Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an important and universal tool for chemical profiling. Combined with chemometrics for statistical interpretation and visualisation, the technique has gained recognition as an efficient method for assessing the quality and safety of vegetable oils. Nevertheless, its application in palm oil traceability is scarce. In this investigation, different origins, types and preparations of palm oils, olive oils, virgin coconut oils (VCO) and seed oils from sesame, black caraway, argan, corn, peanut and sunflower were examined for their chemical attributes using proton ( 1 H) NMR. The analysis used milligrams quantity of samples and was proven to be rapid with minimal sample preparation and analysis time. The statistical components of the multivariate model generated from the dataset were significant and highlighted the characterisation of the specimens into groups of palm, olive, virgin coconut and seed oils based on the presence and abundance of various types of proton signals. Different packaging and blends of commercial palm cooking oils exhibited similar proton profiles while the lab-prepared palm oil is closely linked to VCO. The work contributes to the development of authentication and traceability analytical methods for palm oil and will be expanded into a predictive platform with a larger dataset.
{"title":"CHEMICAL PROFILING OF PALM OIL AND OTHER SELECTED PLANT OILS BY PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS","authors":"N. Tahir","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an important and universal tool for chemical profiling. Combined with chemometrics for statistical interpretation and visualisation, the technique has gained recognition as an efficient method for assessing the quality and safety of vegetable oils. Nevertheless, its application in palm oil traceability is scarce. In this investigation, different origins, types and preparations of palm oils, olive oils, virgin coconut oils (VCO) and seed oils from sesame, black caraway, argan, corn, peanut and sunflower were examined for their chemical attributes using proton ( 1 H) NMR. The analysis used milligrams quantity of samples and was proven to be rapid with minimal sample preparation and analysis time. The statistical components of the multivariate model generated from the dataset were significant and highlighted the characterisation of the specimens into groups of palm, olive, virgin coconut and seed oils based on the presence and abundance of various types of proton signals. Different packaging and blends of commercial palm cooking oils exhibited similar proton profiles while the lab-prepared palm oil is closely linked to VCO. The work contributes to the development of authentication and traceability analytical methods for palm oil and will be expanded into a predictive platform with a larger dataset.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45503589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green processing technique that employed the use of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as an extractant in place of organic or inorganic solvents. In this study, SFE was used to recover oil from the milled palm fruit peels as a sustainable feedstock. The process was carried out at five different temperatures of 40°C-80°C, varied extraction time of 30-150 min, a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, a flow rate of 5 mL min -1 , and a co-solvent ratio of 5.00% vol. The result shows that an optimum extract yield of 3.95% was recovered at the maximum temperature (80°C) after 150 min. The experimentally obtained data were subjected to kinetic analysis using Elovich’s, Hyperbolic and Pseudo second-order models. Models’ suitability to the data fitness was tested using seven error functions, in which Elovich’s was found to be the best-fitted model, succeeded by the Hyperbolic and then Pseudo second-order. Also, the result of statistical analysis using ANOVA, indicates that temperature has more impact on improving the rate of extract recovery than extraction time. Finally, the thermodynamic studies revealed that an irreversible and endothermically forward reaction was observed considering the values of the entropy change (ΔS) = 0.138 J mol -1 K -1 , enthalpy change (ΔH) = 53.50 K J mol -1 , and Gibbs’ free energy, (ΔG) = -6.04 K J mol -1 respectively.
超临界流体萃取（SFE）是一种利用二氧化碳（CO2）代替有机或无机溶剂作为萃取剂的绿色加工技术。在本研究中，SFE被用于从研磨的棕榈果皮中回收油，作为可持续的原料。该工艺在40°C-80°C的五个不同温度、30-150分钟的不同提取时间、25 MPa的固定压力、5 mL min-1的流速和5.00%体积的共溶剂比下进行。结果表明，在最高温度（80°C）下150分钟后，最佳提取收率为3.95%。使用Elovich、双曲线和伪二阶模型对实验获得的数据进行动力学分析。使用七个误差函数测试了模型对数据拟合度的适用性，其中Elovich模型是拟合最好的模型，其次是双曲线模型和伪二阶模型。此外，使用ANOVA的统计分析结果表明，与提取时间相比，温度对提高提取物回收率的影响更大。最后，热力学研究表明，当熵变（ΔS）=0.138J mol-1 K-1，焓变（ΔH）=53.50KJ mol-1和吉布斯自由能（ΔG）=6.04K J mol-1时，观察到了不可逆和吸热的正向反应。
{"title":"LINEAR KINETICS MODELLING AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDY OF SUPERCRITICAL CO2-DERIVED OIL EXTRACTS FROM PALM FRUIT MESOCARP","authors":"Usman Bello","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green processing technique that employed the use of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as an extractant in place of organic or inorganic solvents. In this study, SFE was used to recover oil from the milled palm fruit peels as a sustainable feedstock. The process was carried out at five different temperatures of 40°C-80°C, varied extraction time of 30-150 min, a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, a flow rate of 5 mL min -1 , and a co-solvent ratio of 5.00% vol. The result shows that an optimum extract yield of 3.95% was recovered at the maximum temperature (80°C) after 150 min. The experimentally obtained data were subjected to kinetic analysis using Elovich’s, Hyperbolic and Pseudo second-order models. Models’ suitability to the data fitness was tested using seven error functions, in which Elovich’s was found to be the best-fitted model, succeeded by the Hyperbolic and then Pseudo second-order. Also, the result of statistical analysis using ANOVA, indicates that temperature has more impact on improving the rate of extract recovery than extraction time. Finally, the thermodynamic studies revealed that an irreversible and endothermically forward reaction was observed considering the values of the entropy change (ΔS) = 0.138 J mol -1 K -1 , enthalpy change (ΔH) = 53.50 K J mol -1 , and Gibbs’ free energy, (ΔG) = -6.04 K J mol -1 respectively.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46121909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a major input of capital investment in mechanised agricultural operations, farm machinery cost is important to be evaluated before making decisions for its further adoption. This study aimed to evaluate the total costs of an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant Nitrogen (N) sensor and autopilot tractormounted real-time soil electrical conductivity (EC) sensor for plant and soil monitoring operation in oil palm cultivation. The estimated total cost for operating an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant N sensor was RM5.51 ha-1 or 45.00% lower than that of the current practice in immature palm fertilising operations. Whilst, the estimated total cost for operating an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time soil EC sensor was RM6.90 ha-1 or 31.14% cheaper than that of the current practice. Considering the average oil palm estate area of 960 ha in Malaysia and the frequency of operation per year, the break-even areas (BEA) for economic justification of owning an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant N sensor was five estates, and an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time soil EC sensor was two estates. Despite securing higher total cost saving offered by each machine system was a challenge, however, the machine’s capability of optimising site-specific crop management (SSCM) for managing efficient inputs is a key benefit of this technology.
{"title":"COSTS EVALUATION OF AUTOPILOT TRACTOR-MOUNTED REAL-TIME SENSORS FOR PLANT AND SOIL MONITORING OPERATION IN OIL PALM CULTIVATION","authors":"Darius El Pebrian","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0019","url":null,"abstract":"As a major input of capital investment in mechanised agricultural operations, farm machinery cost is important to be evaluated before making decisions for its further adoption. This study aimed to evaluate the total costs of an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant Nitrogen (N) sensor and autopilot tractormounted real-time soil electrical conductivity (EC) sensor for plant and soil monitoring operation in oil palm cultivation. The estimated total cost for operating an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant N sensor was RM5.51 ha-1 or 45.00% lower than that of the current practice in immature palm fertilising operations. Whilst, the estimated total cost for operating an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time soil EC sensor was RM6.90 ha-1 or 31.14% cheaper than that of the current practice. Considering the average oil palm estate area of 960 ha in Malaysia and the frequency of operation per year, the break-even areas (BEA) for economic justification of owning an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time plant N sensor was five estates, and an autopilot tractor-mounted real-time soil EC sensor was two estates. Despite securing higher total cost saving offered by each machine system was a challenge, however, the machine’s capability of optimising site-specific crop management (SSCM) for managing efficient inputs is a key benefit of this technology.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48117476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple, fast and rapid multi-residue method for the analysis of triazole fungicide residues in palm kernel, mesocarp and raw agricultural commodity (RAC) was developed and validated using gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD). The method was developed from a modified QuEChERS extraction method and followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up procedure. Five triazole compounds were studied, namely tetraconazole, penconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole and epoxiconazole. Optimisation of different solvent extractions was conducted in order to find a suitable solvents for triazole residue extraction. The developed method was validated in-house and satisfied the important validation parameters such as recovery, repeatability and reproducibility based on SANTE guideline. The recoveries for all fungicides at fortification levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg –1 in palm kernel, mesocarp and RAC were in the range of 80% to 108% with relative standard deviations (%RSD) of less than 10%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the developed method were estimated to range between 0.12 and 0.23 mg kg –1 and 0.31 and 0.7 mg kg –1 , respectively.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT AND IN-HOUSE VALIDATION OF MULTI-RESIDUE METHOD FOR TRIAZOLE FUNGICIDES IN PALM KERNEL, MESOCARP AND RAW AGRICULTURE COMMODITY (RAC) USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MICRO ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR (GC-μECD)","authors":"Maznah Zainol","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0018","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, fast and rapid multi-residue method for the analysis of triazole fungicide residues in palm kernel, mesocarp and raw agricultural commodity (RAC) was developed and validated using gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD). The method was developed from a modified QuEChERS extraction method and followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up procedure. Five triazole compounds were studied, namely tetraconazole, penconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole and epoxiconazole. Optimisation of different solvent extractions was conducted in order to find a suitable solvents for triazole residue extraction. The developed method was validated in-house and satisfied the important validation parameters such as recovery, repeatability and reproducibility based on SANTE guideline. The recoveries for all fungicides at fortification levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg –1 in palm kernel, mesocarp and RAC were in the range of 80% to 108% with relative standard deviations (%RSD) of less than 10%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the developed method were estimated to range between 0.12 and 0.23 mg kg –1 and 0.31 and 0.7 mg kg –1 , respectively.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46587825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The devastating infestation of bagworms in Malaysia had significant impact on oil palm production. The influence of beneficial plant, Turnera subulata on the natural enemies’ abundance in relation to bagworm, Pteroma pendula occurrence in an oil palm plantation located in Bagan Datuk, Perak was investigated. Sampling techniques (yellow sticky trap and sweep net) were employed in each of the sampling areas: (i) T. subulata groves, and (ii) oil palm inter-row. A total of 1035 individuals of insect natural enemies representing four orders and nine families were collected. The highest diversity was found in the T. subulata groves, with Shannon-Wiener index (H’) of 1.747 compared to inter-rows (1.447). These values are supported by the higher abundance of natural enemies on T. subulata groves that indicated 82% of total individuals captured, dominated by Chalchidae (580 individuals). Overall, the interaction between the techniques and locations was significant (F = 9.125; df = 1; P = 0.003). A significant positive correlation was observed between natural enemies and pupal stage of P. pendula (r = 0.659; r 2 = 0.434; P <0.001). The findings from this study suggest that the propagation of insect natural enemies can be effectively achieved by the establishment of beneficial plants such as T. subulata .
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF FLOWERING BENEFICIAL PLANT, Turnera subulata ON THE INSECT NATURAL ENEMIES’ ABUNDANCE IN RELATION TO OIL PALM BAGWORM OCCURRENCE IN BAGAN DATUK, PERAK, MALAYSIA","authors":"Siti Nurulhidayah Ahmad","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The devastating infestation of bagworms in Malaysia had significant impact on oil palm production. The influence of beneficial plant, Turnera subulata on the natural enemies’ abundance in relation to bagworm, Pteroma pendula occurrence in an oil palm plantation located in Bagan Datuk, Perak was investigated. Sampling techniques (yellow sticky trap and sweep net) were employed in each of the sampling areas: (i) T. subulata groves, and (ii) oil palm inter-row. A total of 1035 individuals of insect natural enemies representing four orders and nine families were collected. The highest diversity was found in the T. subulata groves, with Shannon-Wiener index (H’) of 1.747 compared to inter-rows (1.447). These values are supported by the higher abundance of natural enemies on T. subulata groves that indicated 82% of total individuals captured, dominated by Chalchidae (580 individuals). Overall, the interaction between the techniques and locations was significant (F = 9.125; df = 1; P = 0.003). A significant positive correlation was observed between natural enemies and pupal stage of P. pendula (r = 0.659; r 2 = 0.434; P <0.001). The findings from this study suggest that the propagation of insect natural enemies can be effectively achieved by the establishment of beneficial plants such as T. subulata .","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49200385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current oil palm transformation efficiency was relatively low compared to other monocots such as rice and sorghum. Thus, the construction of efficient transformation vectors is crucial for Agrobacterium -mediated oil palm genetic engineering to elevate the transformation efficiency. In this study, six transformation vectors, which contain phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ( bar ), modified green fluorescent protein ( mgfp ) and synthetic green fluorescent protein ( sgfp(S65T) ) genes driven by either maize ubiquitin (Ubi-1) or cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S) promoters, were assembled in pBINPLUS/ARS or pCAMBIA0380 backbones. The efficiency of these vectors was evaluated in oil palm calli. Based on transient GFP signals, the pBINPLUS/ARS-based vectors produced a higher number of GFP signals than the pCAMBIA0380-based vectors. The CaMV35S promoter was more excellent than the Ubi-1 promoter in driving the expression of gfp genes. Furthermore, the sgfp(S65T) variant was more suitable for oil palm transformation than the mgfp variant because it produced more GFP signals in the oil palm calli than the mgfp variant. These results suggested that the pBAR65 vector, which carries the bar and sgfp(S65T) genes driven by the CaMV35S promoter in the pBINPLUS/ARS backbone, is the most suitable vector and could be used to develop an efficient Agrobacterium -mediated transformation system for oil palm.
{"title":"VECTOR CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSIENT EVALUATION IN OIL PALM CALLI VIA Agrobacterium-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION","authors":"Nor Hanin Ayub","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Current oil palm transformation efficiency was relatively low compared to other monocots such as rice and sorghum. Thus, the construction of efficient transformation vectors is crucial for Agrobacterium -mediated oil palm genetic engineering to elevate the transformation efficiency. In this study, six transformation vectors, which contain phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ( bar ), modified green fluorescent protein ( mgfp ) and synthetic green fluorescent protein ( sgfp(S65T) ) genes driven by either maize ubiquitin (Ubi-1) or cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S) promoters, were assembled in pBINPLUS/ARS or pCAMBIA0380 backbones. The efficiency of these vectors was evaluated in oil palm calli. Based on transient GFP signals, the pBINPLUS/ARS-based vectors produced a higher number of GFP signals than the pCAMBIA0380-based vectors. The CaMV35S promoter was more excellent than the Ubi-1 promoter in driving the expression of gfp genes. Furthermore, the sgfp(S65T) variant was more suitable for oil palm transformation than the mgfp variant because it produced more GFP signals in the oil palm calli than the mgfp variant. These results suggested that the pBAR65 vector, which carries the bar and sgfp(S65T) genes driven by the CaMV35S promoter in the pBINPLUS/ARS backbone, is the most suitable vector and could be used to develop an efficient Agrobacterium -mediated transformation system for oil palm.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42990725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthropod communities at oil palm inflorescence, specifically the insects, are known to forage for floral resources and hence act as pollinators to the palm tree. However, their activities at the inflorescence other than as pollinators are rarely explained. This study was conducted at an oil palm plantation located at Hulu Terengganu District, in Terengganu state, Peninsular Malaysia. Arthropod fauna was extracted from 15 male and female inflorescences for identification, and bottle traps were set up to capture the arthropod fauna for pollen load observations. A total of 14 insect taxa, two spiders and a millipede were recorded in this study. A high abundance of Elaeidobius kamerunicus was recorded and with high conspecific pollen loads on their bodies further confirming their importance as pollinators for the palm tree. Predation activity by an earwig on larvae of the insect pollinators which used the male inflorescence as a breeding site was observed in this study. Other than utilising the oil palm inflorescence as a preying and breeding ground, earwigs, ants, wasps and flies were also likely pollinators for the oil palm tree. Hence this study adds more understanding of the ecological role of arthropods in the oil palm plantations in Malaysia.
{"title":"ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF OIL PALM INFLORESCENCE (Elaeis guineensis), WITH NOTES ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL ROLES IN A PLANTATION IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA","authors":"M. N. Zalipah","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Arthropod communities at oil palm inflorescence, specifically the insects, are known to forage for floral resources and hence act as pollinators to the palm tree. However, their activities at the inflorescence other than as pollinators are rarely explained. This study was conducted at an oil palm plantation located at Hulu Terengganu District, in Terengganu state, Peninsular Malaysia. Arthropod fauna was extracted from 15 male and female inflorescences for identification, and bottle traps were set up to capture the arthropod fauna for pollen load observations. A total of 14 insect taxa, two spiders and a millipede were recorded in this study. A high abundance of Elaeidobius kamerunicus was recorded and with high conspecific pollen loads on their bodies further confirming their importance as pollinators for the palm tree. Predation activity by an earwig on larvae of the insect pollinators which used the male inflorescence as a breeding site was observed in this study. Other than utilising the oil palm inflorescence as a preying and breeding ground, earwigs, ants, wasps and flies were also likely pollinators for the oil palm tree. Hence this study adds more understanding of the ecological role of arthropods in the oil palm plantations in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49441227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seed dormancy of oil palms, after harvesting with low and non-uniform germination, is a significant problem for commercial seedling production. Practically, dry-heat treatments are performed to release the dormancy. This study is aimed to investigate the optimum heating requirement to remove the Sub-PSU1 oil palm seed dormancy, after different storage times while waiting for a commercial order and breeding program before the germination occurs. Abscisic acid levels, after the heat treatment of stored seeds were also studied concurrently. It was found that the dormancy of oil palm seeds had entirely declined naturally after 15 months of storage at 20°C, with germination of 85% within 49 days. A dry heat treatment at 40°C for 45 days, being shorter than the traditional practice (60-80 days), is found influential in promoting the germination of oil palm seeds after 15 months of storage. This treatment also effectively delayed the accumulated abscisic acid in stored seeds at higher levels, with a more extended storage period. In conclusion, the specific condition of the dry heat treatment for breaking the seed dormancy during long-term storage at a low temperature (20°C), will certainly benefit commercial seedling production, when used in the breeding programmes of sub-PSU1 oil palm.
{"title":"DRY-HEAT TREATMENT FOR RELEASING THE DORMANCY OF STORED OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) SEEDS","authors":"V. Wongvarodom","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Seed dormancy of oil palms, after harvesting with low and non-uniform germination, is a significant problem for commercial seedling production. Practically, dry-heat treatments are performed to release the dormancy. This study is aimed to investigate the optimum heating requirement to remove the Sub-PSU1 oil palm seed dormancy, after different storage times while waiting for a commercial order and breeding program before the germination occurs. Abscisic acid levels, after the heat treatment of stored seeds were also studied concurrently. It was found that the dormancy of oil palm seeds had entirely declined naturally after 15 months of storage at 20°C, with germination of 85% within 49 days. A dry heat treatment at 40°C for 45 days, being shorter than the traditional practice (60-80 days), is found influential in promoting the germination of oil palm seeds after 15 months of storage. This treatment also effectively delayed the accumulated abscisic acid in stored seeds at higher levels, with a more extended storage period. In conclusion, the specific condition of the dry heat treatment for breaking the seed dormancy during long-term storage at a low temperature (20°C), will certainly benefit commercial seedling production, when used in the breeding programmes of sub-PSU1 oil palm.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41902007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil palm is mainly propagated through dura × pisifera hybrid (DxP) seeds. In the natural environment, oil palm seeds require more than eight months of storage to achieve 25% germination due to a combination of morphological and physiological dormancy. Therefore, improvement in terms of the percentage of germination, uniformity and reduction in time to germination will benefit seed producers tremendously. In this study, the effect of harvesting at three maturity stages (18, 20 and 22 weeks after pollination or WAP) and six seed positions within a bunch (Proximal-Base, Proximal-Apex, Middle-Base, Middle-Apex, Distal-Apex and Distal-Base) on seed characteristics and germination potential were evaluated in a split-plot design. Seeds harvested at 20 WAP had 80% black-coloured seeds with the highest germination of 85.1%, compared with 70.5% and 80.9% at 18 and 22 WAP, respectively. Increasing seed maturity from 18 to 20 WAP showed more seeds shifting from semi-white and white to black (up to 40% more). Seeds located at the base region of the spikelet were smaller in size and were predominantly white with no differences in germination capacity.
{"title":"OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis) SEED CHARACTERISTICS AND GERMINATION POTENTIAL AS INFLUENCED BY MATURITY STAGE AND FRUITLET POSITION ON A BUNCH","authors":"M. Ghazali","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm is mainly propagated through dura × pisifera hybrid (DxP) seeds. In the natural environment, oil palm seeds require more than eight months of storage to achieve 25% germination due to a combination of morphological and physiological dormancy. Therefore, improvement in terms of the percentage of germination, uniformity and reduction in time to germination will benefit seed producers tremendously. In this study, the effect of harvesting at three maturity stages (18, 20 and 22 weeks after pollination or WAP) and six seed positions within a bunch (Proximal-Base, Proximal-Apex, Middle-Base, Middle-Apex, Distal-Apex and Distal-Base) on seed characteristics and germination potential were evaluated in a split-plot design. Seeds harvested at 20 WAP had 80% black-coloured seeds with the highest germination of 85.1%, compared with 70.5% and 80.9% at 18 and 22 WAP, respectively. Increasing seed maturity from 18 to 20 WAP showed more seeds shifting from semi-white and white to black (up to 40% more). Seeds located at the base region of the spikelet were smaller in size and were predominantly white with no differences in germination capacity.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45733751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A bench-top machine would be suitable for farmers to separate palm mesocarp from palm kernels on a small scale. The purpose of this study was to conduct an experimental investigation on the efficiency of such a machine for palm mesocarp separation from the palm kernels with the following operational steps: (1) developing a separation machine having a pressing force measurement by upgrading an existing palm mesocarp separation machine; (2) conducting an experiment to determine a suitable operating point; and (3) examining the efficiency of the newly developed separation machine and analysing the extracted palm oil properties. The results show that suitable weight loadings for the cases without heating, with steaming, and with roasting are 1000, 1500 and 1500 g, respectively, whereas the optimal pressing distance is 19 cm. Deterioration Bleachability Index (DOBI) of palm oil extracted from oil palm mesocarp in the cases of no heating, steaming and roasting are 2.99, 3.68 and 4.15, respectively. In addition, the free fatty acid (FFA) in the cases of no heating, steaming and roasting are 3.89%, 3.14% and 2.72%, respectively. Therefore, DOBI and FFA levels satisfy the standard requirements for DOBI is not less than 2.00 and for FFA is not more than 5.00%.
{"title":"AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF A PALM MESOCARP SEPARATION MACHINE","authors":"N. Mueangdee","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"A bench-top machine would be suitable for farmers to separate palm mesocarp from palm kernels on a small scale. The purpose of this study was to conduct an experimental investigation on the efficiency of such a machine for palm mesocarp separation from the palm kernels with the following operational steps: (1) developing a separation machine having a pressing force measurement by upgrading an existing palm mesocarp separation machine; (2) conducting an experiment to determine a suitable operating point; and (3) examining the efficiency of the newly developed separation machine and analysing the extracted palm oil properties. The results show that suitable weight loadings for the cases without heating, with steaming, and with roasting are 1000, 1500 and 1500 g, respectively, whereas the optimal pressing distance is 19 cm. Deterioration Bleachability Index (DOBI) of palm oil extracted from oil palm mesocarp in the cases of no heating, steaming and roasting are 2.99, 3.68 and 4.15, respectively. In addition, the free fatty acid (FFA) in the cases of no heating, steaming and roasting are 3.89%, 3.14% and 2.72%, respectively. Therefore, DOBI and FFA levels satisfy the standard requirements for DOBI is not less than 2.00 and for FFA is not more than 5.00%.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42066929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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