Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHT) is a subtype of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) within the normal range of serum calcium. In traditional PHPT, high serum calcium levels are typically seen, whereas in normocalcemic PHPT, calcium levels are within the normal range. NPHT is often diagnosed incidentally when routine blood tests reveal elevated PTH levels while calcium levels remain normal. The exact prevalence of NPHT is not well established due to variations in diagnostic criteria and inconsistent screening practices. The clinical significance and management of NPHT are still a subject of debate. Some studies suggest that NPHT may have similar long-term complications as traditional PHPT, such as kidney stones, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, other research indicates that NPHT may have a more benign course with a lower risk of developing these complications.
{"title":"Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism; a mini-review","authors":"A. Baradaran","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11229","url":null,"abstract":"Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHT) is a subtype of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) within the normal range of serum calcium. In traditional PHPT, high serum calcium levels are typically seen, whereas in normocalcemic PHPT, calcium levels are within the normal range. NPHT is often diagnosed incidentally when routine blood tests reveal elevated PTH levels while calcium levels remain normal. The exact prevalence of NPHT is not well established due to variations in diagnostic criteria and inconsistent screening practices. The clinical significance and management of NPHT are still a subject of debate. Some studies suggest that NPHT may have similar long-term complications as traditional PHPT, such as kidney stones, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, other research indicates that NPHT may have a more benign course with a lower risk of developing these complications.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79683815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maedeh Hamrah Siyani, F. Zandiyeh, E. Zaremoghadam, Sara Dehghan, Reyhaneh Sadeghian, Z. Aboulfathiyarmohammadyar, Mina Alipoor
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism in the body. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a role in many cellular processes, including nerve and muscle function, DNA synthesis, and bone health. This review aims to examine the association between PTH and magnesium in health and disease states. Several studies have shown that lower levels of magnesium in the blood are associated with higher levels of PTH. This association has been observed in both healthy individuals and those with chronic kidney disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. The mechanism by which magnesium regulates PTH synthesis is not yet fully understood but appears to involve magnesium’s role in the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and cellular signaling pathways. In conclusion, the evidence suggests a clear and significant association between PTH and magnesium, with lower serum magnesium levels associated with elevated PTH levels. Further research is needed to understand clinical practice’s underlying mechanisms and implications.
{"title":"Association of parathyroid hormone with plasma magnesium in health and disease; a review","authors":"Maedeh Hamrah Siyani, F. Zandiyeh, E. Zaremoghadam, Sara Dehghan, Reyhaneh Sadeghian, Z. Aboulfathiyarmohammadyar, Mina Alipoor","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11211","url":null,"abstract":"Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism in the body. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a role in many cellular processes, including nerve and muscle function, DNA synthesis, and bone health. This review aims to examine the association between PTH and magnesium in health and disease states. Several studies have shown that lower levels of magnesium in the blood are associated with higher levels of PTH. This association has been observed in both healthy individuals and those with chronic kidney disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. The mechanism by which magnesium regulates PTH synthesis is not yet fully understood but appears to involve magnesium’s role in the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and cellular signaling pathways. In conclusion, the evidence suggests a clear and significant association between PTH and magnesium, with lower serum magnesium levels associated with elevated PTH levels. Further research is needed to understand clinical practice’s underlying mechanisms and implications.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77360559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent health condition affecting millions worldwide. One of the common complications of CKD is CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), which involves disturbances in mineral metabolism and skeletal health due to complications of CKD. The parathyroid glands, a small gland located near the thyroid glands in the neck, play a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. CKD can result in the dysfunction of the parathyroid glands, leading to a range of complicated disorders.
{"title":"Diseases of the parathyroid glands in chronic kidney disease","authors":"Armin Erfani, Arash Izadpanah Ghahremani, Hussein Soleimantabar, Maryam Nazari, Mina Alipoor","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11221","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent health condition affecting millions worldwide. One of the common complications of CKD is CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), which involves disturbances in mineral metabolism and skeletal health due to complications of CKD. The parathyroid glands, a small gland located near the thyroid glands in the neck, play a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. CKD can result in the dysfunction of the parathyroid glands, leading to a range of complicated disorders.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80146127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fariba Jafari Khabaz, E. Zaremoghadam, Soleyman Alivand, N. Alivand, Mahsa Asadollahi Hamedani, Sara Dehghan, Z. Aboulfathiyarmohammadyar, Mohamad Khaledi
There is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to hypertension. Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure, and studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation can help lower blood pressure. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates blood pressure and to determine the optimal dosage for supplementation. Nevertheless, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels through diet or supplements may be essential for preventing and managing hypertension.
{"title":"Impact of vitamin D deficiency on hypertension; a mini-review on recent insights","authors":"Fariba Jafari Khabaz, E. Zaremoghadam, Soleyman Alivand, N. Alivand, Mahsa Asadollahi Hamedani, Sara Dehghan, Z. Aboulfathiyarmohammadyar, Mohamad Khaledi","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11213","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to hypertension. Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure, and studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation can help lower blood pressure. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates blood pressure and to determine the optimal dosage for supplementation. Nevertheless, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels through diet or supplements may be essential for preventing and managing hypertension.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79974064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ardeshir Tajbakhsh, Kamran Shirbache, Ali Shirbacheh, Venus Shahabi Rabori, Shahab Chaman, E. Zaremoghadam
Hyperparathyroidism causes high levels of PTH, which can lead to a variety of cardiovascular problems that can pose a significant risk to an individual’s overall health. In more severe cases, such as high blood calcium levels due to primary hyperparathyroidism, the individual may also experience increased risks of kidney stones, bone fractures, and osteoporosis.
{"title":"Cardiac effects of parathyroid hormone excess; an updated mini-review","authors":"Ardeshir Tajbakhsh, Kamran Shirbache, Ali Shirbacheh, Venus Shahabi Rabori, Shahab Chaman, E. Zaremoghadam","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11218","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperparathyroidism causes high levels of PTH, which can lead to a variety of cardiovascular problems that can pose a significant risk to an individual’s overall health. In more severe cases, such as high blood calcium levels due to primary hyperparathyroidism, the individual may also experience increased risks of kidney stones, bone fractures, and osteoporosis.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91484227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium is a medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder and other psychiatric conditions. However, long-term use of lithium can lead to parathyroid dysfunction, known as lithium-induced parathyroid disease. The exact mechanism underlying lithium-induced parathyroid disease is not fully understood. Still, it is believed that lithium interferes with the normal function of the parathyroid gland by inhibiting the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and impairing the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland to calcium. The management of lithium-induced parathyroid disease depends on the type and severity of parathyroid dysfunction. In patients with hypoparathyroidism, treatment involves the replacement of calcium and vitamin D supplements. In severe cases, intravenous calcium may be necessary. In patients with hyperparathyroidism, treatment consists in discontinuing lithium therapy and monitoring serum calcium and PTH levels. In situations where hyperparathyroidism persists, or complications like kidney stones or osteoporosis arise, surgery may become necessary.
{"title":"Lithium-induced parathyroid disease; an updated mini-review","authors":"Leila Mahmoodnia","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11223","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium is a medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder and other psychiatric conditions. However, long-term use of lithium can lead to parathyroid dysfunction, known as lithium-induced parathyroid disease. The exact mechanism underlying lithium-induced parathyroid disease is not fully understood. Still, it is believed that lithium interferes with the normal function of the parathyroid gland by inhibiting the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and impairing the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland to calcium. The management of lithium-induced parathyroid disease depends on the type and severity of parathyroid dysfunction. In patients with hypoparathyroidism, treatment involves the replacement of calcium and vitamin D supplements. In severe cases, intravenous calcium may be necessary. In patients with hyperparathyroidism, treatment consists in discontinuing lithium therapy and monitoring serum calcium and PTH levels. In situations where hyperparathyroidism persists, or complications like kidney stones or osteoporosis arise, surgery may become necessary.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77413272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parathyroid cancer is a rare malignancy originating from the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the body. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of parathyroid cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prognosis. The article also highlights recent advancements in research and potential future directions for improving the management of this challenging disease.
{"title":"An updated mini-review on parathyroid cancer","authors":"Mohammad Ali Esmaeil pour, Azadeh Khayyat","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11224","url":null,"abstract":"Parathyroid cancer is a rare malignancy originating from the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the body. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of parathyroid cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prognosis. The article also highlights recent advancements in research and potential future directions for improving the management of this challenging disease.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82943362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Zandifar, H. Mardanparvar, Saeid Mohammadi, Sara Dehghan
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excess parathyroid hormone, increasing calcium levels in the blood. Chronic hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other vascular complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.
{"title":"Hyperparathyroidism and vessel diseases","authors":"S. Zandifar, H. Mardanparvar, Saeid Mohammadi, Sara Dehghan","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11217","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excess parathyroid hormone, increasing calcium levels in the blood. Chronic hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other vascular complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74153253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by losing bone tissue, resulting in increased bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays an essential role in the development of osteoporosis. High levels of PTH for prolonged periods lead to a decrease in bone density. However, intermittent administration of PTH is an effective treatment for osteoporosis, suggesting that careful dosing of PTH can have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of osteoporosis.
{"title":"Impact of parathyroid hormone on osteoporosis; a short look at the current knowledge","authors":"M. Zahmatkesh","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11215","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by losing bone tissue, resulting in increased bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays an essential role in the development of osteoporosis. High levels of PTH for prolonged periods lead to a decrease in bone density. However, intermittent administration of PTH is an effective treatment for osteoporosis, suggesting that careful dosing of PTH can have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of osteoporosis.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78105839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Parathyroid diseases are a group of disorders that affect the parathyroid glands’ function, which regulates the body’s calcium and phosphorus levels. There is growing evidence that parathyroid diseases may be associated with metabolic syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a possible association between parathyroid diseases and metabolic syndrome. Hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism are associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, while hypoparathyroidism is associated with hypocalcemia-induced metabolic abnormalities. Further studies are needed better to understand the relationship between parathyroid diseases and metabolic syndrome and to develop effective treatment strategies. Hyperparathyroidism is a common parathyroid disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathormone plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. However, excessive PTH secretion can lead to hypercalcemia, which can cause metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Studies have shown that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have a higher metabolic syndrome prevalence than the general population. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is another parathyroid disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Chronic kidney disease leads to impaired renal function, which results in decreased vitamin D synthesis and increased PTH secretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with bone mineral disorders and cardiovascular disease. Studies have also shown that secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
{"title":"Metabolic syndrome in parathyroid diseases","authors":"Leila Mahmoodnia","doi":"10.34172/jpd.2023.11222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jpd.2023.11222","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Parathyroid diseases are a group of disorders that affect the parathyroid glands’ function, which regulates the body’s calcium and phosphorus levels. There is growing evidence that parathyroid diseases may be associated with metabolic syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a possible association between parathyroid diseases and metabolic syndrome. Hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism are associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, while hypoparathyroidism is associated with hypocalcemia-induced metabolic abnormalities. Further studies are needed better to understand the relationship between parathyroid diseases and metabolic syndrome and to develop effective treatment strategies. Hyperparathyroidism is a common parathyroid disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathormone plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. However, excessive PTH secretion can lead to hypercalcemia, which can cause metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Studies have shown that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have a higher metabolic syndrome prevalence than the general population. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is another parathyroid disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Chronic kidney disease leads to impaired renal function, which results in decreased vitamin D synthesis and increased PTH secretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with bone mineral disorders and cardiovascular disease. Studies have also shown that secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.","PeriodicalId":16657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parathyroid Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88325448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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