Thermal and mechanistic behaviours of solid biofuel are essential for commercial exploitation. In this work
固体生物燃料的热学和力学特性对商业开发至关重要。在这项工作中
{"title":"THERMAL ANALYSIS AND NON-ISOTHERMAL THERMOGRAVIMETRIC KINETICS ANALYSIS USING COATS-REDFERN METHOD OF A TORREFIED EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES","authors":"M. A. Sukiran","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal and mechanistic behaviours of solid biofuel are essential for commercial exploitation. In this work","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42967771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bipolaris sorokiniana has been identified as a potential indigenous fungal plant pathogen to control goosegrass ( Eleusine indica ) in oil palm plantations. However, for mass production, a suitable medium and an optimum growing environment need to be identified. This study was conducted to determine the suitable culture media and light duration requirements for optimal growth of B. sorokiniana . Four types of culture media: Potato dextrose agar (PDA), corn meal agar (CMA), V8 agar (V8A) and water agar (WA), were evaluated for the B. sorokiniana subculture. Three light durations (0, 12 and 24 hr) were tested for B. sorokiniana growth. The growth diameter and colony-forming units of B. sorokiniana were recorded. When compared to CMA, V8A, and WA media in the same light durations, B. sorokiniana grew at maximum mean growth diameter at 12 hr light duration in PDA (4.56 cm), 24 hr light duration in PDA (4.36 cm) and 0 hr light duration in PDA (4.21 cm). Bipolaris sorokiniana produced more CFU during the 0 light duration than during the 12 hr and 24 hr light durations. Hence, this study shows that B. sorokiniana has the potential for reproduction using PDA culture media without light.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF CULTURE MEDIUM AND LIGHT DURATIONS ON THE FUNGAL GROWTH OF Bipolaris sorokiniana","authors":"M. Ismail","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Bipolaris sorokiniana has been identified as a potential indigenous fungal plant pathogen to control goosegrass ( Eleusine indica ) in oil palm plantations. However, for mass production, a suitable medium and an optimum growing environment need to be identified. This study was conducted to determine the suitable culture media and light duration requirements for optimal growth of B. sorokiniana . Four types of culture media: Potato dextrose agar (PDA), corn meal agar (CMA), V8 agar (V8A) and water agar (WA), were evaluated for the B. sorokiniana subculture. Three light durations (0, 12 and 24 hr) were tested for B. sorokiniana growth. The growth diameter and colony-forming units of B. sorokiniana were recorded. When compared to CMA, V8A, and WA media in the same light durations, B. sorokiniana grew at maximum mean growth diameter at 12 hr light duration in PDA (4.56 cm), 24 hr light duration in PDA (4.36 cm) and 0 hr light duration in PDA (4.21 cm). Bipolaris sorokiniana produced more CFU during the 0 light duration than during the 12 hr and 24 hr light durations. Hence, this study shows that B. sorokiniana has the potential for reproduction using PDA culture media without light.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41957314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil palm is categorised as the most important agricultural crop in Malaysia occupying about 70% of the agricultural land. The palm oil industry is one of the biggest contributors to Malaysia’s Gross National Income (GNI). However, the rapid development of the palm oil industry causes high production of palm oil waste which is a worrying environmental issue these days. As the need to promote sustainable, renewable and clean energy keeps rising, researchers have taken a keen interest in utilising palm oil waste as a source of biomass. Palm oil waste such as palm kernel shell (PKS) is a great source of valuable biomass and readily available in large amounts which can then be transformed into biochar and activated carbon via pyrolysis and activation processes, respectively. By producing palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) and activated palm kernel shell (APKS) derived from palm oil waste, they can potentially be used as potential bio-fillers in rubber composites. The research aimed to study the effect of different loading of PKSB and APKS in natural rubber (NR) composite since they have higher carbon content, porosity and surface area compared to other biomass fillers. The surface morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy, cure characteristics, swelling measurements, and mechanical properties was analysed. APKS was observed to have well-developed pores that could provide a high surface area of contact resulting in improved mechanical interlocking between filler and rubber matrix. Comparisons were made between PKSB, APKS and other bio-fillers such as coconut fibre (CF), bamboo charcoal (BC) and untreated kenaf (UK). The cure characteristics for PKSB showed a high range of maximum torque (M H ) values (11-23 dN.m), better in ts 2 (1 min) and t 90 (2-3 min), whereas the M H values for APKS were slightly lower and longer in t 90 which were 14-15 dN.m and 2-4 min, respectively. PKSB also showed a better swelling percentage (226%-329%) which would indicate high crosslink density compared to APKS (305%-336%). Moreover, APKS showed better tensile strength (8-18 MPa) and elongation at break (519%-669%) as the filler loading increased in comparison with PKSB which recorded a tensile strength of 5-14 MPa and elongation at break of 385%-561%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the optimum value of APKS filler loading ratio in NR composite is 40 phr as 40 phr of APKS filled NR composite had the highest mechanical properties compared to the other filler loading ratios. Both PKSB and APKS have great potential to be used and commercialised as semi-reinforcing fillers in the rubber industry. This way, PSKB and APKS are able to provide a sustainable alternative to existing petroleum-based fillers and could help to reduce the abundance of palm oil waste while producing high-performance rubber-based products.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON CURE CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM BIOMASS FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES","authors":"N. M. T.","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm is categorised as the most important agricultural crop in Malaysia occupying about 70% of the agricultural land. The palm oil industry is one of the biggest contributors to Malaysia’s Gross National Income (GNI). However, the rapid development of the palm oil industry causes high production of palm oil waste which is a worrying environmental issue these days. As the need to promote sustainable, renewable and clean energy keeps rising, researchers have taken a keen interest in utilising palm oil waste as a source of biomass. Palm oil waste such as palm kernel shell (PKS) is a great source of valuable biomass and readily available in large amounts which can then be transformed into biochar and activated carbon via pyrolysis and activation processes, respectively. By producing palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) and activated palm kernel shell (APKS) derived from palm oil waste, they can potentially be used as potential bio-fillers in rubber composites. The research aimed to study the effect of different loading of PKSB and APKS in natural rubber (NR) composite since they have higher carbon content, porosity and surface area compared to other biomass fillers. The surface morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy, cure characteristics, swelling measurements, and mechanical properties was analysed. APKS was observed to have well-developed pores that could provide a high surface area of contact resulting in improved mechanical interlocking between filler and rubber matrix. Comparisons were made between PKSB, APKS and other bio-fillers such as coconut fibre (CF), bamboo charcoal (BC) and untreated kenaf (UK). The cure characteristics for PKSB showed a high range of maximum torque (M H ) values (11-23 dN.m), better in ts 2 (1 min) and t 90 (2-3 min), whereas the M H values for APKS were slightly lower and longer in t 90 which were 14-15 dN.m and 2-4 min, respectively. PKSB also showed a better swelling percentage (226%-329%) which would indicate high crosslink density compared to APKS (305%-336%). Moreover, APKS showed better tensile strength (8-18 MPa) and elongation at break (519%-669%) as the filler loading increased in comparison with PKSB which recorded a tensile strength of 5-14 MPa and elongation at break of 385%-561%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the optimum value of APKS filler loading ratio in NR composite is 40 phr as 40 phr of APKS filled NR composite had the highest mechanical properties compared to the other filler loading ratios. Both PKSB and APKS have great potential to be used and commercialised as semi-reinforcing fillers in the rubber industry. This way, PSKB and APKS are able to provide a sustainable alternative to existing petroleum-based fillers and could help to reduce the abundance of palm oil waste while producing high-performance rubber-based products.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46510257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manual loading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) involves picking up the bunches with an iron spike and dropping them into a bin or tractor-trailer. Workers need to repetitively lift a load above their shoulders hence, giving extreme strain to the muscle. To overcome this issue, a prototype was designed and developed to directly transfer FFB. The device is equipped with a hydraulic system and powered by a battery. There is a need to assess the overall performance of the device compared with the manual. The time taken to transfer a different number of bunches, time taken for total FFB evacuation, productivity and battery depletion rate was evaluated. Three-wheel transporters were used and a plot with medium-size FFB was selected. The study indicated that the device was able to handle 400 kg of loads in 38.1 s. It was found that by using the device, unloading activity will only consume about 4% of the total FFB collection time. The study showed that the machine helped the workers by reducing their time to complete the task by 35% more than the manual. In conclusion, the device functioned and performed as it is designed. Workers can now directly transfer the FFB into a bin at a reduced time.
{"title":"PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A TIPPING DEVICE FOR FRESH FRUIT BUNCH (FFB) LOADING","authors":"Mohd Ramdhan Khalid","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Manual loading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) involves picking up the bunches with an iron spike and dropping them into a bin or tractor-trailer. Workers need to repetitively lift a load above their shoulders hence, giving extreme strain to the muscle. To overcome this issue, a prototype was designed and developed to directly transfer FFB. The device is equipped with a hydraulic system and powered by a battery. There is a need to assess the overall performance of the device compared with the manual. The time taken to transfer a different number of bunches, time taken for total FFB evacuation, productivity and battery depletion rate was evaluated. Three-wheel transporters were used and a plot with medium-size FFB was selected. The study indicated that the device was able to handle 400 kg of loads in 38.1 s. It was found that by using the device, unloading activity will only consume about 4% of the total FFB collection time. The study showed that the machine helped the workers by reducing their time to complete the task by 35% more than the manual. In conclusion, the device functioned and performed as it is designed. Workers can now directly transfer the FFB into a bin at a reduced time.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45996201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palm oil (PO) is utilised for food such as cooking oil and non-food such as for making creams, soaps and detergents. It contains various unsaturated and saturated fats, vitamin E, and β-carotenes. This study aimed to clarify the influence of PO plus photobiomodulation (PBM) on leukaemia (K562 cells) proliferation. Cells were treated with various concentrations of PO, PBM at wavelength 655 nm with 1, 2, 3 and 6 J/cm 2 , and PO in pre- and post-irradiation with PBM. The proliferation of cells was investigated by MTT assay, morphologic microscopy and flow cytometry. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also determined. Cells were subjected to PO and then PBM in the presence of NAC (N-acetylcysteine) to assess the involvement of ROS in cell growth. PO can diminish the viability of K562 cells significantly. PBM did not have a remarkable effect on the viability of cells. Pre-treatment with PO and then irradiation with 1 J/cm 2 energy could induce apoptosis through intracellular ROS generation and had effective antiproliferative impacts on cells compared to those which acquired separate treatments with laser irradiated alone or PO alone. Thus, our research offers new strategies to utilise PO in combination with PBM in cancer treatment.
{"title":"ANTIPROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF PALM OIL IN THE PRESENCE OF PHOTOBIOMODULATION AGAINST K562 CANCER CELLS","authors":"A. Hekmat","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Palm oil (PO) is utilised for food such as cooking oil and non-food such as for making creams, soaps and detergents. It contains various unsaturated and saturated fats, vitamin E, and β-carotenes. This study aimed to clarify the influence of PO plus photobiomodulation (PBM) on leukaemia (K562 cells) proliferation. Cells were treated with various concentrations of PO, PBM at wavelength 655 nm with 1, 2, 3 and 6 J/cm 2 , and PO in pre- and post-irradiation with PBM. The proliferation of cells was investigated by MTT assay, morphologic microscopy and flow cytometry. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also determined. Cells were subjected to PO and then PBM in the presence of NAC (N-acetylcysteine) to assess the involvement of ROS in cell growth. PO can diminish the viability of K562 cells significantly. PBM did not have a remarkable effect on the viability of cells. Pre-treatment with PO and then irradiation with 1 J/cm 2 energy could induce apoptosis through intracellular ROS generation and had effective antiproliferative impacts on cells compared to those which acquired separate treatments with laser irradiated alone or PO alone. Thus, our research offers new strategies to utilise PO in combination with PBM in cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44403722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review discussed the nutrigenomics aspects of palm phytonutrients. Nutrigenomic is the study of the effect of nutrient intake in a specific diet on the regulation of gene expression. Nutrigenomic studies are done to develop personalised dietary, supplements and medicinal products. This can be achieved by either experimenting via in vitro , in vivo or clinical trials. However, researchers prefer to conduct in vitro studies as the data can be obtained faster than other modes of studies, primarily to assess dietary supplement safety. In vitro studies are performed outside of a living organism but in a controlled environment. Phytonutrients are natural chemicals that can be found in plant foods. Palm oil is one of the richest sources of phytonutrients. Palm oil phytonutrients include palm phenolic-enriched fraction (PEF), oil palm phenolics (OPP), and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF). These phytonutrients are used as health supplements and were proven to have nutritional benefits for consumers. In this review, we will discuss the nutrigenomics aspects of palm phytonutrients effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis and insulin resistance pathway, based on in vitro data published from 2010.
{"title":"In vitro STUDIES ON PALM PHYTONUTRIENTS: A NUTRIGENOMIC REVIEW","authors":"Maisarah Ab Fatah","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This review discussed the nutrigenomics aspects of palm phytonutrients. Nutrigenomic is the study of the effect of nutrient intake in a specific diet on the regulation of gene expression. Nutrigenomic studies are done to develop personalised dietary, supplements and medicinal products. This can be achieved by either experimenting via in vitro , in vivo or clinical trials. However, researchers prefer to conduct in vitro studies as the data can be obtained faster than other modes of studies, primarily to assess dietary supplement safety. In vitro studies are performed outside of a living organism but in a controlled environment. Phytonutrients are natural chemicals that can be found in plant foods. Palm oil is one of the richest sources of phytonutrients. Palm oil phytonutrients include palm phenolic-enriched fraction (PEF), oil palm phenolics (OPP), and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF). These phytonutrients are used as health supplements and were proven to have nutritional benefits for consumers. In this review, we will discuss the nutrigenomics aspects of palm phytonutrients effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis and insulin resistance pathway, based on in vitro data published from 2010.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43704785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bio-based chemicals possess enormous market potential in realising a circular economy. Industrially, succinic acid (SA) is an important precursor for the establishment of a sustainable biochemical industry. This article reviews the potential of oil palm trunk (OPT) for SA production, from bioconversion aspects such as biomass pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation, to technological advancement and process economics, assisted by Actinobacillus succinogenes . For commercial SA exploitation, the focus should be on finding cheap biomass feedstock and optimising unit processes either for a partial or total displacement of expensive chemical paths during fermentation. OPT has been hailed as a viable candidate for the cost-effective production of SA, given its nutrient- and carbohydrate-rich sap and bagasse for improving the intended pretreatment and hydrolysis technologies. Type of operating modes, process configurations and fermentation factors concerning medium, substrate and culture have been identified as keys for advancing SA production from OPT in recent years. Lastly, the potential of OPT as part of a biorefinery feedstock for multiple bioconversion towards effective environmental management is designed to put forth the vision of a circular economy in the palm oil industry.
{"title":"PROSPECTS AND STATE-OF-THE-ART IN PRODUCTION OF BIO-BASED SUCCINIC ACID FROM OIL PALM TRUNK","authors":"N. A. Bukhari","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based chemicals possess enormous market potential in realising a circular economy. Industrially, succinic acid (SA) is an important precursor for the establishment of a sustainable biochemical industry. This article reviews the potential of oil palm trunk (OPT) for SA production, from bioconversion aspects such as biomass pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation, to technological advancement and process economics, assisted by Actinobacillus succinogenes . For commercial SA exploitation, the focus should be on finding cheap biomass feedstock and optimising unit processes either for a partial or total displacement of expensive chemical paths during fermentation. OPT has been hailed as a viable candidate for the cost-effective production of SA, given its nutrient- and carbohydrate-rich sap and bagasse for improving the intended pretreatment and hydrolysis technologies. Type of operating modes, process configurations and fermentation factors concerning medium, substrate and culture have been identified as keys for advancing SA production from OPT in recent years. Lastly, the potential of OPT as part of a biorefinery feedstock for multiple bioconversion towards effective environmental management is designed to put forth the vision of a circular economy in the palm oil industry.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45405937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of Solketal levulinate ester (SoLE) as a potential cold flow improver (CFI) for palm biodiesel is studied. SoLE was added to palm biodiesel and several crucial palm biodiesel characteristics such as density, kinematic viscosity, pour point (PP), cloud point (CP) and cold flow plugging point (CFPP) were evaluated. SoLE was mixed with palm biodiesel at levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 20.0%, except for CFPP, only at an additional level of 1.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%. From the study, it was observed that the best percent addition of SoLE depends on the respective parameter to be improved. The density of palm biodiesel, when blended with 0.5% to 2.5% SoLE has been shown to decrease the density of neat palm biodiesel and the density value is conformed to the EN ISO 12185 standard. Kinematic viscosity values were also enhanced with the addition of SoLE below 5.0%, and the value was also within the standard range of kinematic viscosity of palm biodiesel, which must be in the range of between 3.5-5.0 mm 2 s –1 . The blending of palm biodiesel with SoLE at 15.0%-20.0% showed some promising effects by improving the pour point of palm biodiesel, between 2 o C and 5 o C, with a recommended 15.0% addition that is most economic. Similarly, the cloud point of palm biodiesel blended with SoLE at the same percentage addition showed a reduction between 3 o C to 6 o C. Palm biodiesel blended with SoLE at 15.0% addition showed a positive and noteworthy effect, especially on the improvement of the palm-biodiesel cold flow characteristics.
研究了乙酰丙酸索酮酯(SoLE)作为棕榈生物柴油潜在冷流改进剂的应用。将SoLE添加到棕榈生物柴油中，并对棕榈生物柴油的密度、运动粘度、倾点(PP)、浊点(CP)和冷流堵塞点(CFPP)等关键特性进行了评价。SoLE与棕榈生物柴油分别以0.5%、1.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%、15.0%和20.0%的水平混合，除CFPP外，仅以1.0%、10.0%和15.0%的水平混合。从研究中可以看出，溶胶的最佳添加百分比取决于各自有待改进的参数。棕榈生物柴油的密度，当与0.5%至2.5%的SoLE混合时，已被证明会降低纯棕榈生物柴油的密度，其密度值符合EN ISO 12185标准。添加SoLE后，运动粘度值在5.0%以下也得到了提高，并且该值也在棕榈生物柴油运动粘度的标准范围内，该范围必须在3.5-5.0 mm 2 s -1之间。棕榈生物柴油与SoLE的掺量为15.0% ~ 20.0%，通过改善棕榈生物柴油的倒点(2℃~ 5℃)，取得了良好的效果，推荐添加量为15.0%时最经济。同样，添加相同百分比的SoLE的棕榈生物柴油的浊点也在3℃~ 6℃之间下降，添加15.0%的SoLE的棕榈生物柴油效果显著，特别是对棕榈生物柴油冷流动特性的改善。
{"title":"SOLKETAL LEVULINATE ESTER AS A POTENTIAL FUEL ADDITIVE FOR PALM BIODIESEL","authors":"Nik Siti Mariam Nek Mat Din","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Solketal levulinate ester (SoLE) as a potential cold flow improver (CFI) for palm biodiesel is studied. SoLE was added to palm biodiesel and several crucial palm biodiesel characteristics such as density, kinematic viscosity, pour point (PP), cloud point (CP) and cold flow plugging point (CFPP) were evaluated. SoLE was mixed with palm biodiesel at levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 20.0%, except for CFPP, only at an additional level of 1.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%. From the study, it was observed that the best percent addition of SoLE depends on the respective parameter to be improved. The density of palm biodiesel, when blended with 0.5% to 2.5% SoLE has been shown to decrease the density of neat palm biodiesel and the density value is conformed to the EN ISO 12185 standard. Kinematic viscosity values were also enhanced with the addition of SoLE below 5.0%, and the value was also within the standard range of kinematic viscosity of palm biodiesel, which must be in the range of between 3.5-5.0 mm 2 s –1 . The blending of palm biodiesel with SoLE at 15.0%-20.0% showed some promising effects by improving the pour point of palm biodiesel, between 2 o C and 5 o C, with a recommended 15.0% addition that is most economic. Similarly, the cloud point of palm biodiesel blended with SoLE at the same percentage addition showed a reduction between 3 o C to 6 o C. Palm biodiesel blended with SoLE at 15.0% addition showed a positive and noteworthy effect, especially on the improvement of the palm-biodiesel cold flow characteristics.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42786088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was produced from waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) using KOH catalyst supported on palm kernel shells ash (PKSA). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to design the experiment and analyse three parameters: Catalyst amount, KOH loading and methanol to oil molar ratio. The result found that the catalyst activity depended on basicity of the catalysts. The statistical model predicted that the highest yield of 96.73% was achieved with an optimised parameter of 15 wt.% catalyst amount, 20 wt.% of KOH loading and 11.39:1 methanol to oil ratio at the temperature of 65 o C. Experiments performed at the predicted condition yield of 92.74% suggest that the RSM is an accurate method for biodiesel production. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical composition of biodiesel. The catalyst reusability test verified that the synthesised catalyst could be reused up to 3 times. The results demonstrated that waste cooking palm oil can be completely transformed into methyl ester. This study indicates that KOH supported on palm kernel shell ash is an effective catalyst for the conversion of waste cooking palm oil to biodiesel.
{"title":"OPTIMISATION OF FAME PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING PALM OIL WITH KOH CATALYST SUPPORTED ON PALM KERNEL SHELLS ASH (PKSA) USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)","authors":"H. Sukkathanyawat","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was produced from waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) using KOH catalyst supported on palm kernel shells ash (PKSA). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to design the experiment and analyse three parameters: Catalyst amount, KOH loading and methanol to oil molar ratio. The result found that the catalyst activity depended on basicity of the catalysts. The statistical model predicted that the highest yield of 96.73% was achieved with an optimised parameter of 15 wt.% catalyst amount, 20 wt.% of KOH loading and 11.39:1 methanol to oil ratio at the temperature of 65 o C. Experiments performed at the predicted condition yield of 92.74% suggest that the RSM is an accurate method for biodiesel production. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical composition of biodiesel. The catalyst reusability test verified that the synthesised catalyst could be reused up to 3 times. The results demonstrated that waste cooking palm oil can be completely transformed into methyl ester. This study indicates that KOH supported on palm kernel shell ash is an effective catalyst for the conversion of waste cooking palm oil to biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46724167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work demonstrates the economic feasibility of the production of bio-polybutylene succinate (bio-PBS) with 99.69% purity. Based on an extensive literature review, bio-succinic acid (bio-SA) was produced via fermentation from oil palm fronds (OPF), which was then purified via vacuum filtration, evaporated, crystallised and dried to attain 99.27% purity. The purified bio-SA was then hydrogenated to produce 1,4-butanediol (BDO), prior to polymerisation with bio-SA to produce bio-PBS via esterification. The mass balance analysis performed with SuperPro Designer ® showed a negligible error. The proposed design gained profit in a short period of time based on 24.14% internal rate of return (IRR), 6.33 years dynamic payback period (DPP) and RM3366.31 million net present value (NPV). Direct comparison between simulation data and manual calculations showed <25.00% difference, which proved the dependability of the simulation results. Sensitivity analysis predicted that an increment in either bio-PBS’s production rate or bio-PBS and by-products pricing can increase the value of NPV and IRR. However, the increment in raw material price and fixed capital investment (C FCI ) can lower their values. Collectively, the results highlighted the feasibility of this process on a large scale as it has the potential to generate revenues, ultimately resulting in a sustainable bioplastic industry for packaging applications.
{"title":"ECONOMICAL STUDY OF BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM BIOMASS","authors":"Rohani Arpa","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This work demonstrates the economic feasibility of the production of bio-polybutylene succinate (bio-PBS) with 99.69% purity. Based on an extensive literature review, bio-succinic acid (bio-SA) was produced via fermentation from oil palm fronds (OPF), which was then purified via vacuum filtration, evaporated, crystallised and dried to attain 99.27% purity. The purified bio-SA was then hydrogenated to produce 1,4-butanediol (BDO), prior to polymerisation with bio-SA to produce bio-PBS via esterification. The mass balance analysis performed with SuperPro Designer ® showed a negligible error. The proposed design gained profit in a short period of time based on 24.14% internal rate of return (IRR), 6.33 years dynamic payback period (DPP) and RM3366.31 million net present value (NPV). Direct comparison between simulation data and manual calculations showed <25.00% difference, which proved the dependability of the simulation results. Sensitivity analysis predicted that an increment in either bio-PBS’s production rate or bio-PBS and by-products pricing can increase the value of NPV and IRR. However, the increment in raw material price and fixed capital investment (C FCI ) can lower their values. Collectively, the results highlighted the feasibility of this process on a large scale as it has the potential to generate revenues, ultimately resulting in a sustainable bioplastic industry for packaging applications.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47816418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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