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Does oxidatively damaged DNA drive amyloid-β generation in Alzheimer's disease? A hypothesis. 氧化损伤的DNA在阿尔茨海默病中驱动淀粉样蛋白-β生成吗?一个假设。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1954641
Owen Davis Sanders, Lekshmy Rajagopal, Jayalekshmi Archa Rajagopal

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) generation and upstream β-secretase 1 (BACE1) expression appear to be driven by oxidative stress via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and Interferon-Induced, Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase (PKR). In addition, inflammatory molecules, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce genes central to Aβ genesis, such as BACE1, via nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). However, additional triggers of Aβ generation remain poorly understood and might represent novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Based on mechanistic studies and elevated ectopic oxidatively damaged DNA (oxoDNA) levels in preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment, and AD patients, we hypothesize oxoDNA contributes to β-amyloidosis starting from the earliest stages of AD through multiple pathways. OxoDNA induces mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4), thereby sensitizing the brain to oxidative stress-induced JNK activation and BACE1 transcription. It also induces myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and activates protein kinase CK2, thereby increasing NFκB activation and BACE1 induction. OxoDNA increases oxidative stress via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) ectopic localization, likely augmenting JNK-mediated BACE1 induction. OxoDNA likely also promotes β-amyloidosis via absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) induction. Falsifiable predictions of this hypothesis include that deoxyribonuclease treatment should decrease Aβ and possibly slow cognitive decline in AD patients. While formal testing of this hypothesis remains to be performed, a case report has found deoxyribonuclease I treatment improved a severely demented AD patient's Mini-Mental Status Exam score from 3 to 18 at 2 months. There is preliminary preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that ectopic oxidatively damaged DNA may act as an inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern contributing to Aβ generation in AD, and deoxyribonuclease I should be formally evaluated to test whether it can decrease Aβ levels and slow cognitive decline in AD patients.

在阿尔茨海默病(AD)中,淀粉样蛋白-β (Aβ)的生成和上游β分泌酶1 (BACE1)的表达似乎是由氧化应激通过c-Jun n末端激酶(JNK)、p38和干扰素诱导的双链rna激活蛋白激酶(PKR)驱动的。此外,包括脂多糖(LPS)在内的炎症分子通过核因子-κB (nf -κB)诱导对Aβ形成起核心作用的基因,如BACE1。然而,Aβ生成的其他触发因素仍然知之甚少,可能代表治疗干预的新机会。基于对临床前AD、轻度认知障碍和AD患者中异位氧化损伤DNA (oxoDNA)水平升高的机制研究,我们假设oxoDNA从AD早期开始通过多种途径参与β-淀粉样变性。OxoDNA诱导丝裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶激酶4 (MAP4K4),从而使大脑对氧化应激诱导的JNK激活和BACE1转录敏感。它还能诱导髓样分化初级反应88 (MyD88),激活蛋白激酶CK2,从而增加NFκB的激活和BACE1的诱导。OxoDNA通过核因子红系2相关因子2 (Nrf2)异位定位增加氧化应激,可能增强jnk介导的BACE1诱导。OxoDNA也可能通过在黑色素瘤2 (AIM2)诱导中缺失来促进β-淀粉样变。这一假设的可证伪预测包括脱氧核糖核酸酶治疗应降低Aβ,并可能减缓AD患者的认知能力下降。虽然这一假设的正式检验仍有待进行,但一份病例报告发现,脱氧核糖核酸酶I治疗可使严重痴呆AD患者在2个月时的Mini-Mental Status Exam得分从3分提高到18分。有初步的临床前和临床证据表明,异位氧化损伤的DNA可能是一种炎症损伤相关的分子模式,有助于AD中Aβ的产生,应该正式评估脱氧核糖核酸酶I,以测试它是否可以降低Aβ水平,减缓AD患者的认知能力下降。
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引用次数: 5
Characterization of a novel stimulus-induced glial calcium wave in Drosophila larval peripheral segmental nerves and its role in PKG-modulated thermoprotection. 果蝇幼虫周围节段神经中刺激诱导的新型胶质钙波的特征及其在pkg调节的热保护中的作用。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1941945
Jennifer L Krill, Ken Dawson-Scully

Insects, as poikilotherms, have adaptations to deal with wide ranges in temperature fluctuation. Allelic variations in the foraging gene that encodes a cGMP dependent protein kinase, were discovered to have effects on behavior in Drosophila by Dr. Marla Sokolowski in 1980. This single gene has many pleiotropic effects and influences feeding behavior, metabolic storage, learning and memory and has been shown to affect stress tolerance. PKG regulation affects motoneuronal thermotolerance in Drosophila larvae as well as adults. While the focus of thermotolerance studies has been on the modulation of neuronal function, other cell types have been overlooked. Because glia are vital to neuronal function and survival, we wanted to determine if glia play a role in thermotolerance as well. In our investigation, we discovered a novel calcium wave at the larval NMJ and set out to characterize the wave's dynamics and the potential mechanism underlying the wave prior to determining what effect, if any, PKG modulation has on the thermotolerance of glia cells. Using pharmacology, we determined that calcium buffering mechanisms of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum play a role in the propagation of our novel glial calcium wave. By coupling pharmacology with genetic manipulation using RNA interference (RNAi), we found that PKG modulation in glia alters thermoprotection of function as well as glial calcium wave dynamics.

昆虫作为变温动物,具有适应大范围温度波动的能力。1980年,Marla Sokolowski博士发现觅食基因中的等位基因变异对果蝇的行为有影响,该基因编码一种cGMP依赖性蛋白激酶。这个单一基因具有多种多效性,影响摄食行为、代谢储存、学习和记忆,并已被证明影响应激耐受性。PKG调节影响果蝇幼虫和成虫的运动神经元耐热性。虽然热耐受性研究的重点一直放在神经元功能的调节上,但其他类型的细胞却被忽视了。由于胶质细胞对神经元的功能和存活至关重要,我们想确定胶质细胞是否也在耐热性中发挥作用。在我们的研究中,我们在NMJ的幼虫中发现了一种新的钙波,并开始表征这种波的动力学和潜在的机制,然后确定PKG调节对胶质细胞的耐热性有什么影响(如果有的话)。利用药理学,我们确定线粒体和内质网的钙缓冲机制在我们的新型胶质钙波的传播中发挥作用。通过将药理学与RNA干扰(RNAi)的遗传操作结合起来,我们发现PKG在胶质细胞中的调节改变了胶质细胞的热保护功能和钙波动力学。
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引用次数: 3
Marla Sokolowski Retrospectively. Marla Sokolowski回顾一下。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1940169
Harold L Atwood

Marla Sokolowski's scientific achievements established her as an internationally recognized leader in behavioural genetics. As a graduate student, she made a significant discovery while observing natural populations of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster: the larvae exhibited a behavioural polymorphism which she traced to alleles of a single gene. Some larvae were 'sitters' which fed in a restricted location, while others were 'rovers' which ranged more widely in feeding. The gene in question, foraging, codes for a cyclic GMP kinase which is expressed in numerous locations throughout larval and adult Drosophila. Building on this foundation, she and her students have elucidated the genetic and environmental factors that account for individual differences in behaviour. In this article, I review significant stages of her scientific career.

Marla Sokolowski的科学成就使她成为国际公认的行为遗传学的领导者。作为一名研究生,她在观察果蝇的自然种群时有了一个重大发现:果蝇幼虫表现出一种行为多态性,她将其追溯到单个基因的等位基因。一些幼虫是“坐着的”,在有限的地方觅食,而另一些则是“漫游者”,在更广泛的地方觅食。所讨论的觅食基因编码环状GMP激酶,该激酶在果蝇幼虫和成年果蝇的许多位置表达。在此基础上,她和她的学生们阐明了导致个体行为差异的遗传和环境因素。在这篇文章中,我回顾了她科学生涯的重要阶段。
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引用次数: 1
She's got nerve: roles of octopamine in insect female reproduction. 她有胆量:章鱼胺在昆虫雌性繁殖中的作用。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-28 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1868457
Melissa A White, Dawn S Chen, Mariana F Wolfner

The biogenic monoamine octopamine (OA) is a crucial regulator of invertebrate physiology and behavior. Since its discovery in the 1950s in octopus salivary glands, OA has been implicated in many biological processes among diverse invertebrate lineages. It can act as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and neurohormone in a variety of biological contexts, and can mediate processes including feeding, sleep, locomotion, flight, learning, memory, and aggression. Here, we focus on the roles of OA in female reproduction in insects. OA is produced in the octopaminergic neurons that innervate the female reproductive tract (RT). It exerts its effects by binding to receptors throughout the RT to generate tissue- and region-specific outcomes. OA signaling regulates oogenesis, ovulation, sperm storage, and reproductive behaviors in response to the female's internal state and external conditions. Mating profoundly changes a female's physiology and behavior. The female's OA signaling system interacts with, and is modified by, male molecules transferred during mating to elicit a subset of the post-mating changes. Since the role of OA in female reproduction is best characterized in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we focus our discussion on this species but include discussion of OA in other insect species whenever relevant. We conclude by proposing areas for future research to further the understanding of OA's involvement in female reproduction in insects.

生物源单胺章鱼胺(OA)是无脊椎动物生理和行为的重要调节因子。自20世纪50年代在章鱼唾液腺中发现OA以来,OA在不同的无脊椎动物谱系中涉及许多生物过程。在多种生物环境中,它可以作为神经递质、神经调节剂和神经激素,介导进食、睡眠、运动、飞行、学习、记忆和攻击等过程。本文主要介绍OA在昆虫雌性生殖中的作用。OA是在支配雌性生殖道(RT)的章鱼胺能神经元中产生的。它通过与整个RT中的受体结合来产生组织和区域特异性的结果。OA信号根据女性的内外部条件调节卵子发生、排卵、精子储存和生殖行为。交配会深刻地改变雌性的生理和行为。雌性的OA信号系统与交配过程中转移的雄性分子相互作用,并被其修改,从而引发交配后变化的一部分。由于OA在雌性生殖中的作用在果蝇黑腹果蝇中得到了最好的表征,因此我们将重点讨论这一物种,但在其他昆虫物种中也包括OA的讨论。最后,我们提出了未来的研究领域,以进一步了解OA在昆虫雌性生殖中的作用。
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引用次数: 20
Transcending boundaries: from quantitative genetics to single genes. 超越边界:从数量遗传学到单基因。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1960519
Jeffrey S Dason, Ina Anreiter, Chun-Fang Wu
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引用次数: 0
Gaining an understanding of behavioral genetics through studies of foraging in Drosophila and learning in C. elegans. 通过果蝇觅食和秀丽隐杆线虫学习的研究,获得对行为遗传学的理解。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113
Aaron P Reiss, Catharine H Rankin

The pursuit of understanding behavior has led to investigations of how genes, the environment, and the nervous system all work together to produce and influence behavior, giving rise to a field of research known as behavioral neurogenetics. This review focuses on the research journeys of two pioneers of aspects of behavioral neurogenetic research: Dr. Marla Sokolowski and Dr. Catharine Rankin as examples of how different approaches have been used to understand relationships between genes and behavior. Marla Sokolowski's research is centered around the discovery and analysis of foraging, a gene responsible for the natural behavioral polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster larvae foraging behavior. Catharine Rankin's work began with demonstrating the ability to learn in Caenorhabditis elegans and then setting out to investigate the mechanisms underlying the "simplest" form of learning, habituation. Using these simple invertebrate organisms both investigators were able to perform in-depth dissections of behavior at genetic and molecular levels. By exploring their research and highlighting their findings we present ways their work has furthered our understanding of behavior and contributed to the field of behavioral neurogenetics.

对理解行为的追求导致了对基因、环境和神经系统如何共同产生和影响行为的研究,从而产生了一个被称为行为神经遗传学的研究领域。这篇综述的重点是行为神经遗传学研究方面的两位先驱:Marla Sokolowski博士和Catharine Rankin博士的研究历程,作为如何使用不同方法来理解基因和行为之间关系的例子。Marla Sokolowski的研究主要围绕觅食基因的发现和分析,这是一种负责果蝇幼虫觅食行为的自然行为多态性的基因。凯瑟琳·兰金的研究首先展示了秀丽隐杆线虫的学习能力,然后着手研究“最简单”的学习形式——习惯化背后的机制。利用这些简单的无脊椎生物,两位研究人员都能够在遗传和分子水平上对行为进行深入的解剖。通过探索他们的研究和突出他们的发现,我们展示了他们的工作促进了我们对行为的理解,并为行为神经遗传学领域做出了贡献。
{"title":"Gaining an understanding of behavioral genetics through studies of foraging in <i>Drosophila</i> and learning in <i>C. elegans</i>.","authors":"Aaron P Reiss,&nbsp;Catharine H Rankin","doi":"10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pursuit of understanding behavior has led to investigations of how genes, the environment, and the nervous system all work together to produce and influence behavior, giving rise to a field of research known as behavioral neurogenetics. This review focuses on the research journeys of two pioneers of aspects of behavioral neurogenetic research: Dr. Marla Sokolowski and Dr. Catharine Rankin as examples of how different approaches have been used to understand relationships between genes and behavior. Marla Sokolowski's research is centered around the discovery and analysis of <i>foraging</i>, a gene responsible for the natural behavioral polymorphism of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> larvae foraging behavior. Catharine Rankin's work began with demonstrating the ability to learn in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> and then setting out to investigate the mechanisms underlying the \"simplest\" form of learning, habituation. Using these simple invertebrate organisms both investigators were able to perform in-depth dissections of behavior at genetic and molecular levels. By exploring their research and highlighting their findings we present ways their work has furthered our understanding of behavior and contributed to the field of behavioral neurogenetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16491,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01677063.2021.1928113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39250993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The foraging gene as a modulator of division of labour in social insects. 群居昆虫觅食基因在劳动分工中的调节作用。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1940173
Christophe Lucas, Yehuda Ben-Shahar

The social ants, bees, wasps, and termites include some of the most ecologically-successful groups of animal species. Their dominance in most terrestrial environments is attributed to their social lifestyle, which enable their colonies to exploit environmental resources with remarkable efficiency. One key attribute of social insect colonies is the division of labour that emerges among the sterile workers, which represent the majority of colony members. Studies of the mechanisms that drive division of labour systems across diverse social species have provided fundamental insights into the developmental, physiological, molecular, and genomic processes that regulate sociality, and the possible genetic routes that may have led to its evolution from a solitary ancestor. Here we specifically discuss the conserved role of the foraging gene, which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Originally identified as a behaviourally polymorphic gene that drives alternative foraging strategies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, changes in foraging expression and kinase activity were later shown to play a key role in the division of labour in diverse social insect species as well. In particular, foraging appears to regulate worker transitions between behavioural tasks and specific behavioural traits associated with morphological castes. Although the specific neuroethological role of foraging in the insect brain remains mostly unknown, studies in genetically tractable insect species indicate that PKG signalling plays a conserved role in the neuronal plasticity of sensory, cognitive and motor functions, which underlie behaviours relevant to division of labour, including appetitive learning, aggression, stress response, phototaxis, and the response to pheromones.

群居的蚂蚁、蜜蜂、黄蜂和白蚁包括一些在生态上最成功的动物物种。它们在大多数陆地环境中的优势归因于它们的社会生活方式,这使得它们的殖民地能够以惊人的效率开发环境资源。群居昆虫群体的一个关键特征是在不育工蜂中出现的劳动分工,这些工蜂代表了群体中的大多数成员。对不同社会物种之间的劳动分工机制的研究,提供了对调节社会性的发育、生理、分子和基因组过程的基本见解,以及可能导致其从一个孤独的祖先进化而来的遗传途径。在这里,我们特别讨论了觅食基因的保守作用,该基因编码cgmp依赖性蛋白激酶(PKG)。该基因最初被认为是一种行为上的多态基因,它驱动果蝇的觅食策略,后来发现觅食表达和激酶活性的变化在多种群居昆虫物种的劳动分工中也起着关键作用。特别是,觅食似乎调节了工蚁在行为任务和与形态种姓相关的特定行为特征之间的过渡。尽管昆虫大脑中觅食的特定神经行为学作用仍然未知,但对遗传易感昆虫物种的研究表明,PKG信号在感觉、认知和运动功能的神经元可塑性中起保守作用,这些功能是与劳动分工相关的行为的基础,包括食欲学习、攻击、应激反应、趋光性和对信息素的反应。
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引用次数: 7
Travels with Curly: A personal, collegial tribute to Professor Marla Sokolowski. 与卷毛一起旅行:对玛拉·索科洛夫斯基教授的个人、学院致敬。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1940174
W Thomas Boyce

Marla Sokolowski's work and humanity has influenced the careers of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of younger scientists. Her fundamental research on the neurogenetic underpinnings of behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is remarkable not only for its scientific brilliance, but for the humility, care, and humor with which it was conducted.

Marla Sokolowski的工作和人性影响了成百上千的年轻科学家的职业生涯。她对黑腹果蝇行为的神经遗传学基础的基础研究不仅因其科学上的辉煌,而且因其进行时的谦逊、细心和幽默而引人注目。
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引用次数: 1
Fly seizure EEG: field potential activity in the Drosophila brain. 苍蝇发作脑电图:果蝇大脑的场电位活动。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1950714
Atulya Iyengar, Chun-Fang Wu

Hypersynchronous neural activity is a characteristic feature of seizures. Although many Drosophila mutants of epilepsy-related genes display clear behavioral spasms and motor unit hyperexcitability, field potential measurements of aberrant hypersynchronous activity across brain regions during seizures have yet to be described. Here, we report a straightforward method to observe local field potentials (LFPs) from the Drosophila brain to monitor ensemble neural activity during seizures in behaving tethered flies. High frequency stimulation across the brain reliably triggers a stereotypic sequence of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) spike discharges readily detectable in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) and coupled with behavioral spasms. During seizure episodes, the LFP signal displayed characteristic large-amplitude oscillations with a stereotypic temporal correlation to DLM flight muscle spiking. ECS-related LFP events were clearly distinct from rest- and flight-associated LFP patterns. We further characterized the LFP activity during different types of seizures originating from genetic and pharmacological manipulations. In the 'bang-sensitive' sodium channel mutant bangsenseless (bss), the LFP pattern was prolonged, and the temporal correlation between LFP oscillations and DLM discharges was altered. Following administration of the pro-convulsant GABAA blocker picrotoxin, we uncovered a qualitatively different LFP activity pattern, which consisted of a slow (1-Hz), repetitive, waveform, closely coupled with DLM bursting and behavioral spasms. Our approach to record brain LFPs presents an initial framework for electrophysiological analysis of the complex brain-wide activity patterns in the large collection of Drosophila excitability mutants.

超同步神经活动是癫痫发作的一个特征。尽管许多癫痫相关基因的果蝇突变体表现出明显的行为痉挛和运动单位过度兴奋性,但癫痫发作期间大脑区域异常超同步活动的场电位测量尚未得到描述。在这里,我们报告了一种直接观察果蝇大脑局部场电位(LFPs)的方法,以监测行为系缚果蝇癫痫发作期间的整体神经活动。通过大脑的高频刺激可触发电惊厥发作(ECS)脉冲放电的刻板序列,这在背纵肌(DLM)中很容易检测到,并伴有行为痉挛。在癫痫发作期间,LFP信号表现出特征性的大振幅振荡,与DLM飞行肌尖峰具有典型的时间相关性。ecs相关的LFP事件明显不同于休息和飞行相关的LFP模式。我们进一步表征了LFP在不同类型的癫痫发作中由遗传和药理学操作引起的活性。在“bang-sensitive”钠通道突变体(bss)中,LFP模式被延长,LFP振荡与DLM放电之间的时间相关性被改变。在给予促惊厥GABAA阻滞剂微毒素后,我们发现LFP活性模式在质量上有所不同,该模式由缓慢(1 hz),重复的波形组成,与DLM破裂和行为痉挛密切相关。我们记录大脑lfp的方法为大量果蝇兴奋性突变体中复杂的全脑活动模式的电生理分析提供了一个初始框架。
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引用次数: 0
The long view: a spouse's perspective. 长远的观点:配偶的观点。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1940170
Allen B Sokolowski
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of neurogenetics
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