Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Background: Childhood overnutrition is a growing public health concern in the 21st century. It is a risk factor for adult obesity and noncommunicable diseases. If no action is taken, it is estimated that 208 million boys and 175 million girls aged 5-19 years will be living with obesity by 2035. This study aimed to determine the physical activity status and prevalence of overnutrition among school-going children aged 8-11 years and further explored the associations. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used among school-going children 8-11 years of age in Thika town, Kiambu County, Kenya. A total of 281 children were sampled. The physical activity levels were assessed using the validated physical activity questionnaire for older children. The BMI for age Z-scores (BAZ) was calculated based on weight and height measurements, and children with a BAZ score of +1 standard deviation were considered to have overnutrition. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques. Logistic regression was employed to determine associations between the independent variables and the primary outcome. Results: The prevalence of overnutrition among the children was 11%. On the other hand, 22.4% of the children were underweight. Most of the children (86.5%) attended PE classes. More than half (54.8%) of the children were physically active. Physical inactivity and attending PE classes were not associated with overnutrition. Overnutrition was significantly higher among private than public school children (aOR 2.641; 95% CI = 1.013-6.887, p=0.0047). Conclusion: There is a presence of overnutrition in school children in Thika town, Kenya. The same population is also undernourished, thus demonstrating the double burden of malnutrition. Almost half of the children were physically inactive. An integrated approach to early detection, prevention, and management of malnutrition in children aged 5-19 years is needed. These findings have implications for public health interventions in preventing childhood obesity. Interventions could prioritize encouraging physical activity through school-based education, improvement of community infrastructure, and policy approaches. Multisectoral collaboration can create solutions that encourage active commutes with general obesity prevention.

Previous research on sweeteners' effect on health has focused on indices of cardiometabolic risk factors without considering lipid ratios such as the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and Castelli Risk Index I and II (CRI-I and CRI-II). The study sought to evaluate the effect of natural sweeteners on lipid profiles and lipid ratios. Seventy-eight female Sprague Dawley rats (6 rats per group) were administered with different doses of sweeteners (3 groups per sweetener): white sugar (0.035 g/mL, 0.07 g/mL, and 0.1 g/mL), brown sugar (0.036 g/mL, 0.072 g/mL, and 0.11 g/mL), honey (0.047 g/mL, 0.094 g/mL, and 0.14 g/mL) and stevia (0.004 g/mL, 0.014 g/mL, and 0.021 g/mL) for 17 weeks. The highest weight gain was observed with high-dose stevia administration (72.7 g ± 10.5). The group administered with high dose of white sugar had the highest CRI-I (1.79 ± 0.11) and CRI-II (0.49 ± 0.09). CRI-I and CRI-II had a dose-dependent increase with white sugar. The AIP was highest in the high-dose stevia group (0.21 ± 0.07) with dose-dependent increases within the stevia group. High intakes of white sugar and stevia tend to promote the development or progression of atherosclerosis.

This study examined the health benefits of 3-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED4), a monoester derivative of resveratrol butyrate esters. Using a high-calorie diet model simulation with Chinese sausage, ED4 was tested against changes in physiological indices like body weight (BW), body fat, blood pressure, and SCFA levels (stools and serum) in rats. This study found that the obesity-inducing model utilizing sausage as a high-calorie diet worked, and that supplementing rats with ED4 (20 mg/kg BW/day) for 5 weeks inhibited BW increase and body fat buildup. Blood lipid and SCFA dysregulation improved significantly. In addition, ED4 effectively increased PPAR-γ and decreased SREBP-1C mRNA expression, preventing fat accumulation and overproduction. A novel food-driven relationship between gut microbiota and adipose was found, promoting health. Our findings showed that ED4 supplementation exacerbated metabolic abnormalities caused by high-calorie diets and reduced body fat. Notably, these metabolic benefits were enhanced through the involvement of intestinal microbiota.

Background: Body image perceptions among young female adults significantly influence their quality of life, nutritional status, and wellbeing. Positive body image is characterized by high self-esteem and accepting one's body as is. This study assessed body image perception, eating habits, and nutritional status of female university students. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among female students of Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Anthropometry, body image perceptions, and eating habits were evaluated. Body image perceptions and eating habits were assessed using a questionnaire. Results: Majority of the respondents (68%) had normal weight, 25% were overweight, 4% were underweight, and 3% were obese. About half (51%) of the respondents were dissatisfied with their body weight and shape while 49% felt fat and had a strong desire to lose weight. About 69% of the respondents skipped meals and 69% snacked at least once a day. Conclusion: A big proportion of female students expressed dissatisfaction with their body image despite majority having normal weight status. Targeted mental health programs should be designed to help students deal with dissatisfaction and promote general wellbeing.

Background: Knowledge of nutritional aspects, the practice of physical activity, body satisfaction, and explanation of mood is a topic of great relevance in the field of nutrition, as it allows us to understand in a more exhaustive way the implications of the eating pattern on satisfaction with people's lives. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional knowledge, dietary pattern, physical activity, mood, body satisfaction, and life satisfaction in vegetarian and nonvegetarian Colombian adults. Materials: Study with a quantitative, observational, multivariate, correlational, and cross-sectional approach. The variables dietary pattern, nutritional knowledge, physical activity, mood, body satisfaction, and life satisfaction were analyzed. The sample (N = 478) included the participation of vegetarians (N = 157) and nonvegetarians (N = 321); the selection of the sample was carried out by nonprobabilistic accidental sampling. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, processed using SPSS version 26 and R version 4.4.2, and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The effect size was calculated based on mean differences, and Spearman's Rho correlation test was applied, considering a significance level of 0.05. Result: In vegetarians, physical activity showed a positive correlation with mood (r = 0.210, p < 0.01). Body dissatisfaction demonstrated a significant negative correlation with life satisfaction (r = -0.26, p < 0.01) and mood (r = -0.28, p < 0.01). Body dissatisfaction showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.30, p < 0.01). Life satisfaction was positively correlated with mood (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). Nutritional knowledge exhibited a significant negative correlation with BMI (r = -0.17, p < 0.05). Mood also showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.16, p < 0.05). Among nonvegetarians, body dissatisfaction was negatively and significantly correlated with life satisfaction (r = -0.29, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Life satisfaction was significantly positively correlated with mood (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.12, p < 0.05). Nutritional knowledge showed a positive correlation with life satisfaction (r = 0.14, p < 0.05), while mood was negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction (r = -0.36, p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of nutritional education and its need to adopt a comprehensive approach that includes dietary aspects and considers the relationship between diet, physical activity, and emotional well-being to promote healthy habits and a better quality of life.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs improve life expectancy and reduce mortality. However, due to treatment-related metabolic complications, they are now developing comorbidities. In Ethiopia, there are a few reports of diabetes mellitus (DM)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comorbidity. This study explores the magnitude of DM and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals on follow-up care at Kuyu General Hospital, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted at Kuyu General Hospital from March 10, 2021-April, 2021. Adults with HIV-positive (aged ≥ 18 years) who were on ART were included. Systematic random sampling was used to select 294 HIV-positive adults who attended regular follow-up at the ART clinic. Descriptive analysis was conducted and reported in frequency and percentage. Both bivariable and multivariable analyses were computed. Variables with p < 0.25 in bivariable analysis were inserted into a multivariable logistic regression model to control possible confounders. The p value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was considered as statistically significant. Results: The age of the HIV-infected individuals enrolled ranged from 18 to 67 years with the mean age of 39.08 (SD = ±11.5) years. DM was detected in 21 (7.14%; 95% CI: 4.1-10.2) patients on medication whereas fasting plasma glucose between 111-125 mg/dL was 39 (13.3%; 95% CI: 9.5-17.3). The maximum (12.6%) of DM patients were aged 45 years and above. In the multivariable analysis, hypertension (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1-10.8), elevated total cholesterol (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.2-15.6), aged 45 years and above (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.15-13.6), and duration of HIV (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.3-16.9) were significantly associated with DM. Conclusions: In this study, the magnitude of DM among HIV-infected adults on ART follow-up was higher than the prevalence of DM in general populations. Older age, hypertension, increased total cholesterol, and duration of HIV were associated with a higher prevalence of DM. It is better for care providers assigned at ART clinics to detect DM, particularly after initiation of ART routinely, which may help to provide integrated care for comorbid patients.

Background: This systematic review aimed to assess the association of iron level with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. Methods: The relevant articles published between January 1, 1995 and January 17, 2023 were identified through a systematic literature search. This study used random effects to summarize the relative risks (RRs) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of GDM risk and standardized mean differences. This study investigated the association of ferritin exposure with GDM combined with dose-response analysis and explored both linear and nonlinear trends. Results: This meta-analysis selected 30 studies with serum ferritin (SF), 18 studies with serum iron (SI), 4 studies with serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), 5 studies with total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and 4 studies with transferrin (TRF). The summarized RRs comparing persons with the highest concentration categories of SF with the lowest concentration categories of SF with an unadjusted odds ratio were 2.05 (1.67-2.53; I ² = 62.8%, p < 0.001, z = 6.76, p < 0.001) and with an adjusted odds ratio were 1.82 (1.54-2.14; I ² = 12.9%, p=0.312, z = 7.21, p < 0.001). Linear dose-response showed that an increase in SF of 5 μg/L increased the risk of GDM by 2.66% (1.026 [95% CI: 1.017, 1.036], n = 5). The nonlinear dose-response relationship also indicates that the increased SF is consistently associated with an increasing risk of GDM. Conclusion: High ferritin, high iron levels, and low TIBC are associated with an increased risk of GDM.

Background: Malnutrition is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five, with significant regional disparities, particularly in Ethiopia, being very high. This study aims to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify hotspot areas and associated factors for stunting and wasting among children under five in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were obtained from the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). A total of 653 children under five years old were included in this study. The data were collected using a multistage sampling technique to select the study participants. ArcGis Version 10.7 was used for geospatial analysis. A Bayesian logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors for undernutrition. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall, the prevalence of stunting and wasting was 36.29% and 4.9%, respectively. In hotspot analysis, both Guji Zone and East Hararge were at high risk of stunting among children under 5 years. Eastern Guji (Gora Dola) and Eastern Hararge (Goro Muti and Meta) areas were at high risk for wasting children under 5 years old. In the adjusted model, being rural residents, mothers who had attended a secondary/above school, children aged 24-35 and 36-47 months, a preceding birth interval > 48 months, using a protected water source, and wealth index were significantly associated with stunting among children under five years. Similarly, mothers aged 25-35 years, rural residents, married women, preceding birth intervals > 48 months, and having more than three children were significantly associated with wasting among children under 5 years. Conclusion: The prevalence of stunting and wasting among children under 5 years remains high in the study setting. These findings suggest that a multifaceted approach addressing education, water access, socioeconomic conditions, and targeted health interventions for high-risk populations is essential to reducing stunting and wasting among children under 5 years old in Oromia Regional State.

Background: Delayed initiation of breastfeeding after birth can negatively impact maternal and newborn health, significantly increasing neonatal mortality. Due to the rising number of cesarean deliveries, the risk of delayed breastfeeding initiation is imminent. However, there is limited evidence on delayed initiation of breastfeeding among mothers who gave birth by cesarean section in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aims to assess factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding among mothers who gave birth by cesarean section in public health facilities of Gamo and Gofa zones, south Ethiopia. Methods: This multicenter, facility-based, cross-sectional study was conducted across five hospitals in the Gamo and Gofa zones that offer cesarean delivery services. A consecutive sampling technique, which involves selecting every eligible subject until the desired sample size is reached, was employed to include 416 mothers who underwent cesarean sections between March 20 and May 21, 2023. Data collection was performed through an interviewer-administered questionnaire and chart reviews. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data Version 4.6 and subsequently exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 for analysis. To identify factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding, a logistic regression model was fitted, with statistical significance determined at a p value of less than 0.05. Results: The prevalence of delayed initiation of breast feeding was 53.4% with 95% CI: (48.5, 58.2). Being primiparous (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.5), a lack of assistance from a health professional for early initiation breastfeeding (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI: 3.0, 8.6), not applying early skin-to-skin contact (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7, 6.4), and not receiving postcesarean counseling about early initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.6, 3.8) were significantly associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding. Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of delayed breastfeeding initiation among mothers who had cesarean sections, with significant factors including primiparity, a lack of professional assistance, the absence of early skin-to-skin contact, and inadequate postcesarean counseling. To address this, targeted interventions are essential, including enhancing antenatal care services, providing comprehensive breastfeeding counseling, promoting immediate skin-to-skin contact, and ensuring professional support for mothers postdelivery.

Fructose, a common sweetener in modern diets, has profound effects on both metabolism and brain function, primarily due to its distinct metabolic pathways. Unlike glucose, fructose bypasses critical regulatory steps in metabolism, particularly the phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) feedback inhibition, leading to uncontrolled metabolism and increased fat storage. This review delves into the metabolic consequences of fructose consumption, including its limited role in directly stimulating insulin secretion, which affects satiety signaling and contributes to increased food intake. The small intestine initially helps metabolize ingested fructose, shielding the liver and brain from excessive exposure. However, when consumed in excess, particularly in diets high in processed foods, this protective mechanism becomes overwhelmed, contributing to metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and fatty liver disease. The review also explores fructose's impact on the brain, with a focus on the hippocampus, a key region for memory and learning. Chronic high fructose intake has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuroinflammation, all of which contribute to cognitive decline and impairments in memory and learning. Additionally, fructose-induced alterations in insulin signaling in the brain are associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases. These findings underscore the potential long-term neurological consequences of excessive fructose intake and highlight the need for further human studies to assess the full spectrum of its effects on brain health. Addressing the rising consumption of fructose, particularly in processed foods, is essential for developing targeted strategies to mitigate its adverse metabolic and cognitive outcomes.