Spatial distribution of emissions is a key element in assessing human exposure to air pollution through use of dispersion modelling. The quality of the spatial emission mapping is crucial for the quality, applicability and reliability of modelled air pollution levels, estimated human exposure, incurred health effects and related costs; all very important information for policy makers in decisions of implementation of environmental policies and measures. The purpose of the MapEIre project, funded by Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency, is to develop a high-resolution spatial mapping of the Irish emission inventory. The work is state-of-the-art and combines a large amount of statistical data with detailed spatial information to allow for a complete spatial emission mapping on a 1 kilometre by 1-kilometre resolution. The spatial model is developed as an integrated database system focusing on user-friendliness and performance optimisation. The spatial model for Ireland integrates official statistics, such as the Irish emission inventory, and censuses of population, housing and agriculture, with a large number of spatial datasets as diverse as heat demand, building use, road network and land cover maps, selected through a comprehensive assessment of available spatial data. The model covers 32 pollutants and 177 sectors and includes the entire Irish exclusive economic zone. The methodology developed and the lessons learned will be of great benefit to other countries, which are embarking to develop high-resolution spatial emission distributions. The detailed spatial distribution of emissions can be used by policy makers on both national and local level in decision making and prioritising of environmental measures. Further, it allows for a more detailed regulation, implementing measures targeting areas where emissions are highest, allowing for more cost-effective initiatives on local, regional and national scale.
{"title":"SPATIAL HIGH-RESOLUTION MAPPING OF NATIONAL EMISSIONS","authors":"M. S. Plejdrup, O. Nielsen, H. G. Bruun","doi":"10.2495/AIR180371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180371","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial distribution of emissions is a key element in assessing human exposure to air pollution through use of dispersion modelling. The quality of the spatial emission mapping is crucial for the quality, applicability and reliability of modelled air pollution levels, estimated human exposure, incurred health effects and related costs; all very important information for policy makers in decisions of implementation of environmental policies and measures. The purpose of the MapEIre project, funded by Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency, is to develop a high-resolution spatial mapping of the Irish emission inventory. The work is state-of-the-art and combines a large amount of statistical data with detailed spatial information to allow for a complete spatial emission mapping on a 1 kilometre by 1-kilometre resolution. The spatial model is developed as an integrated database system focusing on user-friendliness and performance optimisation. The spatial model for Ireland integrates official statistics, such as the Irish emission inventory, and censuses of population, housing and agriculture, with a large number of spatial datasets as diverse as heat demand, building use, road network and land cover maps, selected through a comprehensive assessment of available spatial data. The model covers 32 pollutants and 177 sectors and includes the entire Irish exclusive economic zone. The methodology developed and the lessons learned will be of great benefit to other countries, which are embarking to develop high-resolution spatial emission distributions. The detailed spatial distribution of emissions can be used by policy makers on both national and local level in decision making and prioritising of environmental measures. Further, it allows for a more detailed regulation, implementing measures targeting areas where emissions are highest, allowing for more cost-effective initiatives on local, regional and national scale.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116145291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Almost all passenger cars (PC) in Brazil are flex fuel (can run any proportion of petrol and ethanol) and diesel fuel is prohibited to these cars; diesel is available for vans and pickup trucks, as well petrol and ethanol. However, there is a proposal under discussion to introduce diesel PC in Brazilian market, arguing that they have better autonomy and emit less CO2 and pollutants. The goal of this paper is to show the impact on pollutants and CO2 emissions from diesel PC being offered as a main option; it will be discussed also an alternative scenario, the environmental impact if Internal Engine Combustion (ICE) vehicles are banned in favor of electric ones. Data analysis was performed on type-approval tests of petrol / flexfuel light duty vehicles (LDV). For the first case, the projection for introducing PC diesel in SPMR market shows a significant increase in NOx emission, small rise for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and little reduction for HC, CO and total CO2, although with significant rise for fossil CO2. The alternative scenario, replacing ICE PC with electrics, shows high reduction for NOx, some gain for CO2 and PM2.5 and small decrease for CO and HC. Thus, the use of diesel PC will lead to NOx increase; by other hand, biofuels can reduce CO2 but will increase NMHC and CO emissions. Electric PC may be a good option but requires time to replace ICE vehicles and bringing effective environmental gain.
{"title":"PROJECTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DIESEL CARS ON GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, PM2.5 AND CO2 IN A METROPOLITAN AREA","authors":"A. Forcetto, Rui de Abrantes","doi":"10.2495/AIR180381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180381","url":null,"abstract":"Almost all passenger cars (PC) in Brazil are flex fuel (can run any proportion of petrol and ethanol) and diesel fuel is prohibited to these cars; diesel is available for vans and pickup trucks, as well petrol and ethanol. However, there is a proposal under discussion to introduce diesel PC in Brazilian market, arguing that they have better autonomy and emit less CO2 and pollutants. The goal of this paper is to show the impact on pollutants and CO2 emissions from diesel PC being offered as a main option; it will be discussed also an alternative scenario, the environmental impact if Internal Engine Combustion (ICE) vehicles are banned in favor of electric ones. Data analysis was performed on type-approval tests of petrol / flexfuel light duty vehicles (LDV). For the first case, the projection for introducing PC diesel in SPMR market shows a significant increase in NOx emission, small rise for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and little reduction for HC, CO and total CO2, although with significant rise for fossil CO2. The alternative scenario, replacing ICE PC with electrics, shows high reduction for NOx, some gain for CO2 and PM2.5 and small decrease for CO and HC. Thus, the use of diesel PC will lead to NOx increase; by other hand, biofuels can reduce CO2 but will increase NMHC and CO emissions. Electric PC may be a good option but requires time to replace ICE vehicles and bringing effective environmental gain.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114584428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The method for determining the dispersion of pollutants for industrial sources in force in Poland is based on a simple Gaussian plume model based on the wind rose and Pasqual’s atmosphere stability classes. Air pollution has become a growing concern in the past few years in Poland and implementing new more advanced model is being considered. In order to illustrate the limitations of current method was compared with an advanced multilayer puff CALPUFF Gaussian model. Modelling of the spread of pollutants in ambient air was conducted based on the same source parameters. Industrial source with very high flow and low height was selected as good example to compare both methods. Spatial variability of the annual averages of air pollutant concentrations was obtained in computing grid with high density. Meteorological conditions for CALPUFF were determined using a diagnostic meteorological model CALMET based on meteorological data from surface stations and radar surveys. The results of calculations indicated that pollutant emissions from both methods differs in concentration and the distance of the highest concentrations relative to the source. For the advanced model, a greater dispersion of pollutants in the ambient air was obtained as well as higher maximum values registered for receptors in the vicinity of the source.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DISPERSION MODELLING OF CONTAMINANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES","authors":"G. Krajewski, K. Lis","doi":"10.2495/AIR180201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180201","url":null,"abstract":"The method for determining the dispersion of pollutants for industrial sources in force in Poland is based on a simple Gaussian plume model based on the wind rose and Pasqual’s atmosphere stability classes. Air pollution has become a growing concern in the past few years in Poland and implementing new more advanced model is being considered. In order to illustrate the limitations of current method was compared with an advanced multilayer puff CALPUFF Gaussian model. Modelling of the spread of pollutants in ambient air was conducted based on the same source parameters. Industrial source with very high flow and low height was selected as good example to compare both methods. Spatial variability of the annual averages of air pollutant concentrations was obtained in computing grid with high density. Meteorological conditions for CALPUFF were determined using a diagnostic meteorological model CALMET based on meteorological data from surface stations and radar surveys. The results of calculations indicated that pollutant emissions from both methods differs in concentration and the distance of the highest concentrations relative to the source. For the advanced model, a greater dispersion of pollutants in the ambient air was obtained as well as higher maximum values registered for receptors in the vicinity of the source.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129631863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Tohsing, S. Janjai, I. Masiri, S. Pattarapanitchai, Laddawan Buakhao
Aerosols are important agent of radiative forcing and climate disturbance, especially in a polluted environment. In general, the impact of aerosol on the climate depends on aerosol optical properties. One of important aerosol optical properties is aerosol optical depth (AOD). In general, AOD can be measured using ground-based sunphotometers. However, it is costly to deploy such instruments over a large area. Due to a lack of comprehensive measurement on a global scale, retrieval of aerosol information from some instruments on board satellites (e.g. MODIS and POLDER) has been developed. However, aerosol information from such satellites has relatively short historical records. In addition, such information is available only once or twice a day. Therefore, in this work, we propose a method for deriving AOD from meteorological geostationary satellite data. This is because geostationary satellites have advantage that they have longer historical data and their data are available on the hourly basis. According to the proposed method, a radiative transfer model, namely 6S, was used to construct series of look up tables (LUT) which contained pre-computed datasets including earth-atmospheric reflectivity, aerosol information and surface albedo. The satellite images in a visible channel were used to calculate the earth-atmospheric reflectivity data and these data were later employed as the main input of the method. In addition, the infrared images from the satellite were also used to identify cloud scene over the area. The value of AOD, which makes the value of the earth-atmospheric reflectivity from the LUT matching to the earth-atmospheric reflectivity obtained from the satellite data, will be considered as the true AOD. For the validation, the calculated AOD from this method was compared with the ground-based AOD measurements from NASA-AERONET. It was found that the measured and calculated AOD were in reasonable agreement.
{"title":"A METHOD FOR DERIVING AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE DATA","authors":"K. Tohsing, S. Janjai, I. Masiri, S. Pattarapanitchai, Laddawan Buakhao","doi":"10.2495/AIR180061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180061","url":null,"abstract":"Aerosols are important agent of radiative forcing and climate disturbance, especially in a polluted environment. In general, the impact of aerosol on the climate depends on aerosol optical properties. One of important aerosol optical properties is aerosol optical depth (AOD). In general, AOD can be measured using ground-based sunphotometers. However, it is costly to deploy such instruments over a large area. Due to a lack of comprehensive measurement on a global scale, retrieval of aerosol information from some instruments on board satellites (e.g. MODIS and POLDER) has been developed. However, aerosol information from such satellites has relatively short historical records. In addition, such information is available only once or twice a day. Therefore, in this work, we propose a method for deriving AOD from meteorological geostationary satellite data. This is because geostationary satellites have advantage that they have longer historical data and their data are available on the hourly basis. According to the proposed method, a radiative transfer model, namely 6S, was used to construct series of look up tables (LUT) which contained pre-computed datasets including earth-atmospheric reflectivity, aerosol information and surface albedo. The satellite images in a visible channel were used to calculate the earth-atmospheric reflectivity data and these data were later employed as the main input of the method. In addition, the infrared images from the satellite were also used to identify cloud scene over the area. The value of AOD, which makes the value of the earth-atmospheric reflectivity from the LUT matching to the earth-atmospheric reflectivity obtained from the satellite data, will be considered as the true AOD. For the validation, the calculated AOD from this method was compared with the ground-based AOD measurements from NASA-AERONET. It was found that the measured and calculated AOD were in reasonable agreement.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129634383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High pollution levels in urban areas represent a hazard for human health. Energy conversion activities are one of the main sources of gaseous pollutants. At the local scale, starting from the planning stage, stakeholders need efficient indicators of the potential effects of an energy scenario on human health and the environment. In this sense, the use of modelling tools estimating health impacts and costs of air pollution is recognized as a useful support to planning and management processes. In this paper, an update of the development of the DIATI Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM) is presented. The DIDEM model simulates the impacts of air pollution following the methodology of the impact pathway approach, through the calculation of externalities. This tool implements check and correction procedures on input data, data formatting, management and post-processing of pollutant dispersion simulation and calculation of pollutant-induced health effects and costs. DIDEM model was tested in a study of the district heating (DH) network of Turin, Italy. In this case study, two scenarios (present and future) were evaluated in terms of difference of health damage costs. The second stage of the study, consisting in the evaluation of a future extension of the DH system, is reported in this paper. The results show that changes in the management of energy conversion and distribution might affect the incidence and costs of health impacts over the studied area. A discussion on the use of externalities as an efficient and clear indicator for supporting energy planning is finally reported.
{"title":"A DISPERSION AND EXTERNALITIES MODEL SUPPORTING ENERGY SYSTEM PLANNING: DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDY","authors":"M. Ravina, D. Panepinto, M. Zanetti","doi":"10.2495/AIR180141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180141","url":null,"abstract":"High pollution levels in urban areas represent a hazard for human health. Energy conversion activities are one of the main sources of gaseous pollutants. At the local scale, starting from the planning stage, stakeholders need efficient indicators of the potential effects of an energy scenario on human health and the environment. In this sense, the use of modelling tools estimating health impacts and costs of air pollution is recognized as a useful support to planning and management processes. In this paper, an update of the development of the DIATI Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM) is presented. The DIDEM model simulates the impacts of air pollution following the methodology of the impact pathway approach, through the calculation of externalities. This tool implements check and correction procedures on input data, data formatting, management and post-processing of pollutant dispersion simulation and calculation of pollutant-induced health effects and costs. DIDEM model was tested in a study of the district heating (DH) network of Turin, Italy. In this case study, two scenarios (present and future) were evaluated in terms of difference of health damage costs. The second stage of the study, consisting in the evaluation of a future extension of the DH system, is reported in this paper. The results show that changes in the management of energy conversion and distribution might affect the incidence and costs of health impacts over the studied area. A discussion on the use of externalities as an efficient and clear indicator for supporting energy planning is finally reported.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123860780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asbestos is generally defined as a group of naturally occurring fibrous, silicate mineral that is abundant on the crust of the Earth. Despite the cessation of asbestos mining due to associated health effects in the Republic of South Africa in 2001, there is still a concern about possible environmental exposure to asbestos fibres. This paper reports the dust fall rates for a period of six months from January 2017 to June 2017 using the American Standard Test Method, ASTM D1739 of 1970 at five sampling sites that are within the local communities that are close to the derelict and ownerless asbestos mine dumps in Mpumalanga Province. This method is the recommended method of collection and analysis of dust fall rate in South Africa. After filtration, dust fall rates were determined gravimetrically. Filter papers containing dust fall samples were further analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Xray (SEM – EDX), X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence (XRD and XRF) techniques. The amount of the serpentine asbestos group vs amphibole asbestos group obtained were 23 and 3%m/m at site A, 5 and 2%m/m at site B, 15 and 0%m/m at site C, 36 and 7%m/m at site D, as well as 7 and 0%m/m at site E. Other minerals detected in random order include feldspar, kaolinite, quartz, mica and talc. The non-silicate minerals detected were illimenite, metallic and organic and different types of amphibole: actinolite, barosite, ferri-magnesiotaramitel, grunerite, tremolite, winchite and feldspar; albite, andesine, anorithite, bytownite, labradorite, microcline, oligoclase, anidine, and sanidene. Most particles dust with shapes that include granular, sponge like, spiral, semi rectangular and semi triangular. The length to width ratios of the serpentine asbestos group ranged from 2:1 to 6:1, while the amphibole ratios were about 3:1 to 5:1. The continued presence of asbestos group minerals in inhalable fractions of airborne dust material is worrying and should be mitigated accordingly.
{"title":"A PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF DUST SAMPLES FROM THE DERELICT AND OWNERLESS ASBESTOS MINE DUMPS IN MPUMALANGA PROVINCE, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"M. Kwata, S. Moja, Gladness Madibakisha Chadi","doi":"10.2495/AIR180311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180311","url":null,"abstract":"Asbestos is generally defined as a group of naturally occurring fibrous, silicate mineral that is abundant on the crust of the Earth. Despite the cessation of asbestos mining due to associated health effects in the Republic of South Africa in 2001, there is still a concern about possible environmental exposure to asbestos fibres. This paper reports the dust fall rates for a period of six months from January 2017 to June 2017 using the American Standard Test Method, ASTM D1739 of 1970 at five sampling sites that are within the local communities that are close to the derelict and ownerless asbestos mine dumps in Mpumalanga Province. This method is the recommended method of collection and analysis of dust fall rate in South Africa. After filtration, dust fall rates were determined gravimetrically. Filter papers containing dust fall samples were further analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Xray (SEM – EDX), X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence (XRD and XRF) techniques. The amount of the serpentine asbestos group vs amphibole asbestos group obtained were 23 and 3%m/m at site A, 5 and 2%m/m at site B, 15 and 0%m/m at site C, 36 and 7%m/m at site D, as well as 7 and 0%m/m at site E. Other minerals detected in random order include feldspar, kaolinite, quartz, mica and talc. The non-silicate minerals detected were illimenite, metallic and organic and different types of amphibole: actinolite, barosite, ferri-magnesiotaramitel, grunerite, tremolite, winchite and feldspar; albite, andesine, anorithite, bytownite, labradorite, microcline, oligoclase, anidine, and sanidene. Most particles dust with shapes that include granular, sponge like, spiral, semi rectangular and semi triangular. The length to width ratios of the serpentine asbestos group ranged from 2:1 to 6:1, while the amphibole ratios were about 3:1 to 5:1. The continued presence of asbestos group minerals in inhalable fractions of airborne dust material is worrying and should be mitigated accordingly.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"34 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123356904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Felzenszwalb, E. Ferraz, A. Fernandes, Ronald Da Silva Muniz, Izabela Batista De Souza Matos, E. M. Martins, S. Corrêa
The BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) is part of the list of volatile organic compounds which cause damage to a worker's health, especially in an indoor occupational environment, where these substances dissipate with greater difficulty. Thus, the present work evaluated the concentrations, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the BTEX group in the indoor air of workshops involving painting and varnishing. The chemical analyses were carried out using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. The mutagenic and cytotoxicity potentials were determined using the Salmonella/microsome and WST/LDH assays, respectively. The concentrations of each constituent of the BTEX group were below the limits established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and toluene presented the highest value. Moreover, these compounds did not induce mutagenic activity in the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains either in the presence or absence of metabolization, and no cytotoxic effects were observed in the A549 human lung cells. These results may be related to the low BTEX values found in the occupational environment, as can be seen in some other studies. Nevertheless, at low concentrations these compounds may cause toxicity by a pathway not investigated in this study or may have interacted with other non-monitored air constituents, reducing their toxicity. The present study sought to obtain more information and clarifications regarding occupational exposure to BTEX, contributing to the risk assessment of the workers exposed to these substances.
{"title":"INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: BTEX IN OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS","authors":"I. Felzenszwalb, E. Ferraz, A. Fernandes, Ronald Da Silva Muniz, Izabela Batista De Souza Matos, E. M. Martins, S. Corrêa","doi":"10.2495/AIR180261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180261","url":null,"abstract":"The BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) is part of the list of volatile organic compounds which cause damage to a worker's health, especially in an indoor occupational environment, where these substances dissipate with greater difficulty. Thus, the present work evaluated the concentrations, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the BTEX group in the indoor air of workshops involving painting and varnishing. The chemical analyses were carried out using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. The mutagenic and cytotoxicity potentials were determined using the Salmonella/microsome and WST/LDH assays, respectively. The concentrations of each constituent of the BTEX group were below the limits established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and toluene presented the highest value. Moreover, these compounds did not induce mutagenic activity in the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains either in the presence or absence of metabolization, and no cytotoxic effects were observed in the A549 human lung cells. These results may be related to the low BTEX values found in the occupational environment, as can be seen in some other studies. Nevertheless, at low concentrations these compounds may cause toxicity by a pathway not investigated in this study or may have interacted with other non-monitored air constituents, reducing their toxicity. The present study sought to obtain more information and clarifications regarding occupational exposure to BTEX, contributing to the risk assessment of the workers exposed to these substances.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124036747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent decades, the scientific community has noted that the pollutants released into atmosphere produced by road traffic is one of the most significant causes in the deterioration of air quality in cities. Therefore, it is important to estimate the emission factors associated with road traffic, which turns out to be the theoretical basis for estimating the emissions of air pollutants in a precise way. The emissions of atmospheric pollutants generated by mobile sources may produce severe impacts on human health because these pollutants are generally produced in areas with a high density of inhabitants and at ground level. The present study aims to estimate the concentration of air pollutants generated by road traffic on the main roads of the city of Cartagena, which were selected while taking into account the critical points of highest traffic congestion. The emission factors for PM2.5, using the inverse modeling technique, were estimated taking into account the average concentrations measured over 24-hour period and the pollutants that represent the greatest threat to public health were determined. This study is a starting point to determine the magnitude of the emissions associated with road traffic in Cartagena, and it also provides technical support to be able to identify in an approximate way the impact of different vehicle sources in the city.
{"title":"ESTIMATING THE EMISSION FACTOR FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES IN THE CITY OF CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, COLUMBIA","authors":"J. A. Álvarez, É. Quiñones, Vanessa Álvarez","doi":"10.2495/AIR180391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180391","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, the scientific community has noted that the pollutants released into atmosphere produced by road traffic is one of the most significant causes in the deterioration of air quality in cities. Therefore, it is important to estimate the emission factors associated with road traffic, which turns out to be the theoretical basis for estimating the emissions of air pollutants in a precise way. The emissions of atmospheric pollutants generated by mobile sources may produce severe impacts on human health because these pollutants are generally produced in areas with a high density of inhabitants and at ground level. The present study aims to estimate the concentration of air pollutants generated by road traffic on the main roads of the city of Cartagena, which were selected while taking into account the critical points of highest traffic congestion. The emission factors for PM2.5, using the inverse modeling technique, were estimated taking into account the average concentrations measured over 24-hour period and the pollutants that represent the greatest threat to public health were determined. This study is a starting point to determine the magnitude of the emissions associated with road traffic in Cartagena, and it also provides technical support to be able to identify in an approximate way the impact of different vehicle sources in the city.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127666069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hayes, A. King, Alastair Callum, Ben Williams, K. Vanherle, Corra Boushel, J. Barnes, T. Chatterton, H. Bolscher, É. Csobod, L. Fogg-Rogers, S. Slingerland, J. Longhurst
An assessment was conducted on the air pollution impact of incentivisation of diesel passenger cars to curb carbon emissions in Ireland. Road transport emission inventory data was obtained from the national COPERT5 model for the years 1990–2016. The underlying variables that represent the current carbon-based taxation scheme and the economy were included in a regression analysis with fleet, fuel and engine size data. This data was used to develop a “what-if” scenario which predicted the result of not incentivising diesel cars in 2008, on road transport emissions up to 2016. The mileage of these segregated fleets was also adjusted with income elasticities. The results show that the difference would be approximately a 5.4% increase of CO2 and 6.4% for PM2.5 in 2016 without the implementation of the 2008 incentives. NH3, CO, NMVOC and CH4 would also have been increased by 50.9% to 61.9%. The nitrogen-based emissions, however, would have reduced by 22.8% for NOx and 19.9% for N2O. The primary reason for the increase of nitrogen-based emissions was a shift in vehicle purchases to smaller engine diesel passenger cars from both petrol and larger engine diesel cars. The CO2 emission contribution of the smaller diesel passenger car fleet is lower in comparison to the most other fleet technologies. Thus, a change in fleet size in this technology will likely to have the most impact on the emission scenario. Using this knowledge of a fleet shift, a framework tool can be developed to control the future fleet composition. The results of this paper highlight that the incentivisation of one source of air pollution over another is a complex matter with varied results. However, it has been shown that this can be optimised to produce the minimum impact from both climate change and air pollution perspectives, where both are considered in detail.
{"title":"THE IMPACTS OF DIESEL-PASSENGER-CAR INCENTIVISATION ON EMISSIONS IN IRELAND: HISTORIC ANALYSIS AND POLICY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK","authors":"Md. Saniul Alam, P. Duffy, B. Hyde, A. McNabola","doi":"10.2495/AIR180131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180131","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment was conducted on the air pollution impact of incentivisation of diesel passenger cars to curb carbon emissions in Ireland. Road transport emission inventory data was obtained from the national COPERT5 model for the years 1990–2016. The underlying variables that represent the current carbon-based taxation scheme and the economy were included in a regression analysis with fleet, fuel and engine size data. This data was used to develop a “what-if” scenario which predicted the result of not incentivising diesel cars in 2008, on road transport emissions up to 2016. The mileage of these segregated fleets was also adjusted with income elasticities. The results show that the difference would be approximately a 5.4% increase of CO2 and 6.4% for PM2.5 in 2016 without the implementation of the 2008 incentives. NH3, CO, NMVOC and CH4 would also have been increased by 50.9% to 61.9%. The nitrogen-based emissions, however, would have reduced by 22.8% for NOx and 19.9% for N2O. The primary reason for the increase of nitrogen-based emissions was a shift in vehicle purchases to smaller engine diesel passenger cars from both petrol and larger engine diesel cars. The CO2 emission contribution of the smaller diesel passenger car fleet is lower in comparison to the most other fleet technologies. Thus, a change in fleet size in this technology will likely to have the most impact on the emission scenario. Using this knowledge of a fleet shift, a framework tool can be developed to control the future fleet composition. The results of this paper highlight that the incentivisation of one source of air pollution over another is a complex matter with varied results. However, it has been shown that this can be optimised to produce the minimum impact from both climate change and air pollution perspectives, where both are considered in detail.","PeriodicalId":165416,"journal":{"name":"Air Pollution XXVI","volume":"351 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133350112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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