Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.09.001
Sophie Tucker BA , Eliza Burr MD , Sara Perelmuter MPhil , Quynh Tran BS , Alexis Thompson MPH , Julia Rubin BS , Melissa Davide BA , Ibukunoluwa Omole BA , Yash Adroja BA , Jessica Yih MD , Rachel Rubin MD , Christine Vaccaro DO
Introduction
Sexual wellness is directly associated with overall physical and mental health. Sex span, which is the period spent enjoying a satisfying, vibrant, and joyful sexual life, is directly correlated to quality of life. Gynecologic surgeons are well-positioned to discuss sexual function with their patients as it pertains to a variety of pathologic pelvic conditions, including pelvic pain disorders, urinary/bowel incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, as well as urogenital and non-urogenital cancers and other related conditions.
Objective
Describe sexual devices, tools, and erotica commonly used by female patients, and provide resources for clinicians. Vibrators, dildos, depth-limiting devices/collision aids, dilators, wands, and erotica are discussed in the context of evidence-based practices when available.
Conclusion
Sexual devices, tools, and erotica are means for both enhancing sexual pleasure and augmenting treatment of female sexual dysfunction. Despite a lack of standardized medical educational resources devoted to female sexuality, clinician familiarity with sexual devices, tools, practices, and erotica is necessary to build a comprehensive treatment plan supporting sexual health-related quality of life.
{"title":"Sexual Devices and Erotica","authors":"Sophie Tucker BA , Eliza Burr MD , Sara Perelmuter MPhil , Quynh Tran BS , Alexis Thompson MPH , Julia Rubin BS , Melissa Davide BA , Ibukunoluwa Omole BA , Yash Adroja BA , Jessica Yih MD , Rachel Rubin MD , Christine Vaccaro DO","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Sexual wellness is directly associated with overall physical and mental health. Sex span, which is the period spent enjoying a satisfying, vibrant, and joyful sexual life, is directly correlated to quality of life. Gynecologic surgeons are well-positioned to discuss sexual function with their patients as it pertains to a variety of pathologic pelvic conditions, including pelvic pain disorders, urinary/bowel incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, as well as urogenital and non-urogenital cancers and other related conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Describe sexual devices, tools, and erotica commonly used by female patients, and provide resources for clinicians. Vibrators, dildos, depth-limiting devices/collision aids, dilators, wands, and erotica are discussed in the context of evidence-based practices when available.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Sexual devices, tools, and erotica are means for both enhancing sexual pleasure and augmenting treatment of female sexual dysfunction. Despite a lack of standardized medical educational resources devoted to female sexuality, clinician familiarity with sexual devices, tools, practices, and erotica is necessary to build a comprehensive treatment plan supporting sexual health-related quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 100-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.019
Anna Myers APRN-CNP , Jean Marino APRN-CNP , Karen Connor PT DPT , Erika L. Kelley PhD , Sheryl A. Kingsberg PhD , Rachel Pope MD, MPH
Objective
Female sexual function is a multidimensional, complex, often understated aspect of health that encompasses desire, arousal, and orgasm. Physiological, psychological, and emotional factors impact sexual satisfaction. This article presents an expert-guided summary of the physiology and pathology of female sexual dysfunction and management of female sexual dysfunction from a multidisciplinary team lens.
Data sources
Key peer-reviewed articles, summary articles and books, and consensus guidelines on identification and management of female sexual dysfunction identified via a multimodal search.
Methods of Study Selection
The multidisciplinary team iteratively selected key peer-reviewed articles, summary articles and books, and consensus guidelines on identification and management of female sexual dysfunction, with a particular focus on implications for minimally invasive gynecology.
Tabulation, Integration, and Results
In recent years, advancements in minimally invasive gynecology have provided practitioners with innovative techniques to address physical issues often affecting female sexual function.
Conclusion
The identification and management of female sexual dysfunction often requires a multidisciplinary approach, as physiological contributing factors rarely are the sole direct cause of dysfunction. The authors, who are part of a multidisciplinary sexual health division at a metropolitan teaching hospital, discuss normal female sexual function, dysfunction, implications of age and surgical changes, and treatment options through the biopsychosocial model.
{"title":"Female Sexual Function, Dysfunction, and Treatment: A Biopsychosocial Multidisciplinary Approach","authors":"Anna Myers APRN-CNP , Jean Marino APRN-CNP , Karen Connor PT DPT , Erika L. Kelley PhD , Sheryl A. Kingsberg PhD , Rachel Pope MD, MPH","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Female sexual function is a multidimensional, complex, often understated aspect of health that encompasses desire, arousal, and orgasm. Physiological, psychological, and emotional factors impact sexual satisfaction. This article presents an expert-guided summary of the physiology and pathology of female sexual dysfunction and management of female sexual dysfunction from a multidisciplinary team lens.</div></div><div><h3>Data sources</h3><div>Key peer-reviewed articles, summary articles and books, and consensus guidelines on identification and management of female sexual dysfunction identified via a multimodal search.</div></div><div><h3>Methods of Study Selection</h3><div>The multidisciplinary team iteratively selected key peer-reviewed articles, summary articles and books, and consensus guidelines on identification and management of female sexual dysfunction, with a particular focus on implications for minimally invasive gynecology.</div></div><div><h3>Tabulation, Integration, and Results</h3><div>In recent years, advancements in minimally invasive gynecology have provided practitioners with innovative techniques to address physical issues often affecting female sexual function.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The identification and management of female sexual dysfunction often requires a multidisciplinary approach, as physiological contributing factors rarely are the sole direct cause of dysfunction. The authors, who are part of a multidisciplinary sexual health division at a metropolitan teaching hospital, discuss normal female sexual function, dysfunction, implications of age and surgical changes, and treatment options through the biopsychosocial model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.018
Elizabeth Cook MD , Amanda Yunker DO, MSCR , Rachel Lane Walden MLIS , Ella Barrett-Chan MD , Hargun Dhillon , Avonae Gentles MSc , Mahfuza Sreya BMLSc , William Zhu BSc , Sawsan As-Sanie MD, MPH , Paul J. Yong MD, PhD
Objective
This scoping review aims to evaluate recent studies that examine the relationship between dyspareunia and neurophysiologic factors, and to synthesize their results as it pertains to the development and treatment of introital/vulvar dyspareunia and deep dyspareunia
Data sources
A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed (NLM), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science (Clarivate), Psycinfo (ProQuest), and Cochrane Library (Wiley) to find peer reviewed studies written in English published in 2000 or later that discussed how neurophysiology is related to dyspareunia. Search terms: dyspareunia; painful intercourse; genito-pelvic pain; penetration disorder; neuropsychology; central nervous system sensitization; neur; central sensitization.
Methods of study selection
A total of 1101 studies were screened and 108 were included in the review.
Abstract and full text screening were performed by 4 authors. Articles were also excluded if they did not include an objective diagnostic tool or objective treatment outcome of dyspareunia. We included original peer-reviewed published research in the form of randomized control trials, cohort studies, case control studies, case series of greater than 20 participants, and systematic reviews.
Integration and Results
Multiple study types were noted: 22 randomized control trials, 9 prospective cohort studies, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 30 case control, 16 case series, 17 cross-sectional, and 11 systematic reviews. Of these articles, 72 focused on introital/superficial dyspareunia, 23 focused on deep dyspareunia, and 13 on both. Data was synthesized in text and table format, separated by type of dyspareunia (introital vs deep) and either etiology/diagnosis or treatment.
Conclusion
There are complex neurophysiologic mechanisms that influence both introital and deep dyspareunia, highlighting the roles of peripheral and central sensitization, nerve fiber density, and neuroplasticity in this condition. There are several promising treatments, including TENS, botulinum toxin A, physical therapy, and various multimodal approaches; but further research is needed to establish standardized therapeutic guidelines.
目的:本综述旨在评价近期有关性交困难与神经生理因素之间关系的研究,并综合其与内/外阴性交困难和深度性交困难的发展和治疗相关的研究结果。我们在PubMed (NLM)、Embase (Elsevier)、CINAHL (EBSCOhost)、Web of Science (Clarivate)、Psycinfo (ProQuest)和Cochrane Library (Wiley)进行了全面的检索,以找到2000年或以后发表的同行评议的英文研究,这些研究讨论了神经生理学如何与性交困难相关。搜索词:性交困难;性交疼痛;genito-pelvic疼痛;渗透障碍;神经心理学;中枢神经系统敏化;神经细胞;中央敏感。研究选择方法:筛选了1101项研究,其中108项纳入本综述。摘要和全文筛选由4位作者完成。没有客观诊断工具或客观治疗结果的文章也被排除。我们纳入了随机对照试验、队列研究、病例对照研究、超过20名参与者的病例系列和系统评价等形式的同行评议发表的原始研究。整合与结果:纳入了多种研究类型:22项随机对照试验、9项前瞻性队列研究、3项回顾性队列研究、30项病例对照、16项病例系列、17项横断面研究和11项系统评价。在这些文章中,72篇聚焦于室性/浅表性性交困难,23篇聚焦于深部性交困难,13篇聚焦于两者。数据以文本和表格形式合成,按性交困难的类型(室内性与深度性)、病因/诊断或治疗进行分类。结论:影响内性和深性性交困难的神经生理机制复杂,突出了外周和中枢敏化、神经纤维密度和神经可塑性在这种情况下的作用。有几种有希望的治疗方法,包括TENS、肉毒杆菌毒素A、物理治疗和各种多模式方法;但需要进一步的研究来建立标准化的治疗指南。
{"title":"Female Dyspareunia and the Relationship to Neurophysiologic Mechanisms: A Scoping Review","authors":"Elizabeth Cook MD , Amanda Yunker DO, MSCR , Rachel Lane Walden MLIS , Ella Barrett-Chan MD , Hargun Dhillon , Avonae Gentles MSc , Mahfuza Sreya BMLSc , William Zhu BSc , Sawsan As-Sanie MD, MPH , Paul J. Yong MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.07.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This scoping review aims to evaluate recent studies that examine the relationship between dyspareunia and neurophysiologic factors, and to synthesize their results as it pertains to the development and treatment of introital/vulvar dyspareunia and deep dyspareunia</div></div><div><h3>Data sources</h3><div>A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed (NLM), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science (Clarivate), Psycinfo (ProQuest), and Cochrane Library (Wiley) to find peer reviewed studies written in English published in 2000 or later that discussed how neurophysiology is related to dyspareunia. Search terms: dyspareunia; painful intercourse; genito-pelvic pain; penetration disorder; neuropsychology; central nervous system sensitization; neur; central sensitization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods of study selection</h3><div>A total of 1101 studies were screened and 108 were included in the review.</div><div>Abstract and full text screening were performed by 4 authors. Articles were also excluded if they did not include an objective diagnostic tool or objective treatment outcome of dyspareunia. We included original peer-reviewed published research in the form of randomized control trials, cohort studies, case control studies, case series of greater than 20 participants, and systematic reviews.</div></div><div><h3>Integration and Results</h3><div>Multiple study types were noted: 22 randomized control trials, 9 prospective cohort studies, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 30 case control, 16 case series, 17 cross-sectional, and 11 systematic reviews. Of these articles, 72 focused on introital/superficial dyspareunia, 23 focused on deep dyspareunia, and 13 on both. Data was synthesized in text and table format, separated by type of dyspareunia (introital vs deep) and either etiology/diagnosis or treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There are complex neurophysiologic mechanisms that influence both introital and deep dyspareunia, highlighting the roles of peripheral and central sensitization, nerve fiber density, and neuroplasticity in this condition. There are several promising treatments, including TENS, botulinum toxin A, physical therapy, and various multimodal approaches; but further research is needed to establish standardized therapeutic guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 34-59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.05.019
Fiona G. Li MD , Akshara Shyamsunder MD , Erin Nesbitt-Hawes PhD , Rebecca Deans PhD , Jason Abbott PhD
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of energy-based treatments in the management of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women and guide evidence-based practice, highlighting quality and evidence gaps.
Data Sources
We performed a systematic review of available data until December 2024 from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus.
Methods of Study Selection
Two independent reviewers screened 954 possible manuscripts for inclusion using title and abstract with full-text extraction as appropriate. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with sham or placebo control investigating an energy-based vaginal treatment in postmenopausal women that assessed the severity of sexual dysfunction or dyspareunia were included in this study. Meta-analyses were performed for any comparable measures of the primary outcome.
Tabulation, Integration, and Results
From 9 included sham or placebo RCTs, 610 participants were enrolled, with 5 of 9 trials (55%) (including 248 participants in total) using a double-blinded methodology; 6 studied carbon dioxide laser, 3 studied radiofrequency treatment, 1 studied erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, and 1 studied hybrid frequency laser. Pooled data from 6 studies with high heterogeneity suggest significant improvement in sexual function as measured by the Female Sexual Function Index with a mean change of 4.18 out of 36 (95% confidence interval, 2.89–5.47) and improvement in dyspareunia assessed by visual analog scale out of 10 from 4 studies with a mean change of −5.15 (95% confidence interval, −5.97 to −4.43).
Conclusion
Data from both blinded and unblinded RCTs suggest that energy-based treatments may be beneficial for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia. High heterogeneity and variability in outcomes despite similar protocols suggest considerable uncertainty of the results and require caution when interpreting these data.
目的:评价能量疗法治疗绝经后妇女性功能障碍的疗效,指导循证实践,突出质量和证据差距。数据来源:我们对PubMed、Embase和Scopus截至2024年12月的可用数据进行了系统回顾。研究选择方法:两名独立审稿人筛选了954篇可能的论文,使用标题和摘要,并酌情提取全文。所有随机对照试验(RCT)均采用假对照或安慰剂对照,对绝经后妇女进行能量阴道治疗,评估性功能障碍或性交困难的严重程度。对主要结局的任何可比指标进行meta分析。制表、整合和结果:从9个纳入的假或安慰剂随机对照试验中,纳入610名受试者,其中5/9(55%)试验(共包括248名受试者)采用双盲方法。6人研究二氧化碳激光器,3人研究射频治疗,1人研究铒铝激光器,1人研究混合频率激光器。来自6项异质性较高的研究的合并数据显示,女性性功能指数(Female sexual function Index)测量的性功能显著改善,平均变化为4.25/36 [95% CI: 2.96, 5.53], 4项研究的视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale)评估的性交困难改善,平均变化为-5.15 [95% CI-5.97, -4.43]。结论:盲法和非盲法随机对照试验的数据表明,能量治疗可能有利于治疗性功能障碍和性交困难。尽管方案相似,但结果的高度异质性和可变性表明结果存在相当大的不确定性,在解释这些数据时需要谨慎。
{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Energy-based Devices For Postmenopausal Sexual Dysfunction","authors":"Fiona G. Li MD , Akshara Shyamsunder MD , Erin Nesbitt-Hawes PhD , Rebecca Deans PhD , Jason Abbott PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.05.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.05.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the efficacy of energy-based treatments in the management of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women and guide evidence-based practice, highlighting quality and evidence gaps.</div></div><div><h3>Data Sources</h3><div>We performed a systematic review of available data until December 2024 from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods of Study Selection</h3><div>Two independent reviewers screened 954 possible manuscripts for inclusion using title and abstract with full-text extraction as appropriate. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with sham or placebo control investigating an energy-based vaginal treatment in postmenopausal women that assessed the severity of sexual dysfunction or dyspareunia were included in this study. Meta-analyses were performed for any comparable measures of the primary outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Tabulation, Integration, and Results</h3><div>From 9 included sham or placebo RCTs, 610 participants were enrolled, with 5 of 9 trials (55%) (including 248 participants in total) using a double-blinded methodology; 6 studied carbon dioxide laser, 3 studied radiofrequency treatment, 1 studied erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, and 1 studied hybrid frequency laser. Pooled data from 6 studies with high heterogeneity suggest significant improvement in sexual function as measured by the Female Sexual Function Index with a mean change of 4.18 out of 36 (95% confidence interval, 2.89–5.47) and improvement in dyspareunia assessed by visual analog scale out of 10 from 4 studies with a mean change of −5.15 (95% confidence interval, −5.97 to −4.43).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Data from both blinded and unblinded RCTs suggest that energy-based treatments may be beneficial for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia. High heterogeneity and variability in outcomes despite similar protocols suggest considerable uncertainty of the results and require caution when interpreting these data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 81-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.10.001
Barbara Levy MD, FACOG, FACS , Cheryl B. Iglesia MD, FACOG, FACS
{"title":"Emphasizing Sexual Health in Gynecologic Surgery","authors":"Barbara Levy MD, FACOG, FACS , Cheryl B. Iglesia MD, FACOG, FACS","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145274751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.08.002
Helen Y. Zhang MD , Alexis A. Dieter MD
{"title":"Vulvar Health, Disease, and Sexual Function: A Comprehensive Review for the Minimally Invasive Gynecologist","authors":"Helen Y. Zhang MD , Alexis A. Dieter MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 110-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144821604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.035
Renan Orellana-Walden, Lisbell Estrada Apablaza, Manuel E Cortes
Surgery is chosen over pharmacological treatment, probably due to the limitations of medical therapy, pregnancy, the preferences of patients and physicians, and the psychological perception of a more definitive symptom relief. Novel advances in endometriosis-designed drugs might balance risks, benefits, and patient goals, leading to safer treatment.
{"title":"Regarding \"Trends in endometriosis Management: a 10 year US Claims Analysis\".","authors":"Renan Orellana-Walden, Lisbell Estrada Apablaza, Manuel E Cortes","doi":"10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgery is chosen over pharmacological treatment, probably due to the limitations of medical therapy, pregnancy, the preferences of patients and physicians, and the psychological perception of a more definitive symptom relief. Novel advances in endometriosis-designed drugs might balance risks, benefits, and patient goals, leading to safer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16397,"journal":{"name":"Journal of minimally invasive gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}