Dealing with Allies in Decline: Alliance Management and U.S. Strategy in an Era of Global Power Shifts is the latest study by CSBA Senior Fellow Hal Brands. In the monograph, Brands argues that although America's alliances are a source of great geopolitical strength, the difficult reality is that shifts in global economic and military power have left many of America's traditional allies with significantly diminished relative standing and capabilities. The monograph assesses the key trends that have marked this decline since the early post-Cold War era and discusses the increasingly severe strategic challenges this situation poses for American statecraft. It concludes with a series of practical recommendations for how the United States can manage its alliances amid ongoing changes in the global distribution of power, and how it can better position itself to compete in a global context in which its allies' strengths-while still considerable-are not as great as they once were.
{"title":"Dealing with Allies in Decline: U.S. Strategy and Alliance Management in an Era of Global Power Shifts","authors":"H. Brands","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3014389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3014389","url":null,"abstract":"Dealing with Allies in Decline: Alliance Management and U.S. Strategy in an Era of Global Power Shifts is the latest study by CSBA Senior Fellow Hal Brands. In the monograph, Brands argues that although America's alliances are a source of great geopolitical strength, the difficult reality is that shifts in global economic and military power have left many of America's traditional allies with significantly diminished relative standing and capabilities. The monograph assesses the key trends that have marked this decline since the early post-Cold War era and discusses the increasingly severe strategic challenges this situation poses for American statecraft. It concludes with a series of practical recommendations for how the United States can manage its alliances amid ongoing changes in the global distribution of power, and how it can better position itself to compete in a global context in which its allies' strengths-while still considerable-are not as great as they once were.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134406255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.5709/CE.1897-9254.222
S. Vokina, Yulia S. Zima, Nikolai G. Sinyavsky, V. Meshkov, A. Sultanova
The purpose of the article is to determine barriers and preconditions for reducing the differences in the level of development in the global economy’s countries and to develop recommendations for solving the problem of the global economy’s economic systems unification. In order to determine the gap between developed and developing countries, the authors use the comparative analysis method. In order to determine possibilities, problems, perspectives, and threats to overcoming the gap by developing countries, the authors use the SWOT-analysis method. For studying the global economy’s economic development disproportions, this research uses specially developed proprietary analysis of gap depth in economic development. As a result of the analysis, the authors determined that the level of economic development of the most developed countries exceeds the level of developing countries by more than four times. This reflects a huge gap depth and a high level of differentiation for countries in the global economy. The authors conclude that barriers of unification of economic systems in the global economy are primarily related to socio-political factors. Preconditions to reducing the difference in level of economic development for countries in the global economy are predetermined by the influence of globalization and international integration of economic systems.
{"title":"Unification of Economic Systems in the Global Economy: Barriers and Preconditions","authors":"S. Vokina, Yulia S. Zima, Nikolai G. Sinyavsky, V. Meshkov, A. Sultanova","doi":"10.5709/CE.1897-9254.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/CE.1897-9254.222","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to determine barriers and preconditions for reducing the differences in the level of development in the global economy’s countries and to develop recommendations for solving the problem of the global economy’s economic systems unification. In order to determine the gap between developed and developing countries, the authors use the comparative analysis method. In order to determine possibilities, problems, perspectives, and threats to overcoming the gap by developing countries, the authors use the SWOT-analysis method. For studying the global economy’s economic development disproportions, this research uses specially developed proprietary analysis of gap depth in economic development. As a result of the analysis, the authors determined that the level of economic development of the most developed countries exceeds the level of developing countries by more than four times. This reflects a huge gap depth and a high level of differentiation for countries in the global economy. The authors conclude that barriers of unification of economic systems in the global economy are primarily related to socio-political factors. Preconditions to reducing the difference in level of economic development for countries in the global economy are predetermined by the influence of globalization and international integration of economic systems.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122297586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the revisions to the data communications parts of the International telecommunications Regulations adopted at this conference. These two bedrock normative rules: 1) open interconnection of devices of all kinds; and 2) resale and sharing of dedicated facilities allowed many alternative methods of international data communications to flourish. This network openness enabled but did not guarantee the ultimate success of the Internet. The paper indicates that the linage of the internet to the norms of open science.was strongly complementary to it ultimate success.
{"title":"The ITU 1988 Melbourne Conference: Economic Factors in International Cooperation and the Growth of the Internet","authors":"Thomas Spavins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2889433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2889433","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the revisions to the data communications parts of the International telecommunications Regulations adopted at this conference. These two bedrock normative rules: 1) open interconnection of devices of all kinds; and 2) resale and sharing of dedicated facilities allowed many alternative methods of international data communications to flourish. This network openness enabled but did not guarantee the ultimate success of the Internet. The paper indicates that the linage of the internet to the norms of open science.was strongly complementary to it ultimate success.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132301430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with “perfect institutional regimes” (PIRs), defined as regimes that optimally satisfy a given value (like justice). Assuming that a PIR is unfeasible in the short term to agents willing to achieve it, what reasons do we have to spend time on a PIR? One answer is that knowing about PIRs is interesting enough to warrant an inquiry into the subject, even if it is not likely to change the world. Another is that searching for a PIR helps to set up the principles under which more modest proposals of change are to be evaluated. Another, finally, is that theorizing about a PIR may have a motivational impact: although there are no motivated agents to whom the realization of a PIR is nowadays feasible, talking about it might lead to a change of this scenario.
{"title":"Institutional Perfection or Improvement of Imperfect Institutions? An Essay on the Methodological Status of Perfect but Unfeasible Institutional Regimes","authors":"L. Zanitelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2875793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2875793","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with “perfect institutional regimes” (PIRs), defined as regimes that optimally satisfy a given value (like justice). Assuming that a PIR is unfeasible in the short term to agents willing to achieve it, what reasons do we have to spend time on a PIR? One answer is that knowing about PIRs is interesting enough to warrant an inquiry into the subject, even if it is not likely to change the world. Another is that searching for a PIR helps to set up the principles under which more modest proposals of change are to be evaluated. Another, finally, is that theorizing about a PIR may have a motivational impact: although there are no motivated agents to whom the realization of a PIR is nowadays feasible, talking about it might lead to a change of this scenario.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115240568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-03DOI: 10.18601/16577558.N24.05
D. Rojas, Jose Teran
Spanish Abstract: La Alianza del Pacifico se instituyo como una propuesta de integracion profunda entre Chile, Colombia, Mexico y Peru. La pregunta que se plantea en este trabajo es ?cual de los enfoques del regionalismo en America Latina es el mas idoneo para caracterizar teoricamente la iniciativa de la Alianza del Pacifico? En este sentido, se exponen los conceptos de regionalismo abierto y regionalismo estrategico para caracterizar esta iniciativa, y se resaltan sus limites a partir de evidencia empirica. El trabajo concluye que los conceptos de regionalismo que dan mayor enfasis a las dinamicas comerciales no son suficientes para comprender el funcionamiento y desempeno actual de la Alianza del Pacifico, por lo que se introduce un enfoque analitico complementario, el cual responde a dinamicas globales de largo plazo. English Abstract: The Pacific Alliance was established as a model of deep integration between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The question raised in this paper is which of the Latin American regionalism approaches is more proper for the theoretical characterization of the Pacific Alliance initiative. In this sense, the concepts of open regionalism and strategic regionalism are explained for the characterization of this initiative and their limits are highlighted from empirical evidence. The paper concludes that regionalism concepts which give greater emphasis to commercial dynamics are not enough to understand the current operation and performance of the Pacific Alliance. As such, a complementary analytical approach is introduced which responds to the long term global dynamics.
{"title":"La Alianza Del Pacifico: Nueva Muestra Del Regionalismo En América Latina (The Pacific Alliance: A New Sample of Regionalism in Latin America)","authors":"D. Rojas, Jose Teran","doi":"10.18601/16577558.N24.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.N24.05","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: La Alianza del Pacifico se instituyo como una propuesta de integracion profunda entre Chile, Colombia, Mexico y Peru. La pregunta que se plantea en este trabajo es ?cual de los enfoques del regionalismo en America Latina es el mas idoneo para caracterizar teoricamente la iniciativa de la Alianza del Pacifico? En este sentido, se exponen los conceptos de regionalismo abierto y regionalismo estrategico para caracterizar esta iniciativa, y se resaltan sus limites a partir de evidencia empirica. El trabajo concluye que los conceptos de regionalismo que dan mayor enfasis a las dinamicas comerciales no son suficientes para comprender el funcionamiento y desempeno actual de la Alianza del Pacifico, por lo que se introduce un enfoque analitico complementario, el cual responde a dinamicas globales de largo plazo. \u0000English Abstract: The Pacific Alliance was established as a model of deep integration between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The question raised in this paper is which of the Latin American regionalism approaches is more proper for the theoretical characterization of the Pacific Alliance initiative. In this sense, the concepts of open regionalism and strategic regionalism are explained for the characterization of this initiative and their limits are highlighted from empirical evidence. The paper concludes that regionalism concepts which give greater emphasis to commercial dynamics are not enough to understand the current operation and performance of the Pacific Alliance. As such, a complementary analytical approach is introduced which responds to the long term global dynamics.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134148853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: Исторические данные по американской помощи Израилю хорошо иллюстрируют механизмы работы групп специальных интересов и стимулы политиков в Израиле. На раннем этапе союза с США Израиль был ценным союзником, создававшим стратегическую угрозу СССР и другим врагам США. На данном этапе элемент взаимной выгоды сильно ослаблен в пользу контроля старшего союзника над младшим (фактически, американскими и израильскими интересантами над израильскими политиками). В данном обзоре внимание сосредоточено на личных стимулах, объясняющих такую динамику союза и программ помощи. Становясь все менее значимым экономическим факторам она связывает руки политикам и военным в Израиле и подрывает оборонную мощь страны. Представленные данные поддерживают новый подход к американской помощи: все ее программы необходимо отменить как можно скорее в интересах и Израиля и США.English Abstract: Historical data on US aid to Israel illustrates incentives of political leaders and special interests, first and foremost in Israel. As on the early stages of Alliance Israel military capabilities could provide valuable services to USA, undermining USSR influence in the Middle East, the current relations are hard to explain by mutual national interests. Currently the alliance is turning into the instrument of control imposed on Israeli elected politician by US and Israel special interests.The paper focus on the political actors' personal incentives, provides explanation for growing exploitation of US Aid by the special interests in Israel, while significance of the aid is approaching to insignificant level and contributes negatively to the country Defense capacity because of political conditionality imposed.The data presented could support a new vision of US-Israel alliance: ceasing of the US Aid programs for Middle East could contribute both countries Defense needs.
{"title":"Политическая экономия военных союзов: пример программ военной помощи США Израилю (Selected Cases on Political Economy of Alliances: US Aid for Israel – A Short Historical Review)","authors":"K. Yanovskiy","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2833026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2833026","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Исторические данные по американской помощи Израилю хорошо иллюстрируют механизмы работы групп специальных интересов и стимулы политиков в Израиле. На раннем этапе союза с США Израиль был ценным союзником, создававшим стратегическую угрозу СССР и другим врагам США. На данном этапе элемент взаимной выгоды сильно ослаблен в пользу контроля старшего союзника над младшим (фактически, американскими и израильскими интересантами над израильскими политиками). В данном обзоре внимание сосредоточено на личных стимулах, объясняющих такую динамику союза и программ помощи. Становясь все менее значимым экономическим факторам она связывает руки политикам и военным в Израиле и подрывает оборонную мощь страны. Представленные данные поддерживают новый подход к американской помощи: все ее программы необходимо отменить как можно скорее в интересах и Израиля и США.English Abstract: Historical data on US aid to Israel illustrates incentives of political leaders and special interests, first and foremost in Israel. As on the early stages of Alliance Israel military capabilities could provide valuable services to USA, undermining USSR influence in the Middle East, the current relations are hard to explain by mutual national interests. Currently the alliance is turning into the instrument of control imposed on Israeli elected politician by US and Israel special interests.The paper focus on the political actors' personal incentives, provides explanation for growing exploitation of US Aid by the special interests in Israel, while significance of the aid is approaching to insignificant level and contributes negatively to the country Defense capacity because of political conditionality imposed.The data presented could support a new vision of US-Israel alliance: ceasing of the US Aid programs for Middle East could contribute both countries Defense needs.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127055173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: Donald Trump, candidato a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica, ha dado numerosas declaraciones acerca del rol de Estados Unidos en la OTAN y el futuro que le espera a esta en caso de que el magnate llegue a la casa blanca. Se analizan los aspectos positivos y negativos de sus declaraciones y como estas afectan a la Organizacion. Palabras claves: Donald Trump, OTAN, declaraciones.English Abstract: Donald Trump, candidate for the presidency of United States, has given serious declarations about the role of the United States in the NATO and the future that is waiting for her in case the tycoon comes to the White House. The analysis is on. The positives and the negatives aspects about his declarations and how they affect the organization.
{"title":"Donald Trump y Su Rol En La Otan (Donald Trump and His Role in the NATO)","authors":"Christian Orlando Laya","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2829249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2829249","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Donald Trump, candidato a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica, ha dado numerosas declaraciones acerca del rol de Estados Unidos en la OTAN y el futuro que le espera a esta en caso de que el magnate llegue a la casa blanca. Se analizan los aspectos positivos y negativos de sus declaraciones y como estas afectan a la Organizacion. Palabras claves: Donald Trump, OTAN, declaraciones.English Abstract: Donald Trump, candidate for the presidency of United States, has given serious declarations about the role of the United States in the NATO and the future that is waiting for her in case the tycoon comes to the White House. The analysis is on. The positives and the negatives aspects about his declarations and how they affect the organization.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120947005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article seeks to investigate how alliance formation and balance of power patterns will unfold in South Asia in the wake of an intensifying geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China. Both the United States (US) and China form an intrinsic part of South Asia’s geopolitical security architecture through their embeddedness with both Pakistan and India. Historically, Pakistan relied on both American and Chinese security assistance in balancing against India while India relied more on the former Soviet Union and the US in its balancing game against Pakistan. As current geopolitical dynamics unfold with the US pivot to Asia, the rivalry and competition between the US and China is intensifying, bringing with it a similar dynamic in South Asia as Pakistan moves closer to China and India consolidates its alliance with the US. The paper concludes that, keeping current global security dynamics into perspective, the relational dynamics between Pakistan and India stands to unfold in a competitive and adversarial balance of power scenario.
{"title":"Security Estimations in South Asia: Alliance Formation or Balance of Power","authors":"F. Siddiqi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2831134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2831134","url":null,"abstract":"The article seeks to investigate how alliance formation and balance of power patterns will unfold in South Asia in the wake of an intensifying geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China. Both the United States (US) and China form an intrinsic part of South Asia’s geopolitical security architecture through their embeddedness with both Pakistan and India. Historically, Pakistan relied on both American and Chinese security assistance in balancing against India while India relied more on the former Soviet Union and the US in its balancing game against Pakistan. As current geopolitical dynamics unfold with the US pivot to Asia, the rivalry and competition between the US and China is intensifying, bringing with it a similar dynamic in South Asia as Pakistan moves closer to China and India consolidates its alliance with the US. The paper concludes that, keeping current global security dynamics into perspective, the relational dynamics between Pakistan and India stands to unfold in a competitive and adversarial balance of power scenario.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114302087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior informed consent is a growing concern today for indigenous peoples and traditional communities in Brazil. The land they occupy, which is about 25% of the national territory, is among the best conserved in the country and there are approximately 4, 5 million people that depend on this land for their livelihood. These communities have very diverse social and historical backgrounds and their traditional knowledge of biodiversity is of significant value for the economic purposes of several technology based sectors. Within this context, community protocols became of special interest as they support the delineation of customary law to regulate interaction between communities and external stakeholders. One experience of a community protocol which is emblematic for its innovation and scope is being developed in the Bailique Archipelago community, at the mouth of the Amazon river, and is becoming a model to be adopted by communities in other regions of the country.
{"title":"The Brazilian Experience with Community Protocols and the Building of Prior Informed Consent to Protect Traditional Knowledge","authors":"Carlos Potiara Castro, R. Ramos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2835718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2835718","url":null,"abstract":"Prior informed consent is a growing concern today for indigenous peoples and traditional communities in Brazil. The land they occupy, which is about 25% of the national territory, is among the best conserved in the country and there are approximately 4, 5 million people that depend on this land for their livelihood. These communities have very diverse social and historical backgrounds and their traditional knowledge of biodiversity is of significant value for the economic purposes of several technology based sectors. Within this context, community protocols became of special interest as they support the delineation of customary law to regulate interaction between communities and external stakeholders. One experience of a community protocol which is emblematic for its innovation and scope is being developed in the Bailique Archipelago community, at the mouth of the Amazon river, and is becoming a model to be adopted by communities in other regions of the country.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131742499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Bretton-Woods era the controversy over cross-border use of national monies turned on how to create ‘symmetries’ and avoid significant ‘asymmetries’ in the way national currencies shared specific international currency functions. We examine the twentieth-century work of prominent economists on the nature, choice, and functions of international currencies. Prescriptive approaches to international currency formation are considered, beginning with the discussion of the Bretton-Woods plans, followed by doctrinal developments stimulated by the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system. Why are those developments instructive given recent revisitation of the currency internationalisation question in modern international monetary thought and policy? The modern revival of this question resembles a rehabilitation and restatement of earlier controversies though it underestimates the gradual encroachment of the idea of international currency competition. This idea came to dominate other doctrines from the 1970s; it accommodates the ongoing adaptation of national currencies to the full range of international currency functions.
{"title":"Doctrinal Developments in International Money: The Question of Currency Internationalisation from Bretton-Woods to the 1970's","authors":"A. Endres","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2778408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2778408","url":null,"abstract":"In the Bretton-Woods era the controversy over cross-border use of national monies turned on how to create ‘symmetries’ and avoid significant ‘asymmetries’ in the way national currencies shared specific international currency functions. We examine the twentieth-century work of prominent economists on the nature, choice, and functions of international currencies. Prescriptive approaches to international currency formation are considered, beginning with the discussion of the Bretton-Woods plans, followed by doctrinal developments stimulated by the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system. Why are those developments instructive given recent revisitation of the currency internationalisation question in modern international monetary thought and policy? The modern revival of this question resembles a rehabilitation and restatement of earlier controversies though it underestimates the gradual encroachment of the idea of international currency competition. This idea came to dominate other doctrines from the 1970s; it accommodates the ongoing adaptation of national currencies to the full range of international currency functions.","PeriodicalId":165404,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Politics of International Institutions & Global Governance eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125738231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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