokite from manganese oxide deposits adjacent to intrusion related (Piavitsa, Mavro Xylo-Karposluk) and hybrid epithermal-VMS deposits (Milos Island) shows significant enrichment in Zn, Pb, Ag, As and Sb, in contrast to samples from less mineralized settings (Trikorfo, Thapsana, Koskina) that are base and precious metal-poor. EMPA cross-sections across mineral boundaries and micro-XRF mapping confirm metal zonation and phase-specific enrichment, particularly in Ag- and Zn-bearing todorokite. Additionally, geochemical correlations between pXRF and bulk ICP-MS data of Mn-oxide ore samples highlight the value of portable XRF as a rapid tool for detecting metal anomalies in the field. This research shows that combining portable XRF with focused mineralogical analyses can significantly improve geochemical exploration of hypogene hydrothermal and concealed deposits of base and precious metals.
{"title":"Metal-rich todorokite as a pathfinder mineral in base and precious metal deposits: A mineralogical and microchemical approach to ore exploration","authors":"Georgios Soulamidis , Christina Stouraiti , Panagiotis Voudouris , Jean Cauzid , Harilaos Tsikos , Marjolene Jatteau , Paul R.D. Mason , Alexandre Tarantola","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Todorokite is a unique tunnel-structured hydrous manganese oxide common in terrestrial manganese deposits. It is renowned for its excellent adsorption capacity, associated with a high specific surface area and microporous structure. Due to its role in metal accumulation in the oxidation zone of some ore bodies, todorokite may act as a vectoring tool for concealed ore deposits. This research uses a multi-method analytical approach to investigate the mineral chemistry of todorokite-rich samples from six hydrothermal deposits in different geological settings in Greece: Mavro Xylo-Karposluk (Drama), Aspro gialoudi-Vani (Milos Island), Piavitsa (Chalkidiki), Trikorfo (Thasos Island), Thapsana (Paros Island), and Koskina (Evia Island). Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) was used as the primary analytical method of various Mn-ore samples, complemented by XRD, SEM and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) for mineral characterization and finally, micro-XRF and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the concentration and distribution of economically important metals(loids) such as Zn, Pb, Ag, and Sb. In this research, we demonstrate that todorokite from manganese oxide deposits adjacent to intrusion related (Piavitsa, Mavro Xylo-Karposluk) and hybrid epithermal-VMS deposits (Milos Island) shows significant enrichment in Zn, Pb, Ag, As and Sb, in contrast to samples from less mineralized settings (Trikorfo, Thapsana, Koskina) that are base and precious metal-poor. EMPA cross-sections across mineral boundaries and micro-XRF mapping confirm metal zonation and phase-specific enrichment, particularly in Ag- and Zn-bearing todorokite. Additionally, geochemical correlations between pXRF and bulk ICP-MS data of Mn-oxide ore samples highlight the value of portable XRF as a rapid tool for detecting metal anomalies in the field. This research shows that combining portable XRF with focused mineralogical analyses can significantly improve geochemical exploration of hypogene hydrothermal and concealed deposits of base and precious metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107973"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107976
Chenglin Bai , Guiqing Xie , Xiaolin Wu , Jie Chen , Tianqi Wang
The Tongshan deposit in Northeast China is an overprinted mineral system, featuring Ordovician porphyry Cu mineralization overlain by later Au(–Zn) veins. However, the genetic relationship between these two mineralization events and the timing and ore-forming mechanism of the Au(–Zn) mineralization remain poorly constrained. To address these issues, we conducted detailed paragenetic analysis, TIMA mineral mapping, in situ muscovite Rb–Sr dating, and LA–ICP–MS trace element analysis of pyrite and sphalerite from the Au(–Zn) ore zones. Our results define four hydrothermal stages (I–IV), with gold-bearing minerals occurring in Stage II quartz–polymetallic sulfide veins and Stage III carbonate–fine grained pyrite–Pb–Zn sulfide ± quartz veins with quartz–illite ± pyrite (QIP) alteration halos. The Rb–Sr dating of muscovite from Stages II and III yields an age of 223.9 ± 5.7 Ma (n = 27, MSWD = 1.27), which is significantly younger than the published ~475 Ma porphyry Cu mineralization. Textural and geochemical analyses, as well as a principal component analysis (PCA) of elements, demonstrate that Co–Ni-rich Py1 is a potential gold reservoir for subsequent hydrothermal stages. Additionally, Au enrichment is coupled with As-rich Py2 core–rim textures and Py3 oscillatory zoning, consistent with fluid boiling or rapid near-surface depressurization. Sphalerite geochemistry (depleted in Ga, Ge, In; enriched in Mn, Fe, Cu, Sn) and GGIMFis thermometry (241–312 °C) support a medium–low temperature epithermal environment. Consequently, we propose that Tongshan constitutes an example of a Triassic epithermal Au(–Zn) system superimposed on an Ordovician porphyry Cu deposit. The genetic model elucidates the Au(–Zn) mineralization processes and provides new insights into the exploration of Au and Cu resources in the ore field.
{"title":"Superimposed Triassic epithermal Au(–Zn) mineralization in the Tongshan Mining Area, Northeast China: Insights from geology, muscovite Rb–Sr geochronology and trace elements in sulfides","authors":"Chenglin Bai , Guiqing Xie , Xiaolin Wu , Jie Chen , Tianqi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tongshan deposit in Northeast China is an overprinted mineral system, featuring Ordovician porphyry Cu mineralization overlain by later Au(–Zn) veins. However, the genetic relationship between these two mineralization events and the timing and ore-forming mechanism of the Au(–Zn) mineralization remain poorly constrained. To address these issues, we conducted detailed paragenetic analysis, TIMA mineral mapping, in situ muscovite Rb–Sr dating, and LA–ICP–MS trace element analysis of pyrite and sphalerite from the Au(–Zn) ore zones. Our results define four hydrothermal stages (I–IV), with gold-bearing minerals occurring in Stage II quartz–polymetallic sulfide veins and Stage III carbonate–fine grained pyrite–Pb–Zn sulfide ± quartz veins with quartz–illite ± pyrite (QIP) alteration halos. The Rb–Sr dating of muscovite from Stages II and III yields an age of 223.9 ± 5.7 Ma (<em>n</em> = 27, MSWD = 1.27), which is significantly younger than the published ~475 Ma porphyry Cu mineralization. Textural and geochemical analyses, as well as a principal component analysis (PCA) of elements, demonstrate that Co–Ni-rich Py1 is a potential gold reservoir for subsequent hydrothermal stages. Additionally, Au enrichment is coupled with As-rich Py2 core–rim textures and Py3 oscillatory zoning, consistent with fluid boiling or rapid near-surface depressurization. Sphalerite geochemistry (depleted in Ga, Ge, In; enriched in Mn, Fe, Cu, Sn) and GGIMFis thermometry (241–312 °C) support a medium–low temperature epithermal environment. Consequently, we propose that Tongshan constitutes an example of a Triassic epithermal Au(–Zn) system superimposed on an Ordovician porphyry Cu deposit. The genetic model elucidates the Au(–Zn) mineralization processes and provides new insights into the exploration of Au and Cu resources in the ore field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107990
Adel Fathy , Mokhles K. Azer , Abdelhalim S. Mahmoud , Farouk Sayed , Ahmed A. Masoud , Faris A. Abanumay
The Umm Ara locality, situated in the extreme southern Eastern Desert of Egypt, hosts one of the richest granitoid-related uranium mineralizations in the region, reaching concentrations of up to 7020 ppm. It forms part of the Allaqi-Heiani Suture Zone, an E-W to NW-trending arc-arc collision zone within the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Three main granite varieties-monzogranite, syenogranite, and alkali feldspar granite-intrude dismembered ophiolitic assemblages, arc-related metavolcanics, and metasediments. Hyperspectral remote sensing, using K-means, Fuzzy C-means, and SID-SAM hybrid algorithms, effectively discriminated the lithological units and mapped alteration minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and muscovite. Radiometric data identified distinct uranium anomalies concentrated within alkali feldspar granites and Dokhan volcanics, spatially controlled by shear zones and fault networks. SEM-EDX analyses revealed diverse accessory minerals, including uranophane, kasolite, allanite, monazite, xenotime, zircon, and the newly recognized polycrase-(Y). Automatic lineament extraction from DEM data indicates dominant structural trends of N–S, NW, NNW, NE, and E–W, with the highest lineament densities occurring within granitoid and Dokhan volcanic rocks. Most of these represent shear-related faults exhibiting either dextral or sinistral motion. These fracture systems enhance permeability and fluid circulation, providing favorable pathways for uranium and rare-metal mineralization. Geochemically, the Umm Ara granitoids display high Fe-numbers, peraluminous compositions, and enrichment in Zr, Y, Nb, Th, and Rb, classifying them as highly fractionated A-type granites of within-plate affinity. Their rare earth element patterns show relatively flat profiles with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, indicative of advanced plagioclase fractionation. The geochemical characteristics suggest derivation from crustal metasedimentary sources in a post-collisional, within-plate tectonic setting. Hydrothermal alteration in the Umm Ara granitoids is dominated by potassic alteration, silicification, and sericitization, with minor albitization. Uranium and rare-metal mineralization are closely associated with these alteration zones, reflecting overprinting by potassic metasomatism. The extreme low Th/U ratio emphasizes the role of post-magmatic processes in U-enrichment. Strong positive correlations between SiO2 and K2O with U and other HFSEs emphasize the role of potassic-silicic alteration in rare-metal enrichment. Overall, the integration of remote sensing, structural, mineralogical, and geochemical data demonstrates that structurally controlled potassic alteration and associated hydrothermal processes localized uranium and rare-metal mineralization.
{"title":"Structurally-controlled radioactive and rare metal mineralizations associated with potassic alteration in Umm Ara granitoids, southern Eastern Desert, Egypt: Implications from remote sensing, whole-rock chemistry, and geophysical data","authors":"Adel Fathy , Mokhles K. Azer , Abdelhalim S. Mahmoud , Farouk Sayed , Ahmed A. Masoud , Faris A. Abanumay","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.107990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Umm Ara locality, situated in the extreme southern Eastern Desert of Egypt, hosts one of the richest granitoid-related uranium mineralizations in the region, reaching concentrations of up to 7020 ppm. It forms part of the Allaqi-Heiani Suture Zone, an E-W to NW-trending arc-arc collision zone within the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Three main granite varieties-monzogranite, syenogranite, and alkali feldspar granite-intrude dismembered ophiolitic assemblages, arc-related metavolcanics, and metasediments. Hyperspectral remote sensing, using K-means, Fuzzy C-means, and SID-SAM hybrid algorithms, effectively discriminated the lithological units and mapped alteration minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and muscovite. Radiometric data identified distinct uranium anomalies concentrated within alkali feldspar granites and Dokhan volcanics, spatially controlled by shear zones and fault networks. SEM-EDX analyses revealed diverse accessory minerals, including uranophane, kasolite, allanite, monazite, xenotime, zircon, and the newly recognized polycrase-(Y). Automatic lineament extraction from DEM data indicates dominant structural trends of N–S, NW, NNW, NE, and E–W, with the highest lineament densities occurring within granitoid and Dokhan volcanic rocks. Most of these represent shear-related faults exhibiting either dextral or sinistral motion. These fracture systems enhance permeability and fluid circulation, providing favorable pathways for uranium and rare-metal mineralization. Geochemically, the Umm Ara granitoids display high Fe-numbers, peraluminous compositions, and enrichment in Zr, Y, Nb, Th, and Rb, classifying them as highly fractionated A-type granites of within-plate affinity. Their rare earth element patterns show relatively flat profiles with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, indicative of advanced plagioclase fractionation. The geochemical characteristics suggest derivation from crustal metasedimentary sources in a post-collisional, within-plate tectonic setting. Hydrothermal alteration in the Umm Ara granitoids is dominated by potassic alteration, silicification, and sericitization, with minor albitization. Uranium and rare-metal mineralization are closely associated with these alteration zones, reflecting overprinting by potassic metasomatism. The extreme low Th/U ratio emphasizes the role of post-magmatic processes in U-enrichment. Strong positive correlations between SiO<sub>2</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O with U and other HFSEs emphasize the role of potassic-silicic alteration in rare-metal enrichment. Overall, the integration of remote sensing, structural, mineralogical, and geochemical data demonstrates that structurally controlled potassic alteration and associated hydrothermal processes localized uranium and rare-metal mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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