Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123933
Uwe Hoppe , Wyatt Urbanek , Joshua Yi , Öykü Barlin , Doruk Doğular , Steve A. Feller
Glass transition temperatures (Tg) and mass densities (ρ) for binary alkali and alkaline earth vanadate glasses—determined in this study or reported in a previous paper—are discussed to clarify the structural reasons for the property changes. A notable difference exists between the continuous increase in Tg for alkaline earth modifiers (MO) and the Tg minima observed for alkali modifiers (A2O). Densities are analyzed based on the packing fraction, ρP. A uniform trend in ρP is characteristic of glasses containing A2O. In contrast, the ρP values for each MO addition show specific behavior. Starting from vitreous V2O5, which contains about 50 % VO5 pyramids, the modifier cations A+ and M2+ are proposed to coordinate terminal and bridging oxygen atoms differently. At glasses approaching 50 mol% V2O5, the need for charge balance and spatial accommodation of the modifier cations results in solely VO4 chain units, regardless of whether the modifiers are alkali or alkaline earth oxides.
{"title":"Glass transition temperatures and mass densities of binary vanadate glasses in the context of the structural characteristics","authors":"Uwe Hoppe , Wyatt Urbanek , Joshua Yi , Öykü Barlin , Doruk Doğular , Steve A. Feller","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass transition temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>) and mass densities (ρ) for binary alkali and alkaline earth vanadate glasses—determined in this study or reported in a previous paper—are discussed to clarify the structural reasons for the property changes. A notable difference exists between the continuous increase in <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> for alkaline earth modifiers (MO) and the <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> minima observed for alkali modifiers (A<sub>2</sub>O). Densities are analyzed based on the packing fraction, ρ<sub>P</sub>. A uniform trend in ρ<sub>P</sub> is characteristic of glasses containing A<sub>2</sub>O. In contrast, the ρ<sub>P</sub> values for each MO addition show specific behavior. Starting from vitreous V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, which contains about 50 % VO<sub>5</sub> pyramids, the modifier cations A<sup>+</sup> and M<sup>2+</sup> are proposed to coordinate terminal and bridging oxygen atoms differently. At glasses approaching 50 mol% V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, the need for charge balance and spatial accommodation of the modifier cations results in solely VO<sub>4</sub> chain units, regardless of whether the modifiers are alkali or alkaline earth oxides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123933"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123929
Hanxin Lin , Nengbin Hua , Yanchun Zhao , Xiangjin Zhao , Wenfei Lu , Fei Sun , Jia Chen , Jiahua Zhu , Qiaohang Guo , Lei Zhang , Jun Shen
This study systematically investigates the influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion-wear performance of a Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 bulk metallic glass (BMG), with a Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30 BMG as a reference. Samples were annealed at 590 K (structural relaxation) and 620 K (crystallization). The as-cast Pd-BMG exhibits exceptional wet-sliding wear resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with a wear rate three orders of magnitude lower than the Zr-BMG, due to a protective bilayer surface structure and a solution lubrication-passivation synergy. Annealing at 590 K optimizes performance by annihilating free volume, enriching surface Pd/P content, and facilitating the in-situ formation of a Cu3Pd nanocrystal-containing tribolayer, leading to superior corrosion-wear resistance. In contrast, annealing at 620 K induces crystallization, introducing grain boundary defects that cause selective corrosion, deteriorate the passive film, and shift the wear mechanism to abrasive and brittle fracture, resulting in significant performance degradation. 590 K is confirmed as the optimal annealing temperature, providing a basis for applying Pd-BMGs in marine and biomedical fields.
{"title":"Heat treatment effects on corrosion-wear of Pd-Based bulk metallic glass: Microstructural evolution","authors":"Hanxin Lin , Nengbin Hua , Yanchun Zhao , Xiangjin Zhao , Wenfei Lu , Fei Sun , Jia Chen , Jiahua Zhu , Qiaohang Guo , Lei Zhang , Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion-wear performance of a Pd<sub>40</sub>Cu<sub>30</sub>Ni<sub>10</sub>P<sub>20</sub> bulk metallic glass (BMG), with a Zr<sub>55</sub>Al<sub>10</sub>Ni<sub>5</sub>Cu<sub>30</sub> BMG as a reference. Samples were annealed at 590 K (structural relaxation) and 620 K (crystallization). The as-cast Pd-BMG exhibits exceptional wet-sliding wear resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with a wear rate three orders of magnitude lower than the Zr-BMG, due to a protective bilayer surface structure and a solution lubrication-passivation synergy. Annealing at 590 K optimizes performance by annihilating free volume, enriching surface Pd/P content, and facilitating the in-situ formation of a Cu<sub>3</sub>Pd nanocrystal-containing tribolayer, leading to superior corrosion-wear resistance. In contrast, annealing at 620 K induces crystallization, introducing grain boundary defects that cause selective corrosion, deteriorate the passive film, and shift the wear mechanism to abrasive and brittle fracture, resulting in significant performance degradation. 590 K is confirmed as the optimal annealing temperature, providing a basis for applying Pd-BMGs in marine and biomedical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A soft magnetic amorphous alloy Co58Ni10Fe5B11Si16 was designed based on empirical rules using the analysis of thermodynamic and structural parameters. The alloys were produced by melt quenching on a rotating copper wheel in the form of ribbons, parameterized by rotation speeds of 18 m/s and 28 m/s. Investigations were conducted both in the as-quenched state and after high-temperature annealing using methods of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. Comprehensive analysis revealed differences in the nature of structural ordering, properties, and the scenario of structural relaxation of Co58Ni10Fe5B11Si16 ribbons spun at different quenching rates.
{"title":"Effect of quenching rate and annealing time on the microstructure and soft magnetic properties of rapidly quenched Co58Ni10Fe5B11Si16 amorphous alloy","authors":"K.E. Pinchuk, V.V. Tkachev, G.S. Kraynova, A.M. Frolov, I.M. Sapovskii, T.R. Rakhmatullaev, V.S. Plotnikov","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A soft magnetic amorphous alloy Co<sub>58</sub>Ni<sub>10</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>B<sub>11</sub>Si<sub>16</sub> was designed based on empirical rules using the analysis of thermodynamic and structural parameters. The alloys were produced by melt quenching on a rotating copper wheel in the form of ribbons, parameterized by rotation speeds of 18 m/s and 28 m/s. Investigations were conducted both in the as-quenched state and after high-temperature annealing using methods of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. Comprehensive analysis revealed differences in the nature of structural ordering, properties, and the scenario of structural relaxation of Co<sub>58</sub>Ni<sub>10</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>B<sub>11</sub>Si<sub>16</sub> ribbons spun at different quenching rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123914
Ivone Regina de Oliveira , Isabela dos Santos Gonçalves , Julia Marinzeck de Alcantara Abdala , Bianca Lapadula Heckert Franklin de Abreu , Gustavo Luiz Bueno Cardoso , Gilmar Patrocínio Thim , Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos
Bioactive glasses are recognized for their ability to release ions and induce apatite formation in physiological media. However, conventional glasses often cause a marked increase in pH during dissolution, which may lead to cytotoxic effects. In this study, chlorinated bioactive glasses were synthesized via a hydrolytic sol–gel route using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and calcium chloride, aiming to obtain materials with efficient ionic release and controlled pH response. Samples were thermally treated at 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C and characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, specific surface area (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ionic release tests. The chlorinated bioactive glass calcined at 500 °C exhibited the most promising combination of characteristics: presence of hydroxyl groups (–OH), a structure predominantly composed of Q² units, high specific surface area (31.75 m² g⁻¹), well-defined mesoporosity, high ionic release (∼2000 µS cm⁻¹), and effective control of pH increase in aqueous media. These properties directly contribute to bioactivity and indicate that this material can be incorporated into biomedical formulations without the need for prior neutralization steps, in contrast to many conventional bioactive glasses. The results also demonstrate that the hydrolytic sol–gel route enables the synthesis of chlorinated bioactive glasses with tunable structure and dissolution profiles, overcoming limitations associated with more complex routes, such as those based on ion-exchange resins or precursors like metasilicate. The ability to combine high ionic release with low impact on pH represents a relevant advance in the design of bioceramics for regenerative and dental applications.
{"title":"Hydrolytically synthesized chlorinated bioactive glasses: Structural reticulation and controlled ion release without alkaline shift","authors":"Ivone Regina de Oliveira , Isabela dos Santos Gonçalves , Julia Marinzeck de Alcantara Abdala , Bianca Lapadula Heckert Franklin de Abreu , Gustavo Luiz Bueno Cardoso , Gilmar Patrocínio Thim , Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioactive glasses are recognized for their ability to release ions and induce apatite formation in physiological media. However, conventional glasses often cause a marked increase in pH during dissolution, which may lead to cytotoxic effects. In this study, chlorinated bioactive glasses were synthesized via a hydrolytic sol–gel route using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and calcium chloride, aiming to obtain materials with efficient ionic release and controlled pH response. Samples were thermally treated at 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C and characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, specific surface area (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ionic release tests. The chlorinated bioactive glass calcined at 500 °C exhibited the most promising combination of characteristics: presence of hydroxyl groups (–OH), a structure predominantly composed of Q² units, high specific surface area (31.75 m² g⁻¹), well-defined mesoporosity, high ionic release (∼2000 µS cm⁻¹), and effective control of pH increase in aqueous media. These properties directly contribute to bioactivity and indicate that this material can be incorporated into biomedical formulations without the need for prior neutralization steps, in contrast to many conventional bioactive glasses. The results also demonstrate that the hydrolytic sol–gel route enables the synthesis of chlorinated bioactive glasses with tunable structure and dissolution profiles, overcoming limitations associated with more complex routes, such as those based on ion-exchange resins or precursors like metasilicate. The ability to combine high ionic release with low impact on pH represents a relevant advance in the design of bioceramics for regenerative and dental applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123914"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123915
Jinfeng Liu , Yaqiong Liang , Guoliang Xu , Fu Wang , Qilong Liao , Jing Wang , Jun Zhang , Junwei Dong , Guanghua Li , Yunlong Luo , Huachao He , Caijun Zhou
This study systematically investigates the effects of substituting SiO2 with the network formers B2O3 and P2O5 on the melting behavior, structure, optical performance and chemical strengthening properties of the SiO2-Al2O3Na2O-K2O-MgO glass system. In-situ melting experiments enable real-time observation of bubble nucleation, migration, and elimination during glass melting, revealing the dynamic evolution process. The result shows that adding the clarifying agent Na2SO4·10H2O promoted the formation of large bubbles in the glass melt and significantly reduced bubble elimination time. The addition of B2O3 reduces the melt viscosity and melting temperature, thereby accelerating bubble removal. In contrast, the addition of P2O5 makes it difficult to eliminate bubbles. XRD analysis reveale that the NaAlSiO4 crystal phase formed when the P2O5 content was 3 mol%, and that the transmittance in the 320–500 nm range is approximately 0.6 % lower than that the other samples. FSM-6000LE results indicate that with the content of B2O3 increase, surface compressive stress (CS) increase, while depth of layer (DOL) decrease. However, with the increase of P2O5, the CS decrease and DOL increase. In conclusion, this paper provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the melting process and properties of high-alumina-silicate glass.
{"title":"The effect of B2O3 and P2O5 in bubble evolution and property modulation of high-alumina-silicate glass","authors":"Jinfeng Liu , Yaqiong Liang , Guoliang Xu , Fu Wang , Qilong Liao , Jing Wang , Jun Zhang , Junwei Dong , Guanghua Li , Yunlong Luo , Huachao He , Caijun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of substituting SiO<sub>2</sub> with the network formers B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on the melting behavior, structure, optical performance and chemical strengthening properties of the SiO<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3<img></sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O-K<sub>2</sub>O-MgO glass system. In-situ melting experiments enable real-time observation of bubble nucleation, migration, and elimination during glass melting, revealing the dynamic evolution process. The result shows that adding the clarifying agent Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O promoted the formation of large bubbles in the glass melt and significantly reduced bubble elimination time. The addition of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> reduces the melt viscosity and melting temperature, thereby accelerating bubble removal. In contrast, the addition of P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> makes it difficult to eliminate bubbles. XRD analysis reveale that the NaAlSiO<sub>4</sub> crystal phase formed when the P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> content was 3 mol%, and that the transmittance in the 320–500 nm range is approximately 0.6 % lower than that the other samples. FSM-6000LE results indicate that with the content of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> increase, surface compressive stress (CS) increase, while depth of layer (DOL) decrease. However, with the increase of P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, the CS decrease and DOL increase. In conclusion, this paper provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the melting process and properties of high-alumina-silicate glass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123901
Thomas Juska
Non-crystalline polymer is described as a heterogenous network of cells that fluctuate between the bonded and unbonded condition. Energy fluctuations occur in all substances, but have no effect on crystalline solids due to their large-scale homogeneity. In contrast, they have a profound effect on non-crystalline substances because the regions of homogeneity, termed “cells” in this paper, are nanoscale. Due to the small size of the cells, the variation between the mean and fluctuating values of energy is comparable to their van der Waals bond energy. As a result, each cell fluctuates between the glassy and elastomeric state. The period of phase fluctuation, designated τ, varies from cell to cell. The values of τ increase with a decrease in temperature, causing the glass transition. Einstein developed the physics of thermodynamic fluctuations to explain the density fluctuations that cause critical opalescence. We use Einstein’s theoretical framework to determine the probability (W) of a phase fluctuation in non-crystalline solid. The energy fluctuations are modeled as mechanical strains imposed on individual cells due to motion of neighboring cells. The probability that a strain is large enough to cause a phase fluctuation is expressed W = 1/τ exp(-ΔN1c/kT), where ΔN1c is the critical fluctuation in cell energy.
{"title":"Phase fluctuation in non-crystalline polymer","authors":"Thomas Juska","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-crystalline polymer is described as a heterogenous network of cells that fluctuate between the bonded and unbonded condition. Energy fluctuations occur in all substances, but have no effect on crystalline solids due to their large-scale homogeneity. In contrast, they have a profound effect on non-crystalline substances because the regions of homogeneity, termed “cells” in this paper, are nanoscale. Due to the small size of the cells, the variation between the mean and fluctuating values of energy is comparable to their van der Waals bond energy. As a result, each cell fluctuates between the glassy and elastomeric state. The period of phase fluctuation, designated τ, varies from cell to cell. The values of τ increase with a decrease in temperature, causing the glass transition. Einstein developed the physics of thermodynamic fluctuations to explain the density fluctuations that cause critical opalescence. We use Einstein’s theoretical framework to determine the probability (W) of a phase fluctuation in non-crystalline solid. The energy fluctuations are modeled as mechanical strains imposed on individual cells due to motion of neighboring cells. The probability that a strain is large enough to cause a phase fluctuation is expressed <em>W</em> = 1/τ <span><math><mo>∝</mo></math></span> exp(-ΔN<sup>1c</sup>/kT), where ΔN<sup>1c</sup> is the critical fluctuation in cell energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123919
Lunyong Zhang , Xiyuan Chen , Xiuzhang Li , Hongyan Kang , Xianxing Wang , Jinglong Mi , Chaojun Zhang , Ruishuai Gao , Zhishuai Jin , Guanyu Cao , Hongxian Shen , Jun Yi , Juntao Huo , Minzhen Ma , Fuyang Cao , Jianfei Sun
Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have not been applied in engineering despite their great potential over the past few decades. The size and structural limitations in the formation of BMG components remain a bottleneck, which continues to be a significant challenge. This work overcomes that bottleneck by utilizing the advantages of counter-gravity casting technology, optimizing the casting processes, and successfully forming a Vit1 BMG bracket component with an outer diameter of 100 mm and a weight of 462 g. The results show that copper molds are not suitable for achieving a cooling rate higher than the critical rate required for glass transition in the entire component. Additional water cooling on the mold is necessary to achieve a sufficiently high cooling rate. Based on this, the melt pouring temperature, mold preheating temperature, and pressurization speed were carefully tuned to ensure complete filling of the mold cavity and stable melt flow during cavity filling. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to produce large-sized and complex BMG components by casting, paving the way for the large-scale application of BMGs in various fields.
{"title":"Realizing casting formation of 100 mm complex structure Vit1 metallic glass component over hundreds of grams","authors":"Lunyong Zhang , Xiyuan Chen , Xiuzhang Li , Hongyan Kang , Xianxing Wang , Jinglong Mi , Chaojun Zhang , Ruishuai Gao , Zhishuai Jin , Guanyu Cao , Hongxian Shen , Jun Yi , Juntao Huo , Minzhen Ma , Fuyang Cao , Jianfei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have not been applied in engineering despite their great potential over the past few decades. The size and structural limitations in the formation of BMG components remain a bottleneck, which continues to be a significant challenge. This work overcomes that bottleneck by utilizing the advantages of counter-gravity casting technology, optimizing the casting processes, and successfully forming a Vit1 BMG bracket component with an outer diameter of 100 mm and a weight of 462 g. The results show that copper molds are not suitable for achieving a cooling rate higher than the critical rate required for glass transition in the entire component. Additional water cooling on the mold is necessary to achieve a sufficiently high cooling rate. Based on this, the melt pouring temperature, mold preheating temperature, and pressurization speed were carefully tuned to ensure complete filling of the mold cavity and stable melt flow during cavity filling. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to produce large-sized and complex BMG components by casting, paving the way for the large-scale application of BMGs in various fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"674 ","pages":"Article 123919"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal annealing is often exploited to enhance the properties of optical coatings, such as those forming the dielectric mirrors in gravitational wave detectors (GWD). An amorphous mixture of TiO and GeO has recently been proposed as a key element for the next-generation GWD mirrors, however the effects of thermal annealing on this mixture are poorly understood and hardly predictable because GeO – unlike TiO and many other transition metal oxides commonly used in optical coatings – is a strong glass former. In this work, we track by means of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry the evolution of thickness and refractive index of amorphous TiO-GeO coatings during several annealing cycles with different heating rates, maximum temperatures and time durations. We find that the thickness of TiO-GeO coatings increases during the heating ramp but rapidly decreases when 600 °C are reached. Because of this remarkable trend, and unlike all the other oxide coatings considered so far for the GWD mirrors, the thickness of the TiO-GeO coatings after the end of the annealing at 600 °C is almost the same as measured in the initial state. Physicochemical mechanisms that might explain the variations observed in the TiO-GeO properties during the annealing, including the remarkable thickness reduction at 600 °C, are discussed.
{"title":"Exploring in situ the thermal annealing of amorphous TiO2-GeO2 coatings","authors":"Michele Magnozzi , Stefano Colace , Shima Samandari , Michael Caminale , Valentina Venturino , Riccardo Galafassi , Christophe Michel , Julien Teillon , Valérie Martinez , Marco Bazzan , Gianpietro Cagnoli , Gianluca Gemme , Francesco Bisio , Maurizio Canepa","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal annealing is often exploited to enhance the properties of optical coatings, such as those forming the dielectric mirrors in gravitational wave detectors (GWD). An amorphous mixture of TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> has recently been proposed as a key element for the next-generation GWD mirrors, however the effects of thermal annealing on this mixture are poorly understood and hardly predictable because GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> – unlike TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and many other transition metal oxides commonly used in optical coatings – is a strong glass former. In this work, we track by means of <em>in situ</em> spectroscopic ellipsometry the evolution of thickness and refractive index of amorphous TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> coatings during several annealing cycles with different heating rates, maximum temperatures and time durations. We find that the thickness of TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> coatings increases during the heating ramp but rapidly <em>decreases</em> when 600 °C are reached. Because of this remarkable trend, and unlike all the other oxide coatings considered so far for the GWD mirrors, the thickness of the TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> coatings after the end of the annealing at 600 °C is almost the same as measured in the initial state. Physicochemical mechanisms that might explain the variations observed in the TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-GeO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> properties during the annealing, including the remarkable thickness reduction at 600 °C, are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"673 ","pages":"Article 123866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123875
Miqi Wang , Chi He , Buxiang Li , Liyuan Li , Jing Sun , Aihui Liu , Fang Shi
This investigation studied the electrochemical corrosion performance of plasma sprayed Fe₅₀Co₂₅Si₁₀B₁₅ amorphous coating immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 7 d under varied external magnetic field intensities (0 T, 0.1 T, and 0.4 T). The results revealed that binary phases including Fe2O3 and CoFe changed slightly due to the constraint effect of magnetic field. The calculation of fractal dimension parameter (D) indicated that the surface morphology was substantially influenced by magnetic field. Normalized electrochemical data analysis based on trigonometric function transformation using fractal dimension and electrochemical parameters demonstrated that fractal dimension significantly dominated the electrochemical corrosion behavior. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen vacancies and the computed break frequency from EIS confirmed that the rate-limiting steps were modified by magnetic field. The presence of water film amplified the electrochemical reactions by facilitating ions transport. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms predominated by magnetic field through collaboration with mathematical methods, offering potential strategies for tuning the corrosion resistance in simulated marine circumstances.
{"title":"Investigating the impact of magnetic fields on the corrosion resistance of Fe-based amorphous coatings: Insights from fractal dimension analysis and oxygen vacancy behavior","authors":"Miqi Wang , Chi He , Buxiang Li , Liyuan Li , Jing Sun , Aihui Liu , Fang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This investigation studied the electrochemical corrosion performance of plasma sprayed Fe₅₀Co₂₅Si₁₀B₁₅ amorphous coating immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 7 d under varied external magnetic field intensities (0 T, 0.1 T, and 0.4 T). The results revealed that binary phases including Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CoFe changed slightly due to the constraint effect of magnetic field. The calculation of fractal dimension parameter (D) indicated that the surface morphology was substantially influenced by magnetic field. Normalized electrochemical data analysis based on trigonometric function transformation using fractal dimension and electrochemical parameters demonstrated that fractal dimension significantly dominated the electrochemical corrosion behavior. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen vacancies and the computed break frequency from EIS confirmed that the rate-limiting steps were modified by magnetic field. The presence of water film amplified the electrochemical reactions by facilitating ions transport. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms predominated by magnetic field through collaboration with mathematical methods, offering potential strategies for tuning the corrosion resistance in simulated marine circumstances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"673 ","pages":"Article 123875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30Epub Date: 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123870
Le Chen , Wenjie Ge , Haishen Ren , Huixing Lin
High-performance chip packaging glass substrate generally requires low dielectric properties and superior mechanical performance. This study employed a multi-step heat treatment protocol to fabricate a series of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass-ceramic (SL1-SL6) samples with varying metal oxide contents. Research indicates that increasing the SiO2 content while reducing the Li2O content in LAS glass-ceramics can modulate the abundance of the α-tridymite phase, thereby optimizing a spectrum of properties, including enhanced toughness and improved dielectric performance. Experimental results demonstrate that when the SiO2/Li2O mass ratio increases to 6.69 (SL6), the glass-ceramic achieves permittivity as low as 5.266 and loss tangent of 7.23×10−3. Concurrently, SL6 also exhibits a high elastic modulus (99.7 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.90 MPa·m1/2). Furthermore, SL6 possesses CTE of 11.322×10−6 K−1 (50∼500 °C). The adoption of a multi-step heat treatment protocol coupled with compositional adjustments proves effective in refining the properties of glass-ceramics, offering technical support for realizing low-cost, high-performance chip packaging substrates.
{"title":"Tailoring the permittivity-toughness-modulus of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics for integrated circuit package: Effect of α-tridymite (SiO2) phase","authors":"Le Chen , Wenjie Ge , Haishen Ren , Huixing Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance chip packaging glass substrate generally requires low dielectric properties and superior mechanical performance. This study employed a multi-step heat treatment protocol to fabricate a series of Li<sub>2</sub>O-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> (LAS) glass-ceramic (SL1-SL6) samples with varying metal oxide contents. Research indicates that increasing the SiO<sub>2</sub> content while reducing the Li<sub>2</sub>O content in LAS glass-ceramics can modulate the abundance of the α-tridymite phase, thereby optimizing a spectrum of properties, including enhanced toughness and improved dielectric performance. Experimental results demonstrate that when the SiO<sub>2</sub>/Li<sub>2</sub>O mass ratio increases to 6.69 (SL6), the glass-ceramic achieves permittivity as low as 5.266 and loss tangent of 7.23×10<sup>−3</sup>. Concurrently, SL6 also exhibits a high elastic modulus (99.7 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.90 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>). Furthermore, SL6 possesses CTE of 11.322×10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> (50∼500 °C). The adoption of a multi-step heat treatment protocol coupled with compositional adjustments proves effective in refining the properties of glass-ceramics, offering technical support for realizing low-cost, high-performance chip packaging substrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16461,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Non-crystalline Solids","volume":"673 ","pages":"Article 123870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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