Optimising the use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser in the main nursery will save costs, optimise seedling growth, and minimise N leaching. Appropriate N fertiliser recommendations can be approached by modelling growth and nitrogen uptake. This study aimed to obtain a model of nitrogen uptake from oil palm seedlings in the main nurseries. The trial was conducted at the Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, IPB University, from May 2021-January 2022. The experiment consisted of five levels of N replicated five times. Treatments N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 consisted of 0%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% standard fertiliser, respectively. The developed growth and N uptake model can only be used to predict oil palm growth and nutrient uptake in the main nurseries. The model was built from the dry matter partition coefficient, nutrient partition coefficient, and the actual amount of nutrient requirement. The model validation results during the main nursery showed that the model developed generally corresponded to the observed values for dry weight and nutrient uptake in the field. The developed model can predict oil palm seedlings’ dry weight and nutrient uptake in the main nurseries under various conditions of deficiency or excess of N fertiliser level and climate conditions.
{"title":"NITROGEN UPTAKE MODEL OF OIL PALM IN MAIN NURSERY","authors":"ADINDA N H MANURUNG","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0052","url":null,"abstract":"Optimising the use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser in the main nursery will save costs, optimise seedling growth, and minimise N leaching. Appropriate N fertiliser recommendations can be approached by modelling growth and nitrogen uptake. This study aimed to obtain a model of nitrogen uptake from oil palm seedlings in the main nurseries. The trial was conducted at the Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, IPB University, from May 2021-January 2022. The experiment consisted of five levels of N replicated five times. Treatments N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 consisted of 0%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% standard fertiliser, respectively. The developed growth and N uptake model can only be used to predict oil palm growth and nutrient uptake in the main nurseries. The model was built from the dry matter partition coefficient, nutrient partition coefficient, and the actual amount of nutrient requirement. The model validation results during the main nursery showed that the model developed generally corresponded to the observed values for dry weight and nutrient uptake in the field. The developed model can predict oil palm seedlings’ dry weight and nutrient uptake in the main nurseries under various conditions of deficiency or excess of N fertiliser level and climate conditions.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cattle grazing and sparse weed flora due to poor light infiltration in mature oil palm plantations have created a need for the identification of shade tolerant fodder grass varieties. A total of 14 varieties of Guinea grass and four varieties of hybrid Napier were screened for 4 years under dense shade of mature oil palm plantation. Significant differences were observed among the fodder grass varieties evaluated for fodder yield and nutritive quality attributes. Of all the varieties, Sampoorna (24.55 t/ha), CO-4 (22.52 t/ha) and KKM-1 (22.34 t/ha) among hybrid Napier grass and BG-1 (23.12 t/ha), DGG-1 (22.00 t/ha), CO-3 (21.38 t/ha) and Grazing Guinea-1 (20.28 t/ha) among Guinea grass have been identified as promising fodder yielders. Overall, better nutritive levels in fodder quality attributes like crude protein (11.88%), crude fat (2.15%), neutral detergent fibre (66.75%), acid detergent fibre (44.37%), lignin (8.91%) and acid insoluble ash (6.00%) were observed in Sampoorna. Because of unique/sturdy growth habit, better adaptation and optimum fodder yield, Sampoorna along with Grazing Guinea-1 can be the most suitable option for a sustainable oil palm-based farming system.
{"title":"NUTRITIVE SCREENING AND FORAGE YIELD OF GUINEA AND HYBRID NAPIER GRASS VARIETIES UNDER DENSE SHADE OF MATURE OIL PALM PLANTATION","authors":"RAMACHANDRUDU KUMMARI","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0051","url":null,"abstract":"Cattle grazing and sparse weed flora due to poor light infiltration in mature oil palm plantations have created a need for the identification of shade tolerant fodder grass varieties. A total of 14 varieties of Guinea grass and four varieties of hybrid Napier were screened for 4 years under dense shade of mature oil palm plantation. Significant differences were observed among the fodder grass varieties evaluated for fodder yield and nutritive quality attributes. Of all the varieties, Sampoorna (24.55 t/ha), CO-4 (22.52 t/ha) and KKM-1 (22.34 t/ha) among hybrid Napier grass and BG-1 (23.12 t/ha), DGG-1 (22.00 t/ha), CO-3 (21.38 t/ha) and Grazing Guinea-1 (20.28 t/ha) among Guinea grass have been identified as promising fodder yielders. Overall, better nutritive levels in fodder quality attributes like crude protein (11.88%), crude fat (2.15%), neutral detergent fibre (66.75%), acid detergent fibre (44.37%), lignin (8.91%) and acid insoluble ash (6.00%) were observed in Sampoorna. Because of unique/sturdy growth habit, better adaptation and optimum fodder yield, Sampoorna along with Grazing Guinea-1 can be the most suitable option for a sustainable oil palm-based farming system.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the most efficient and abundant pollinator in oil palm plantations. We recorded biweekly observations to understand the population behaviour, habits and biological features of E. kamerunicus , as well as the volatile organic compound profile emitted by the inflorescences of two oil palm cultivars. Samples of the male and female inflorescences during the anthesis of Elaeis guineensis and the hybrid Coari × La Mé were collected. Elaeidobius kamerunicus adults copulated between 9:30 and 11:30 hr, and the females oviposited on the stamens of the male flowers. The life cycle of E. kamerunicus from egg to pupa took 8.6 days, and the life expectancy of adult males and females was 40.8 and 51.4 days, respectively. The female oviposition rate was 1.3 eggs/day, with a development time of 0.5 days. Insects such as Pachycondyla harpax , Hololepta sp., and members of the Chrysopidae and Dermaptera families, as well as spiders and Pseudoscorpiones, predated on this species. The main compounds emitted by the male and female inflorescences were methyl salicylate, estragole, cis-Anethole, and trans-Anethole studied in these two cultivars.
{"title":"BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST, 1898 (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN TWO OIL PALM CULTIVARS IN COLOMBIA","authors":"CARLOS ANDRÉS SENDOYA CORRALES","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the most efficient and abundant pollinator in oil palm plantations. We recorded biweekly observations to understand the population behaviour, habits and biological features of E. kamerunicus , as well as the volatile organic compound profile emitted by the inflorescences of two oil palm cultivars. Samples of the male and female inflorescences during the anthesis of Elaeis guineensis and the hybrid Coari × La Mé were collected. Elaeidobius kamerunicus adults copulated between 9:30 and 11:30 hr, and the females oviposited on the stamens of the male flowers. The life cycle of E. kamerunicus from egg to pupa took 8.6 days, and the life expectancy of adult males and females was 40.8 and 51.4 days, respectively. The female oviposition rate was 1.3 eggs/day, with a development time of 0.5 days. Insects such as Pachycondyla harpax , Hololepta sp., and members of the Chrysopidae and Dermaptera families, as well as spiders and Pseudoscorpiones, predated on this species. The main compounds emitted by the male and female inflorescences were methyl salicylate, estragole, cis-Anethole, and trans-Anethole studied in these two cultivars.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite their feasibility as food flavouring, glycidol is classified as a probable carcinogen under group 2A by WHO. The cytotoxicity effects of isomers of R-and S-glycidol on African green monkey kidney normal cell lines (Vero) and human colon cancer cell line (HCT 116) remain unclear. Cell viability of the treated Vero and HCT 116 cells was determined using the AlamarBlue ® assay. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Protein expressions of ERK ½, p-ERK, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were investigated using western blotting technique. The findings indicated that R-and S-glycidol (1.16 µg/mL) exposure dramatically reduced the cell viability of the treated HCT 116 cells but was slightly cytotoxic to Vero cells, hence triggering ROS activity. R-and S-glycidol cause down-regulation of ERK ½, p-ERK, and BCL-2 protein expression at 48 h of treatment. Furthermore, both R-and S-glycidol possess close interaction in proximity to 3D-structure of human ERK and p-ERK protein receptors. In conclusion, R - and S -glycidol potentially triggered oxidative stress and affected ERK protein phosphorylation, leading to caspase-3 independent cell death of the treated HCT 166 cells, suggesting that lower doses (<1.16 µg/mL) of R - and S -glycidol are safe for human consumption
{"title":"SELECTIVE CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF R-GLYCIDOL AND S-GLYCIDOL ON VERO AND HCT 116 CELLS IN EVALUATING THE INCIDENCE OF GLYCIDYL ESTERS IN EDIBLE OILS AND FATS","authors":"SITI NUR SYAHIRAH NOR MAHIRAN1","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0049","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their feasibility as food flavouring, glycidol is classified as a probable carcinogen under group 2A by WHO. The cytotoxicity effects of isomers of R-and S-glycidol on African green monkey kidney normal cell lines (Vero) and human colon cancer cell line (HCT 116) remain unclear. Cell viability of the treated Vero and HCT 116 cells was determined using the AlamarBlue ® assay. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Protein expressions of ERK ½, p-ERK, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were investigated using western blotting technique. The findings indicated that R-and S-glycidol (1.16 µg/mL) exposure dramatically reduced the cell viability of the treated HCT 116 cells but was slightly cytotoxic to Vero cells, hence triggering ROS activity. R-and S-glycidol cause down-regulation of ERK ½, p-ERK, and BCL-2 protein expression at 48 h of treatment. Furthermore, both R-and S-glycidol possess close interaction in proximity to 3D-structure of human ERK and p-ERK protein receptors. In conclusion, R - and S -glycidol potentially triggered oxidative stress and affected ERK protein phosphorylation, leading to caspase-3 independent cell death of the treated HCT 166 cells, suggesting that lower doses (<1.16 µg/mL) of R - and S -glycidol are safe for human consumption","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanogenesis is a process of melanin production, the leading cause of pigmentation in human skin. However, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can stimulate melanocytes and enhance melanin production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction, a potent antioxidant, on UVA-induced melanogenesis in melanocytes. Melanocytes were treated with different concentrations of study materials (TRF, alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) and kojic acid (KA)) to determine the cell viability and the effect of TRF on melanin synthesis. Then, the optimum concentration of study materials was used to assess their effect on melanin synthesis in the UVA-irradiated melanocytes. Treatment of melanocytes with different concentrations of TRF and α-TP increased the number of viable cells. The optimum concentration of 62.5 µg mL –1 for study materials was used to determine their effects on melanin synthesis. After seven days, the irradiated and untreated melanocytes showed a significant 10.8% increase in melanin content, indicating that UVA irradiation directly influences melanogenesis. Melanocytes treated with TRF and irradiated with UVA showed a slight decrease in melanin content of about 4% compared to the negative control (irradiated), indicating that TRF may effectively protect cells from UVA irradiation. From findings, TRF could be a useful therapeutic agent for treating skin hyperpigmentation and a practical component to support skin lightening in skincare products.
{"title":"In Vitro EVALUATION OF MELANOGENESIS INHIBITION BY TOCOTRIENOL RICH FRACTION","authors":"ALBAKRY NUR ANIS","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Melanogenesis is a process of melanin production, the leading cause of pigmentation in human skin. However, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can stimulate melanocytes and enhance melanin production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction, a potent antioxidant, on UVA-induced melanogenesis in melanocytes. Melanocytes were treated with different concentrations of study materials (TRF, alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) and kojic acid (KA)) to determine the cell viability and the effect of TRF on melanin synthesis. Then, the optimum concentration of study materials was used to assess their effect on melanin synthesis in the UVA-irradiated melanocytes. Treatment of melanocytes with different concentrations of TRF and α-TP increased the number of viable cells. The optimum concentration of 62.5 µg mL –1 for study materials was used to determine their effects on melanin synthesis. After seven days, the irradiated and untreated melanocytes showed a significant 10.8% increase in melanin content, indicating that UVA irradiation directly influences melanogenesis. Melanocytes treated with TRF and irradiated with UVA showed a slight decrease in melanin content of about 4% compared to the negative control (irradiated), indicating that TRF may effectively protect cells from UVA irradiation. From findings, TRF could be a useful therapeutic agent for treating skin hyperpigmentation and a practical component to support skin lightening in skincare products.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palm oil is widely consumed as an edible vegetable oil in many countries. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the main component of palm oil, and its composition and contents have been extensively linked with physical and chemical properties. However, the identification and quantitation of TAGs is a challenge due to the complexity of the TAG molecule. This study employed LC-MS/MS with multiple neutral loss scans (NLS) to analyse TAG composition and contents in refined and fractionated palm oil. Identifying and quantifying TAGs using LC-MS/MS in combination with multiple-NLS was an efficient way to improve accuracy and timeliness. For accurate quantification of TAGs, isotopic deconvolution and the adjustment factor were applied. A total of 31 TAGs were identified and quantified, and C50:1 (16:0/16:0/18:1) (20.5%-36.0%), C52:2 (16:0/18:1/18:1) (17.8%-25.0%), C52:3 (16:0/18:1/18:2) (7.8%-12.2%), C48:0 (16:0/16:0/16:0) (0.4%-17.4%), and C52:1 (16:0/18:0/18:1) (4.1%-9.3%) were the predominant TAGs depending on refined and fractionated palm oil. The obtained information has been elucidated concerning the fundamental properties of refined and fractioned palm oil, such as hardness and degree of oxidation.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL COMPOSITION AND ITS CONTENT IN REFINED AND FRACTIONATED PALM OIL BY USING LC-MS/MS WITH MULTIPLE NEUTRAL LOSS SCAN","authors":"SEONGEUNG LEE","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0046","url":null,"abstract":"Palm oil is widely consumed as an edible vegetable oil in many countries. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the main component of palm oil, and its composition and contents have been extensively linked with physical and chemical properties. However, the identification and quantitation of TAGs is a challenge due to the complexity of the TAG molecule. This study employed LC-MS/MS with multiple neutral loss scans (NLS) to analyse TAG composition and contents in refined and fractionated palm oil. Identifying and quantifying TAGs using LC-MS/MS in combination with multiple-NLS was an efficient way to improve accuracy and timeliness. For accurate quantification of TAGs, isotopic deconvolution and the adjustment factor were applied. A total of 31 TAGs were identified and quantified, and C50:1 (16:0/16:0/18:1) (20.5%-36.0%), C52:2 (16:0/18:1/18:1) (17.8%-25.0%), C52:3 (16:0/18:1/18:2) (7.8%-12.2%), C48:0 (16:0/16:0/16:0) (0.4%-17.4%), and C52:1 (16:0/18:0/18:1) (4.1%-9.3%) were the predominant TAGs depending on refined and fractionated palm oil. The obtained information has been elucidated concerning the fundamental properties of refined and fractioned palm oil, such as hardness and degree of oxidation.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134989660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palm-based milk is one of the derivative products of the local palm oil industry. Currently, it is being sold as an alternative ingredient to coconut milk. However, palm-based milk is a potential ingredient and can be utilised to make new food products. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of using local resources to make food products. In this preliminary study, palm-based milk is being developed into a plant-based yoghurt. To assess the feasibility of the palm-based milk yoghurt, seven formulations consisting of a combination of three types of common yoghurt starter cultures were made. These seven formulations of palm-based milk yoghurts will be compared against dairy yoghurts and coconut milk yoghurts of the same formulation. Based on the result, palm-based milk yoghurt has the highest lipid content among the three types of yoghurt. As such, it can be marketed as an energy-dense yoghurt. However, it is lacking in several aspects of proximate and amino acid content, viscosity and high rate of syneresis when compared to the other yoghurt types in this study. Suggestions for mitigating this issue in palm-based milk yoghurt are also given in this study.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PALM-BASED MILK YOGHURT WITH DAIRY AND COCONUT MILK YOGHURT BASED ON PROXIMATE, TEXTURE AND AMINO ACID ANALYSIS","authors":"H. A. Dahlan","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Palm-based milk is one of the derivative products of the local palm oil industry. Currently, it is being sold as an alternative ingredient to coconut milk. However, palm-based milk is a potential ingredient and can be utilised to make new food products. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of using local resources to make food products. In this preliminary study, palm-based milk is being developed into a plant-based yoghurt. To assess the feasibility of the palm-based milk yoghurt, seven formulations consisting of a combination of three types of common yoghurt starter cultures were made. These seven formulations of palm-based milk yoghurts will be compared against dairy yoghurts and coconut milk yoghurts of the same formulation. Based on the result, palm-based milk yoghurt has the highest lipid content among the three types of yoghurt. As such, it can be marketed as an energy-dense yoghurt. However, it is lacking in several aspects of proximate and amino acid content, viscosity and high rate of syneresis when compared to the other yoghurt types in this study. Suggestions for mitigating this issue in palm-based milk yoghurt are also given in this study.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49540232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesel consists of the fatty acid esters of simple alcohols, which pave the way to replace fossil diesel fuel with biodiesel in transportation. Using a continuous flow transesterification process is the viable option to produce biodiesel with reduced time and cost. In this study, different concentrations of catalyst potassium hydroxide at 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were experimented to determine the higher recovery of biodiesel from palm oil. By increasing the methanol concentration 2-3 times higher than the stoichiometric requirement with respect to the catalyst concentration, the methyl ester yield increase gradually at a ratio of 0.5%. The maximum methyl ester yield was 96.0% for a 7.5:1.0 molar ratio. The samples taken at 10 min intervals were analysed for kinematic viscosity and specific gravity. In comparison with methyl ester yield, the maximum yield (96.0%) was obtained at 7.5:1.0 molar ratio and 2.0% catalyst concentration, which has minimum kinematic viscosity. For continuous transesterification of palm oil using static mixer, the optimum condition for maximum methyl ester yield (96.0%) was 7.5:1.0 molar ratio and 2.0% catalyst concentration.
{"title":"EFFECT OF REACTION TIME ON VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL BIODIESEL IN CONTINUOUS BIODIESEL REACTOR","authors":"V. Palaniselvam","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel consists of the fatty acid esters of simple alcohols, which pave the way to replace fossil diesel fuel with biodiesel in transportation. Using a continuous flow transesterification process is the viable option to produce biodiesel with reduced time and cost. In this study, different concentrations of catalyst potassium hydroxide at 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were experimented to determine the higher recovery of biodiesel from palm oil. By increasing the methanol concentration 2-3 times higher than the stoichiometric requirement with respect to the catalyst concentration, the methyl ester yield increase gradually at a ratio of 0.5%. The maximum methyl ester yield was 96.0% for a 7.5:1.0 molar ratio. The samples taken at 10 min intervals were analysed for kinematic viscosity and specific gravity. In comparison with methyl ester yield, the maximum yield (96.0%) was obtained at 7.5:1.0 molar ratio and 2.0% catalyst concentration, which has minimum kinematic viscosity. For continuous transesterification of palm oil using static mixer, the optimum condition for maximum methyl ester yield (96.0%) was 7.5:1.0 molar ratio and 2.0% catalyst concentration.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46128086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ideal substrates and biobutanol producers are the key and most important ingredients for efficient biobutanol production. In this research, we evaluated the composition of oil palm fronds based on the different ages of the plant. Fresh oil palm frond (OPF) juice was found to be the most potent OPF component for biobutanol production and was pressed from 5, 10, 15 and 20 yr old trees using a sugarcane pressing machine. The total sugar concentrations were estimated by the use of a DNS and spectrophotometer and were found to be decreasing with the increasing age of the palm oil tree, with the highest sugar obtained at OPF ages 5 and 10. HPLC analysis revealed that glucose was the highest fraction in the juice, accounting for 57% to 66%, while fructose (12%-17%) and sucrose (19%-25%) made up the remaining percentage. Fermentation inhibitors like gallic and ferulic acids were also detected in the juice using the HPLC technique, and their concentrations also increased with age. Therefore, the research screened for a robust bacterial strain that can tolerate these phenolics in the hydrolysate for biobutanol production. Out of the 11 strains of Clostridium screened, strain A1 was found to successfully utilise the hydrolysate and yield the highest concentration of biobutanol at 2.32 g/L with productivity of 0.064 g/L/hr. The strain was identified as Clostridium strain A1 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF OIL PALM FROND FOR BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION BY DIFFERENT Clostridia SPECIES","authors":"Abdurrahman Abubakar","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Ideal substrates and biobutanol producers are the key and most important ingredients for efficient biobutanol production. In this research, we evaluated the composition of oil palm fronds based on the different ages of the plant. Fresh oil palm frond (OPF) juice was found to be the most potent OPF component for biobutanol production and was pressed from 5, 10, 15 and 20 yr old trees using a sugarcane pressing machine. The total sugar concentrations were estimated by the use of a DNS and spectrophotometer and were found to be decreasing with the increasing age of the palm oil tree, with the highest sugar obtained at OPF ages 5 and 10. HPLC analysis revealed that glucose was the highest fraction in the juice, accounting for 57% to 66%, while fructose (12%-17%) and sucrose (19%-25%) made up the remaining percentage. Fermentation inhibitors like gallic and ferulic acids were also detected in the juice using the HPLC technique, and their concentrations also increased with age. Therefore, the research screened for a robust bacterial strain that can tolerate these phenolics in the hydrolysate for biobutanol production. Out of the 11 strains of Clostridium screened, strain A1 was found to successfully utilise the hydrolysate and yield the highest concentration of biobutanol at 2.32 g/L with productivity of 0.064 g/L/hr. The strain was identified as Clostridium strain A1 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43221591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food authenticity, including edible oils and fats (EOFs), is an interesting issue since unethical players try to adulterate high priced EOFs with lower priced oils to gain the economical profits. Vibrational spectroscopy (VS) is considered a fingerprinting analytical tool capable of differentiating authentic and unauthentic fats and oils. Combined with multivariate data analysis or chemometrics, VS has been reported as the common method used for the authentication of EOFs. Chemometrics has been defined as the science providing the extraction of chemical data to get the maximum information employing statistics and mathematical methods. VS of EOFs involved very large chemical data and therefore the use of chemometrics is a must. The main objective of this review was to highlight the employment of VS in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of EOFs. In order to achieve this purpose, a search strategy using databases of SCOPUS, PubMed and DOAJ along with several keywords was carried out. VS such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared (NIR), and Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics offered the most reliable outcome for the authentication analysis of EOFs. In addition, the combination of VS and chemometrics is a rapid and reliable analytical method with minimum sample preparation. Among those techniques, FTIR and NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics offer a more effective and efficient technique for the authentication of EOFs.
{"title":"THE PROGRESS OF AUTHENTICATION ANALYSIS OF FATS AND OILS USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY AND CHEMOMETRICS ANALYSIS: NARRATIVE REVIEW","authors":"Abdul Rohman","doi":"10.21894/jopr.2023.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2023.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Food authenticity, including edible oils and fats (EOFs), is an interesting issue since unethical players try to adulterate high priced EOFs with lower priced oils to gain the economical profits. Vibrational spectroscopy (VS) is considered a fingerprinting analytical tool capable of differentiating authentic and unauthentic fats and oils. Combined with multivariate data analysis or chemometrics, VS has been reported as the common method used for the authentication of EOFs. Chemometrics has been defined as the science providing the extraction of chemical data to get the maximum information employing statistics and mathematical methods. VS of EOFs involved very large chemical data and therefore the use of chemometrics is a must. The main objective of this review was to highlight the employment of VS in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of EOFs. In order to achieve this purpose, a search strategy using databases of SCOPUS, PubMed and DOAJ along with several keywords was carried out. VS such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared (NIR), and Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics offered the most reliable outcome for the authentication analysis of EOFs. In addition, the combination of VS and chemometrics is a rapid and reliable analytical method with minimum sample preparation. Among those techniques, FTIR and NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics offer a more effective and efficient technique for the authentication of EOFs.","PeriodicalId":16613,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oil Palm Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42740980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：