Background: Resource-poor small-scale farmers often cannot afford the high prices of chemical insecticides to control pests on crops; as a result, some use botanical insecticides. Aim: The aim of the study was to document ethnobotanical pest control methods used by rural small-scale farmers to control pests of cabbage in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Setting: 217 rural small-scale crop-producing farmers from 14 towns in the Amathole, Joe Gqabi, Alfred Nzo, Chris Hani and OR Tambo Districts participated in the study. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to consenting farmers between July and November in 2012, using the convenience and stratified purposive sampling techniques. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: The majority of farmers using botanical insecticides were females above the age of 60 years. The farmers identified 23 plants, which they use in their pest control strategies against seven pests of cabbage. The annual herb Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) was cited as the most commonly used herb by 47% of the respondents, followed by Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiceae), Aloe ferox Mills. (Asphodelaceae) and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae). Various plant parts were used in combinations or alone in the preparation of formulations mainly against aphids, cutworms and the diamondback moth. Conclusion: The plants, plant parts, combinations and formulations used by farmers in their cabbage pest control strategies need to be scientifically authenticated for efficacy.
{"title":"A survey of plants used by rural small-scale farmers to control pests of cabbage in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","authors":"Nolitha Skenjana, M. Poswal","doi":"10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.57","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Resource-poor small-scale farmers often cannot afford the high prices of chemical insecticides to control pests on crops; as a result, some use botanical insecticides. Aim: The aim of the study was to document ethnobotanical pest control methods used by rural small-scale farmers to control pests of cabbage in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Setting: 217 rural small-scale crop-producing farmers from 14 towns in the Amathole, Joe Gqabi, Alfred Nzo, Chris Hani and OR Tambo Districts participated in the study. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to consenting farmers between July and November in 2012, using the convenience and stratified purposive sampling techniques. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: The majority of farmers using botanical insecticides were females above the age of 60 years. The farmers identified 23 plants, which they use in their pest control strategies against seven pests of cabbage. The annual herb Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) was cited as the most commonly used herb by 47% of the respondents, followed by Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiceae), Aloe ferox Mills. (Asphodelaceae) and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae). Various plant parts were used in combinations or alone in the preparation of formulations mainly against aphids, cutworms and the diamondback moth. Conclusion: The plants, plant parts, combinations and formulations used by farmers in their cabbage pest control strategies need to be scientifically authenticated for efficacy.","PeriodicalId":16345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44935459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Madivoli, E. G. Maina, P. Kairigo, Martin K. Murigi, J. K. Ogilo, Jared Nyang’au, P. Kimani, Cheruiyot Kipyegon
Background: Plants are new sources of antibacterial agents, hence the need to determine and evaluate the antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity and gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS) profile of medicinal plants. Methodology: In this study, sequential extraction of Prunus africana and Harrisonia abyssinica was used to obtain ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride, respectively. Antibacterial properties of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans were estimated using the disc diffusion method and compared against streptomycin. Results: Screening of crude methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites which was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) characterisation that revealed the presence of H-bonded OH functional groups. The extracts revealed that P. africana had a higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents compared to H. abyssinica. Methanolic extracts of both plants had moderate activity against selected microorganisms and both inhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. GC-MS analysis of P. africana and H. abyssinica extracts revealed the presence of several phytochemicals that have been reported to have medicinal uses. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity and negative correlations with EC50. Conclusion: Prunus africana and H. abyssinica extracts had moderate antimicrobial properties against the selected microorganisms because of the presence of secondary metabolites.
{"title":"In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (bark extracts) and Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. extracts (bark extracts): A comparative study","authors":"E. Madivoli, E. G. Maina, P. Kairigo, Martin K. Murigi, J. K. Ogilo, Jared Nyang’au, P. Kimani, Cheruiyot Kipyegon","doi":"10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.39","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plants are new sources of antibacterial agents, hence the need to determine and evaluate the antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity and gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS) profile of medicinal plants. Methodology: In this study, sequential extraction of Prunus africana and Harrisonia abyssinica was used to obtain ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride, respectively. Antibacterial properties of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans were estimated using the disc diffusion method and compared against streptomycin. Results: Screening of crude methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites which was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) characterisation that revealed the presence of H-bonded OH functional groups. The extracts revealed that P. africana had a higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents compared to H. abyssinica. Methanolic extracts of both plants had moderate activity against selected microorganisms and both inhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. GC-MS analysis of P. africana and H. abyssinica extracts revealed the presence of several phytochemicals that have been reported to have medicinal uses. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity and negative correlations with EC50. Conclusion: Prunus africana and H. abyssinica extracts had moderate antimicrobial properties against the selected microorganisms because of the presence of secondary metabolites.","PeriodicalId":16345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43302191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Lawal, M. Galadima, Paul Oluwatimilehin Ogunbamowo
Clausena anisata possesses several ethnopharmacological properties. It is used for the treatment of several diseases and health conditions, including oxidative stress and respiratory infections. This study was aimed at isolating and validating the potency of some bioactive compounds in this plant using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. A bioautography method was used for the antibacterial assay. Quercetin 3,4’-dimethyl ether was identified with a molecular mass of 330.2288 Da at a retention time of 0.72, clausine B was identified at a retention time of 24.31 and 24.37 with a molecular mass of 271.0844 Da, clausenocoumarine was identified at a retention time of 5.42 with a molecular weight of 366.1011 Da, while terpineol was also identified with the inhibition of the growth of the test organisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Subtilis cereus) to quercetin 3,4’-dimethyl ether, clausine B and clausenocoumarin observed at Rf values of 0.24, 0.52 and 0.54, respectively, on the plate using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as mobile phase. A novel enantiomer of anisocoumarin derivatives and three known compounds were isolated and identified from a fraction showing a single band in the acetone leaf extract of C. anisata. Their chemical compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance. The pharmacological potency of these compounds was discussed.
茴香草具有几种民族药理学特性。它被用于治疗几种疾病和健康状况，包括氧化应激和呼吸道感染。本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、液相色谱-质谱联用及核磁共振等技术对该植物中部分活性成分进行分离鉴定。采用生物自显影法进行抑菌试验。槲皮素3,4′-二甲醚在保留时间为0.72时鉴定出了分子质量为330.2288 Da, clausine B在保留时间为24.31和24.37时鉴定出了分子质量为271.0844 Da, clausenocoumarine在保留时间为5.42时鉴定出了分子量为366.1011 Da，而松油醇还鉴定出了抑制试验生物(大肠杆菌，在正己烷/乙酸乙酯(2:1)为流动相的平板上，观察到金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和蜡样枯草杆菌(Subtilis cereus)对槲皮素3,4′-二甲醚、子莨菪碱B和子莨菪香豆素在Rf值分别为0.24、0.52和0.54时的反应。从三叶草丙酮叶提取物中分离鉴定了一种新的异香豆素衍生物对映体和三种已知化合物。它们的化学成分经核磁共振鉴定。讨论了这些化合物的药理效力。
{"title":"Isolation of bioactive compounds of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. growing in South Africa by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy profiling, and their antibacterial activities","authors":"I. Lawal, M. Galadima, Paul Oluwatimilehin Ogunbamowo","doi":"10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.22","url":null,"abstract":"Clausena anisata possesses several ethnopharmacological properties. It is used for the treatment of several diseases and health conditions, including oxidative stress and respiratory infections. This study was aimed at isolating and validating the potency of some bioactive compounds in this plant using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. A bioautography method was used for the antibacterial assay. Quercetin 3,4’-dimethyl ether was identified with a molecular mass of 330.2288 Da at a retention time of 0.72, clausine B was identified at a retention time of 24.31 and 24.37 with a molecular mass of 271.0844 Da, clausenocoumarine was identified at a retention time of 5.42 with a molecular weight of 366.1011 Da, while terpineol was also identified with the inhibition of the growth of the test organisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Subtilis cereus) to quercetin 3,4’-dimethyl ether, clausine B and clausenocoumarin observed at Rf values of 0.24, 0.52 and 0.54, respectively, on the plate using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as mobile phase. A novel enantiomer of anisocoumarin derivatives and three known compounds were isolated and identified from a fraction showing a single band in the acetone leaf extract of C. anisata. Their chemical compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance. The pharmacological potency of these compounds was discussed.","PeriodicalId":16345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44498348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Bafor, Juliet K. Nwogu, Uloma B Elvis-Offiah, F. Amaechina, J. Ofeimun, B. Ayinde, O. Omoruyi, C. Viegelmann, R. Edrada-Ebel
Background: The leaves of Alchornea laxiflora are traditionally used in the south of Nigeria to prevent preterm births. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the activity of A. laxiflora on uterine contractility. Setting: The leaves of the plant were collected from forests in Egor, Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: The leaves were cleaned and extracted in methanol. The extract (0.005 mg/mL–3.5 mg/mL) was tested on spontaneous uterine contraction and on oxytocin-induced contraction in normal and Ca2+-free media. The plant extract (0.0035 mg/mL, 0.035 mg/mL, 0.35 mg/mL and 3.5 mg/mL) was tested on high KCl-induced uterine contractions (80 mM). The plant extract (3.5 mg/mL) was also studied in the presence of amiodarone and glibenclamide in separate experiments. Mass spectrometric analysis was additionally performed on the plant extract in order to identify significant secondary metabolites that may have contributed to the activity of the plant. Results: The plant extract inhibited spontaneous, oxytocin and high KCl-induced uterine contractions and also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in Ca2+-free medium. The plant extract significantly inhibited (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) oxytocin’s amplitude in the presence of amiodarone and glibenclamide, respectively. Secondary metabolites belonging to classes of fatty acids, glycols, terpenes, flavonoid glycosides and porphyrins were identified. Conclusion: Alchornea laxiflora inhibited mouse uterine contractility possibly through interaction with potassium and calcium channels. Of the known metabolites identified, 3-deoxy-arabino-hept-2-ulosonic acid, 17-hydroxyingenol and phaeophorbide-a methyl inhibit uterine contractility and may contribute to the activity of A. laxiflora in utero.
{"title":"Modulation of ex-vivo uterine contraction by the methanol leaf extract of Alchornea laxiflora Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) and preliminary spectrometric identification of associated secondary metabolites","authors":"E. Bafor, Juliet K. Nwogu, Uloma B Elvis-Offiah, F. Amaechina, J. Ofeimun, B. Ayinde, O. Omoruyi, C. Viegelmann, R. Edrada-Ebel","doi":"10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.33","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The leaves of Alchornea laxiflora are traditionally used in the south of Nigeria to prevent preterm births. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the activity of A. laxiflora on uterine contractility. Setting: The leaves of the plant were collected from forests in Egor, Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: The leaves were cleaned and extracted in methanol. The extract (0.005 mg/mL–3.5 mg/mL) was tested on spontaneous uterine contraction and on oxytocin-induced contraction in normal and Ca2+-free media. The plant extract (0.0035 mg/mL, 0.035 mg/mL, 0.35 mg/mL and 3.5 mg/mL) was tested on high KCl-induced uterine contractions (80 mM). The plant extract (3.5 mg/mL) was also studied in the presence of amiodarone and glibenclamide in separate experiments. Mass spectrometric analysis was additionally performed on the plant extract in order to identify significant secondary metabolites that may have contributed to the activity of the plant. Results: The plant extract inhibited spontaneous, oxytocin and high KCl-induced uterine contractions and also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in Ca2+-free medium. The plant extract significantly inhibited (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) oxytocin’s amplitude in the presence of amiodarone and glibenclamide, respectively. Secondary metabolites belonging to classes of fatty acids, glycols, terpenes, flavonoid glycosides and porphyrins were identified. Conclusion: Alchornea laxiflora inhibited mouse uterine contractility possibly through interaction with potassium and calcium channels. Of the known metabolites identified, 3-deoxy-arabino-hept-2-ulosonic acid, 17-hydroxyingenol and phaeophorbide-a methyl inhibit uterine contractility and may contribute to the activity of A. laxiflora in utero.","PeriodicalId":16345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4102/JOMPED.V2I1.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47061605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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