In this abstract, we outline an analysis of the control structures required for the movement of an animal or a robot. As we shall see, artificial intelligence studies have tended to focus on the high-level planning of various stages involved in an activity, while control theory has had more to say about the regulation of posture and simple limb movements.
{"title":"Planning and control of movement","authors":"M. Arbib","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270752","url":null,"abstract":"In this abstract, we outline an analysis of the control structures required for the movement of an animal or a robot. As we shall see, artificial intelligence studies have tended to focus on the high-level planning of various stages involved in an activity, while control theory has had more to say about the regulation of posture and simple limb movements.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116019648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two targets of measured, constant reflectivity in the area of San Francisco, California are studied. The first standard, a waste (carbon black) treatment pond at an oil refinery near Suisan Bay, having an area of approximately 0.3 square miles, (or 215 pixels), and bandpass reflectances of <0.5% in all four bands, is assumed to have a zero contribution to the radiance recorded by ERTS. The radiance observed then arises entirely from atmospheric scattering. The variation in these radiance values as a function of solar zenith angle has been analyzed. A second target, a concrete parking apron for aircraft at Moffett Field, California, assuming that it remains dry during the period of study has constant reflectances of 27.8, 31.0, 30.0, and 32.3 percent bandpass reflectances in four MSS equivalent channels. Using these values, the radiance observed by ERTS may be corrected for the atmospheric contribution, and thus values for the radiance from the target may be calculated. These values were studied as a function of solar zenith angle.
{"title":"A comparison of observed and model-predicted atmospheric perturbations on target radiances measured by ERTS: Part I-Observed data and analysis","authors":"R. P. Lyon, F. Honey, G. Ballew","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270686","url":null,"abstract":"Two targets of measured, constant reflectivity in the area of San Francisco, California are studied. The first standard, a waste (carbon black) treatment pond at an oil refinery near Suisan Bay, having an area of approximately 0.3 square miles, (or 215 pixels), and bandpass reflectances of <0.5% in all four bands, is assumed to have a zero contribution to the radiance recorded by ERTS. The radiance observed then arises entirely from atmospheric scattering. The variation in these radiance values as a function of solar zenith angle has been analyzed. A second target, a concrete parking apron for aircraft at Moffett Field, California, assuming that it remains dry during the period of study has constant reflectances of 27.8, 31.0, 30.0, and 32.3 percent bandpass reflectances in four MSS equivalent channels. Using these values, the radiance observed by ERTS may be corrected for the atmospheric contribution, and thus values for the radiance from the target may be calculated. These values were studied as a function of solar zenith angle.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116375409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A shoulder-disarticulation prosthesis with seven degrees of freedom is formulated as a decision process accepting fuzzy commands from the human nervous system. The problem is decomposed into a functional hierarchy of three levels associated with organization, coordination, and Self-Organizing control, respectively. The highest level transforms a complex command into a sequence of elementary motions. A fuzzy automaton in the middle level coordinates the action of the lowest level controllers which apply direct control inputs to the nonlinear plant.
{"title":"Hierarchically intelligent control of a bionic arm","authors":"G. Saridis, H. Stephanou","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270656","url":null,"abstract":"A shoulder-disarticulation prosthesis with seven degrees of freedom is formulated as a decision process accepting fuzzy commands from the human nervous system. The problem is decomposed into a functional hierarchy of three levels associated with organization, coordination, and Self-Organizing control, respectively. The highest level transforms a complex command into a sequence of elementary motions. A fuzzy automaton in the middle level coordinates the action of the lowest level controllers which apply direct control inputs to the nonlinear plant.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117350430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The automatic classification of vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms into disease classes using computerized pattern recognition techniques has been a much studied problem. To date, however, no system exists which meets desired accuracy and noise immunity requirements and development of new techniques continues. An important aspect of the problem is that of feature selection, in which the functions of data reduction and information preservation are performed. In this paper, the problem of linear feature extraction is studied and a modified form of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion is developed which appears to have some advantages for the present application. Comparison with other feature selection methods is made using a two-dimensional example. Finally, some areas for future research are pointed out.
{"title":"Feature selection for diagnosis of vectorcardiograms","authors":"D. Gustafson, A. Akant, S. Mitter","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270715","url":null,"abstract":"The automatic classification of vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms into disease classes using computerized pattern recognition techniques has been a much studied problem. To date, however, no system exists which meets desired accuracy and noise immunity requirements and development of new techniques continues. An important aspect of the problem is that of feature selection, in which the functions of data reduction and information preservation are performed. In this paper, the problem of linear feature extraction is studied and a modified form of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion is developed which appears to have some advantages for the present application. Comparison with other feature selection methods is made using a two-dimensional example. Finally, some areas for future research are pointed out.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115570691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various recent identifiability results for feedback systems are discussed and compared. It is shown that the use of a white noise perturbation input leads to robust methods, in that they require a minimum amount of information about the structure of the system. Such a method, using a combined stochastic approximation and covariance factorization algorithm, is briefly presented.
{"title":"On the identification of a feedback controlled system","authors":"M. Gevers","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270747","url":null,"abstract":"Various recent identifiability results for feedback systems are discussed and compared. It is shown that the use of a white noise perturbation input leads to robust methods, in that they require a minimum amount of information about the structure of the system. Such a method, using a combined stochastic approximation and covariance factorization algorithm, is briefly presented.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the application of an eigenvalue sensitivity method1 to a linear, time-invariant, model of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) manufactured by General Atomic. It is shown that for this type of system with distinct eigenvalues, a relation can be obtained between the solutions to the classical sansitivity equation and the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities. This relation indicates that the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities are more fundamental indicators of parametric effects than the solutions of the sensitivity equation. A FORTRAN program (SENSIT) was developed to implement the algorithms required for eigenvalue sensitivity calculations. This program was applied to a large scale (58 state) linear time invariant model of the HTGR operating under closed loop control.
{"title":"An eigenvalue sensitivity study of a high temperature gas cooled reactor system","authors":"T. Greenlee","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270726","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the application of an eigenvalue sensitivity method1 to a linear, time-invariant, model of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) manufactured by General Atomic. It is shown that for this type of system with distinct eigenvalues, a relation can be obtained between the solutions to the classical sansitivity equation and the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities. This relation indicates that the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities are more fundamental indicators of parametric effects than the solutions of the sensitivity equation. A FORTRAN program (SENSIT) was developed to implement the algorithms required for eigenvalue sensitivity calculations. This program was applied to a large scale (58 state) linear time invariant model of the HTGR operating under closed loop control.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125834158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All project managers strive for cost and schedule realism. The Department of the Army has established a novel concept called the "Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimate (TRACE)" to develop a new program cost-estimation procedure for research, development, test and evaluation cost realism. Such a procedure properly accommodates program uncertainties/ risks inherent to specific work elements, and the high-risk work elements are budgeted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to propose such a procedure which subscribes to a risk analysis approach and satisfies the essential elements of the TRACE concept. The procedure consists of two models: a cost impact model and a schedule variance model. Applications of the procedure to the NASA/Army Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft Project are also presented for illustration.
{"title":"R. & D. project cost and schedule realism-A risk analysis approach","authors":"D. Borgman, J. Hwang","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270600","url":null,"abstract":"All project managers strive for cost and schedule realism. The Department of the Army has established a novel concept called the \"Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimate (TRACE)\" to develop a new program cost-estimation procedure for research, development, test and evaluation cost realism. Such a procedure properly accommodates program uncertainties/ risks inherent to specific work elements, and the high-risk work elements are budgeted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to propose such a procedure which subscribes to a risk analysis approach and satisfies the essential elements of the TRACE concept. The procedure consists of two models: a cost impact model and a schedule variance model. Applications of the procedure to the NASA/Army Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft Project are also presented for illustration.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124877927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem is the gap: the gap between theory and practice, the gap between the academic world and the "real world", the gap between the ideal and the expedient. The gap is not unique to the field of automatic control. It has been identified in other branches of electrical engineering and in other engineering disciplines. Even in the field of endeavor as far removed from ours as medicine there is the gap: the disdain of the medical research for his clinical colleagues is legendary; so is the researcher's lack of bedside manner.
{"title":"The problem of the gap","authors":"B. Friedland","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270691","url":null,"abstract":"The problem is the gap: the gap between theory and practice, the gap between the academic world and the \"real world\", the gap between the ideal and the expedient. The gap is not unique to the field of automatic control. It has been identified in other branches of electrical engineering and in other engineering disciplines. Even in the field of endeavor as far removed from ours as medicine there is the gap: the disdain of the medical research for his clinical colleagues is legendary; so is the researcher's lack of bedside manner.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122529318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates and extends the Surrogate Worth Tradeoff (SWT) Method of Haimes and Hall [1974] for the solution of multiple objective problems. The general multiobjective problem is reviewed. The geometric interpretation of the worth functions Wij and the interrelationships among the various Wij as well as the tradeoff rates of the ith and Jth objectives, ¿ij are studied; a modification of the definition of the worth functions guarantees their applicability to a wider class of problems. Theoretical bases for the methodologies discussed are established. Two algorithms which utilize different approaches for implementing the SWT method are described, and the problem of allocation of stream resources is solved as a multiple objective problem by the SWT method. Computational results are presented and analyzed.
{"title":"The surrogate worth tradeoff method in static multiple objective problems","authors":"Y. Haimes, H. Freedman","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270595","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates and extends the Surrogate Worth Tradeoff (SWT) Method of Haimes and Hall [1974] for the solution of multiple objective problems. The general multiobjective problem is reviewed. The geometric interpretation of the worth functions Wij and the interrelationships among the various Wij as well as the tradeoff rates of the ith and Jth objectives, ¿ij are studied; a modification of the definition of the worth functions guarantees their applicability to a wider class of problems. Theoretical bases for the methodologies discussed are established. Two algorithms which utilize different approaches for implementing the SWT method are described, and the problem of allocation of stream resources is solved as a multiple objective problem by the SWT method. Computational results are presented and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122185184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fourth generation computers allow for a great deal of exploitation by the railroad industry. Capabilities exist for the computer to take on a role of virtually operating the railroad and executing a new philosophy of operation which addresses and emphasizes service reliability and car utilization. Management relationships and roles must change also; but in today's climate of impending financial collapse there is a new way out of the car utilization dilemma.
{"title":"Freight car management systems-A new way out of the car utilization dilemma","authors":"R. Shamberger","doi":"10.1109/CDC.1975.270565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1975.270565","url":null,"abstract":"Fourth generation computers allow for a great deal of exploitation by the railroad industry. Capabilities exist for the computer to take on a role of virtually operating the railroad and executing a new philosophy of operation which addresses and emphasizes service reliability and car utilization. Management relationships and roles must change also; but in today's climate of impending financial collapse there is a new way out of the car utilization dilemma.","PeriodicalId":164707,"journal":{"name":"1975 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 14th Symposium on Adaptive Processes","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131729729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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