Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000354
N. Rossiana, Kusmoro Joko, Dhahiyat Yayat
Aim: Phytoremediation is the use of microbial and rhizosphere systems to clean up a hazardous waste making it environmentally friendly,potentially zero waste and cost effective. Study on phytoremediation of oil sludge using consortium fungi (Talaromyces sp., Cladosporiumsp.) and mycorrhizae Albizia sp (sengon) was conducted. This study was aimed at evaluating the ability of consortium fungi and mycorrhizae in reducing heavy metal (Pb and Ni), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) contents in contaminated soil.Methodology and results: Consortium fungi were inoculated into a compost medium containing 35% of oil sludge and monitored for two months and followed by planting mycorrhizae of sengon in the phytoremediation process. The changes of Pb and Ni, TPH, and PAH contents as well as the number of the fungi colonies in oil sludge medium were monitored every three weeks to eighteen weeks and analyzed during the remediation process. The relationship between the levels of Pb and Ni, that of TPH and the number of consortium fungi colonies were analyzed through regression correlation Thereafter, the PAH data were analyzed descriptively.Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The results showed that good interaction between Talaromyces sp, Cladosporium sp and microoganism rhizosphere on oily sludge phytoremediation resulted in the decrement of heavy metal content (Pb and Ni), TPH and PAH compounds. On eighteenth week of observation, reduction of Pb and Ni content in 35% oil sludge medium was approximately 71.9% and 67.9%, respectively. In every increment of 1 CFU ml-1, fungi consortium will affect the reduction in TPH levels to 0.286%. After fifteen weeks TPH content decreased to the lowest (70.82%), followed by the degradation of PAH compounds n-eicosane and n-hexatriacontane with carbon chains that range from C20-C36 to the shorter carbon chain (C16-C32) such as Hexadecane, 2, 6,10,14-tetramethyl, heneicosane, n-hexacosane, octadecane, 3-methyl and Dotriacontane.
{"title":"Utilization of Talaromyces sp., Cladosporium sp. and Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Mycorrhizae on the Phytoremediation of Oil Sludge: Changes of Lead, Nickel, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Contents","authors":"N. Rossiana, Kusmoro Joko, Dhahiyat Yayat","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000354","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Phytoremediation is the use of microbial and rhizosphere systems to clean up a hazardous waste making it environmentally friendly,potentially zero waste and cost effective. Study on phytoremediation of oil sludge using consortium fungi (Talaromyces sp., Cladosporiumsp.) and mycorrhizae Albizia sp (sengon) was conducted. This study was aimed at evaluating the ability of consortium fungi and mycorrhizae in reducing heavy metal (Pb and Ni), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) contents in contaminated soil.Methodology and results: Consortium fungi were inoculated into a compost medium containing 35% of oil sludge and monitored for two months and followed by planting mycorrhizae of sengon in the phytoremediation process. The changes of Pb and Ni, TPH, and PAH contents as well as the number of the fungi colonies in oil sludge medium were monitored every three weeks to eighteen weeks and analyzed during the remediation process. The relationship between the levels of Pb and Ni, that of TPH and the number of consortium fungi colonies were analyzed through regression correlation Thereafter, the PAH data were analyzed descriptively.Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The results showed that good interaction between Talaromyces sp, Cladosporium sp and microoganism rhizosphere on oily sludge phytoremediation resulted in the decrement of heavy metal content (Pb and Ni), TPH and PAH compounds. On eighteenth week of observation, reduction of Pb and Ni content in 35% oil sludge medium was approximately 71.9% and 67.9%, respectively. In every increment of 1 CFU ml-1, fungi consortium will affect the reduction in TPH levels to 0.286%. After fifteen weeks TPH content decreased to the lowest (70.82%), followed by the degradation of PAH compounds n-eicosane and n-hexatriacontane with carbon chains that range from C20-C36 to the shorter carbon chain (C16-C32) such as Hexadecane, 2, 6,10,14-tetramethyl, heneicosane, n-hexacosane, octadecane, 3-methyl and Dotriacontane.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76019159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000374
Khader Eh, Mohammed Thj, N. Mirghaffari
The biggest amount of wastewater that produced from industry of petroleum is produced water, it contains suspended and dissolved solids, residual hydrocarbons, numerous organic species and heavy metals. It is very important to remove the organic pollutant compounds from the contaminated water before discharge into any natural water. This paper studies the effect of dose of natural coagulants, pH of produced water, and oil concentration on the removal of turbidity, COD and Oil from oilfield produced waters. The efficiency of turbidity, oil and COD removal was studied via three different natural coagulants (Cicer arietinum seed, eggplant seed and radish seed) used to decrease the turbidity and organic pollutants of produced water. The experiments of the jar test showed that Cicer arietinum seed at dose 1.5 mg/L and the best pH and oil concentration can remove 95.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 83.8% oil content and 98.89% of turbidity. Also, the eggplant seed at optimum condition removed COD, turbidity, and oil content by 92.18%, 99.42%, and 81.8%, respectively from the produced water. Moreover, when radish seed was used, the removal of oil content, COD and turbidity will reach to 88.2%, 93.48%, and 98.78%, respectively.
{"title":"Use of Natural Coagulants for Removal of COD, Oil and Turbidity from Produced Waters in the Petroleum Industry.","authors":"Khader Eh, Mohammed Thj, N. Mirghaffari","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000374","url":null,"abstract":"The biggest amount of wastewater that produced from industry of petroleum is produced water, it contains suspended and dissolved solids, residual hydrocarbons, numerous organic species and heavy metals. It is very important to remove the organic pollutant compounds from the contaminated water before discharge into any natural water. This paper studies the effect of dose of natural coagulants, pH of produced water, and oil concentration on the removal of turbidity, COD and Oil from oilfield produced waters. The efficiency of turbidity, oil and COD removal was studied via three different natural coagulants (Cicer arietinum seed, eggplant seed and radish seed) used to decrease the turbidity and organic pollutants of produced water. The experiments of the jar test showed that Cicer arietinum seed at dose 1.5 mg/L and the best pH and oil concentration can remove 95.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 83.8% oil content and 98.89% of turbidity. Also, the eggplant seed at optimum condition removed COD, turbidity, and oil content by 92.18%, 99.42%, and 81.8%, respectively from the produced water. Moreover, when radish seed was used, the removal of oil content, COD and turbidity will reach to 88.2%, 93.48%, and 98.78%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73939052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000359
R. Khaledialidusti, J. Kleppe
Calcite mineral dissolution has been considered to be an important mechanism for dampening the considerable pH-variation during Single-Well-Chemical-Tracer (SWCT) tests by improving the buffer capacity of the aqueous solution. Other parameters that also could have a great effect on the geochemistry of the reservoir during the SWCT tests are water buffer capacity, soluble hydrocarbon components, and temperature. Additionally, calcite mineral dissolution has been also presented over the last decade as an underlying mechanism for liberation of the adsorbed oil from the surface by modified salinity water injection (MSWI) in carbonate reservoirs. This contradiction of effects of calcite dissolution might pose a challenge for the accuracy of the SWCT tests in carbonates. This concern motivated us to highlight the potential of the calcite dissolution on the oil liberation from the carbonate rock surfaces during the SWCT tests by coupling a multiphase flow simulator to the geochemistry package PHREEQC. The results show that although the calcite dissolution is marginal during injection time, it might be substantial during shut-in time which is much longer. During shut-in time, the results show that the potential of calcite dissolution on the oil liberation from the rock surfaces could be more significant at higher reservoir temperatures although initial solid calcite concentration and buffer capacity also could have an effect. It is also clear that the pH of the system reaches the lowest level when the shut-in time reaches the transient time (i.e., injection and production times) and it is not changed significantly afterwards. At longer shut-in times, the additional ester hydrolysis and acid product is neutralized by the calcite dissolution and the buffer capacity of water. Therefore, the probability of the liberation of the adsorbed oil from the rock surface is higher at larger shut-in times so that test designs with shorter shut-in times and even as short as the transient time for the carbonate reservoirs is highly recommended. We hope that this study can be used to minimize the uncertainties of the SWCT tests and improve the reliability of the Sor measurements.
{"title":"Studying the Potential of Calcite Dissolution on Oil Liberation from Rock Surfaces during Single-Well-Chemical-Tracer Tests by Coupling a Multiphase Flow Simulator to the Geochemical Package","authors":"R. Khaledialidusti, J. Kleppe","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000359","url":null,"abstract":"Calcite mineral dissolution has been considered to be an important mechanism for dampening the considerable pH-variation during Single-Well-Chemical-Tracer (SWCT) tests by improving the buffer capacity of the aqueous solution. Other parameters that also could have a great effect on the geochemistry of the reservoir during the SWCT tests are water buffer capacity, soluble hydrocarbon components, and temperature. Additionally, calcite mineral dissolution has been also presented over the last decade as an underlying mechanism for liberation of the adsorbed oil from the surface by modified salinity water injection (MSWI) in carbonate reservoirs. This contradiction of effects of calcite dissolution might pose a challenge for the accuracy of the SWCT tests in carbonates. This concern motivated us to highlight the potential of the calcite dissolution on the oil liberation from the carbonate rock surfaces during the SWCT tests by coupling a multiphase flow simulator to the geochemistry package PHREEQC. The results show that although the calcite dissolution is marginal during injection time, it might be substantial during shut-in time which is much longer. During shut-in time, the results show that the potential of calcite dissolution on the oil liberation from the rock surfaces could be more significant at higher reservoir temperatures although initial solid calcite concentration and buffer capacity also could have an effect. It is also clear that the pH of the system reaches the lowest level when the shut-in time reaches the transient time (i.e., injection and production times) and it is not changed significantly afterwards. At longer shut-in times, the additional ester hydrolysis and acid product is neutralized by the calcite dissolution and the buffer capacity of water. Therefore, the probability of the liberation of the adsorbed oil from the rock surface is higher at larger shut-in times so that test designs with shorter shut-in times and even as short as the transient time for the carbonate reservoirs is highly recommended. We hope that this study can be used to minimize the uncertainties of the SWCT tests and improve the reliability of the Sor measurements.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75079503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000367
L. Solomon, C. Ogugbue, G. Okpokwasili
Post-remediation assessment of residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in an aged crude oil-contaminated soil (ACOCS) in Ogoni after seventy-day enhanced remediation by bio stimulation was investigated using gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique and phytotoxicity bioassay. Seven treatments were designed and composted water hyacinth (EC), Mexican sunflower (TD) and Bermuda grass (CD) was applied as bio stimulants. EC, TD and CD (2,500g each) were used to bio stimulate 4,000 g of ACOCS in situ in TPA (treatment plot A) through TPG. The treatments were monitored for a period of seventy days and the rate of crude oil biodegradation analyzed. Gas chromatographic fingerprints of crude oil in the soil showed the absence of n-C1 to n-C8 carbon length and could be attributed to weathering processes. Carbon lengths between n-C9 to n-C34 were significantly (ρ >0.05) attenuated in plots with 2 nutrients, thus indicating microbial utilization of crude. Crude oil attenuation as depicted by the trend in the disappearance of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons could be due to their preferential utilization by microbes. TPG with all 3 supplements had TPH reduced significantly (ρ >0.05) from 93,867 ppm to 1,002 ppm, (99% loss), meeting the Department of Petroleum Resources intervention value of 5000 mg/kg. The decreasing peak counts show that the crude were from petrogenic source. The germination index of L. sativum ranged from 65 and 100% thus, could be considered non-phytotoxic and ecologically save.
{"title":"Post Remediation Assessment of Residual Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil in Ogoni Using Gas Chromatographic Fingerprinting Technique and Phytotoxicity Bioassay","authors":"L. Solomon, C. Ogugbue, G. Okpokwasili","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000367","url":null,"abstract":"Post-remediation assessment of residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in an aged crude oil-contaminated soil (ACOCS) in Ogoni after seventy-day enhanced remediation by bio stimulation was investigated using gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique and phytotoxicity bioassay. Seven treatments were designed and composted water hyacinth (EC), Mexican sunflower (TD) and Bermuda grass (CD) was applied as bio stimulants. EC, TD and CD (2,500g each) were used to bio stimulate 4,000 g of ACOCS in situ in TPA (treatment plot A) through TPG. The treatments were monitored for a period of seventy days and the rate of crude oil biodegradation analyzed. Gas chromatographic fingerprints of crude oil in the soil showed the absence of n-C1 to n-C8 carbon length and could be attributed to weathering processes. Carbon lengths between n-C9 to n-C34 were significantly (ρ >0.05) attenuated in plots with 2 nutrients, thus indicating microbial utilization of crude. Crude oil attenuation as depicted by the trend in the disappearance of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons could be due to their preferential utilization by microbes. TPG with all 3 supplements had TPH reduced significantly (ρ >0.05) from 93,867 ppm to 1,002 ppm, (99% loss), meeting the Department of Petroleum Resources intervention value of 5000 mg/kg. The decreasing peak counts show that the crude were from petrogenic source. The germination index of L. sativum ranged from 65 and 100% thus, could be considered non-phytotoxic and ecologically save.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76300235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000369
Milad Parhamfar, Z. Bayat, Maryam Parhamfar, M. Hassanshahian, S. S. Hosseini
Background: Oily wastewater which is released from different industries is one of the most common pollutants. Efficiency of conventional methods such as gravity separation and skimming, dissolved air flotation, demulsifying, coagulation and flocculation are frequently not efficient enough is not acceptable. Therefore, in this study it was intended to use a new strategy that is combined by two methods. Methods: Nine crude oil degrading bacteria were isolated from oil contaminated sites in the Persian Gulf at Terminal of Bandar Abbas. Choosing cases were cultured in the ONR7a medium supplemented with 1% (v/v) of crude-oil. Two strains that had more growth and higher oil removal were chosen and identified from nine isolated strains for further study. Due to its low price and simple usage of coagulation-flocculation process, the next step of this study was dedicated to this physical treatment method. The coagulants usage has also some limitation because of its toxicity and health hazard, therefore the coagulant content in waste treatment process should be optimized. In this study it is attempted to investigate the efficiency of bioremediation following by coagulation -flocculation process. Results: The two isolated strains are identified with biochemical and molecular methods as Alcanivorax and Idiomarina. Then crude oil biodegradation for each strain is determined by spectrophotometry and Gas Chromatography (GC). Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was chosen as flocculants. The crude oil removal was determined by using 30 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 70 mg/L CPAM in jar test for synthetic oily wastewater with three different crude oil content (500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L and 1500 mg/L). The results have shown that the highest removal efficiency is reached by using 70 mg/L of CPAM in the synthetic wastewater with 1000 mg/L crude oil in there. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the bio degradation of oily wastewater following by flocculation removes the oil significantly from the synthetic oily wastewater.
{"title":"Investigation of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Treatment by Crude Oil Degrading Bacteria and Coagulation with Cationic Polyacrylamide","authors":"Milad Parhamfar, Z. Bayat, Maryam Parhamfar, M. Hassanshahian, S. S. Hosseini","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000369","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oily wastewater which is released from different industries is one of the most common pollutants. Efficiency of conventional methods such as gravity separation and skimming, dissolved air flotation, demulsifying, coagulation and flocculation are frequently not efficient enough is not acceptable. Therefore, in this study it was intended to use a new strategy that is combined by two methods. Methods: Nine crude oil degrading bacteria were isolated from oil contaminated sites in the Persian Gulf at Terminal of Bandar Abbas. Choosing cases were cultured in the ONR7a medium supplemented with 1% (v/v) of crude-oil. Two strains that had more growth and higher oil removal were chosen and identified from nine isolated strains for further study. Due to its low price and simple usage of coagulation-flocculation process, the next step of this study was dedicated to this physical treatment method. The coagulants usage has also some limitation because of its toxicity and health hazard, therefore the coagulant content in waste treatment process should be optimized. In this study it is attempted to investigate the efficiency of bioremediation following by coagulation -flocculation process. Results: The two isolated strains are identified with biochemical and molecular methods as Alcanivorax and Idiomarina. Then crude oil biodegradation for each strain is determined by spectrophotometry and Gas Chromatography (GC). Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was chosen as flocculants. The crude oil removal was determined by using 30 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 70 mg/L CPAM in jar test for synthetic oily wastewater with three different crude oil content (500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L and 1500 mg/L). The results have shown that the highest removal efficiency is reached by using 70 mg/L of CPAM in the synthetic wastewater with 1000 mg/L crude oil in there. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the bio degradation of oily wastewater following by flocculation removes the oil significantly from the synthetic oily wastewater.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77261732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000372
O. Alade
Oil reserve developments require making some inevitable decisions. Due to the huge cost of investment in petroleum, these decisions may lead to huge losses or profits. The desire of every petroleum industry investor is to make profit. In a situation where there are many oil reserve alternatives for development, maximizing profit is another key factor in decision making as every investor desires to develop the most productive oil reserves. Economic decision tools provide guidelines for managers and investors in the petroleum industry in ranking oil reserve alternatives. This paper provides guidelines in ranking and selecting profitable oil reserves based on total profits, unit cost of oil reserve development, net present value and pay-back period.
{"title":"Application of Economic Decision Tools in Petroleum Investment","authors":"O. Alade","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000372","url":null,"abstract":"Oil reserve developments require making some inevitable decisions. Due to the huge cost of investment in petroleum, these decisions may lead to huge losses or profits. The desire of every petroleum industry investor is to make profit. In a situation where there are many oil reserve alternatives for development, maximizing profit is another key factor in decision making as every investor desires to develop the most productive oil reserves. Economic decision tools provide guidelines for managers and investors in the petroleum industry in ranking oil reserve alternatives. This paper provides guidelines in ranking and selecting profitable oil reserves based on total profits, unit cost of oil reserve development, net present value and pay-back period.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91300362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000366
P. BabakhaniDehkordi
In the current work, three scenarios were considered including water, polymer, and surfactant/polymer flooding for a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir in the Asmari Field located at the South West of Iran in a simulation work. No injection of chemical flooding has been done on this typical reservoir. Most of Enhanced Oil Recovery methods were considered to be water and gas injection in this reservoir so far. UTCHEM was used as a 3D, and compositional simulator to model of chemical flooding process. Sensitivity analyses of vital parameters have been carried out and the results of simulation work were presented.
{"title":"A Field-Scale Simulation Study of Surfactant and Polymer Flooding in Sandstone Heterogeneous Reservoir","authors":"P. BabakhaniDehkordi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000366","url":null,"abstract":"In the current work, three scenarios were considered including water, polymer, and surfactant/polymer flooding for a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir in the Asmari Field located at the South West of Iran in a simulation work. No injection of chemical flooding has been done on this typical reservoir. Most of Enhanced Oil Recovery methods were considered to be water and gas injection in this reservoir so far. UTCHEM was used as a 3D, and compositional simulator to model of chemical flooding process. Sensitivity analyses of vital parameters have been carried out and the results of simulation work were presented.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"182 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83262034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000370
P. Kabok, D. Nyaanga, Jesca Makena Mbugua, Reinilde Eppinga
Wood fuels are a major source of energy in the developing world whose sustainability is diminishing in forest cover and production increases in demand due to rising population. Alternative environmentally friendly accessible sources of energy for households are therefore a necessity. These include faecal matter, forest and agricultural residues that are convertible into briquettes. There source will depend on availability, impact on environment, renewability and energy content. The benefit of briquettes arises from near equal mass balance of carbon dioxide demand by photosynthesis in the atmosphere to the amount released during combustion. Briquetting thus need designed agglomeration machines and understanding of the engineering properties. The parameters density and shape have effect on combustion and performance characteristics hence should be determined. The research thus focused on spherical, triangular and cylindrical shapes and densities of 600 kg/m3, 700 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 on ignition and burning time. Carbonization of faecal matter and sawdust with binders was the activities. There was significant difference on ignition time on shapes and densities and none on burning times with shapes and binders. The average ignition time ranged from 2.7 to 3.7minutes irrespective of shapes and binders. The average burning time ranged from 18 to 26 minutes for molasses and starch bonded cylindrical briquettes. The spherical briquettes had the least ignition time of 2.7 minutes. Packing ratio, evenly distributed air spaces, higher volatile matter in binder, porosity due density advantaged the spherical briquettes.
{"title":"Effect of Shapes, Binders and Densities of Faecal Matter - Sawdust Briquettes on Ignition and Burning Times","authors":"P. Kabok, D. Nyaanga, Jesca Makena Mbugua, Reinilde Eppinga","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"Wood fuels are a major source of energy in the developing world whose sustainability is diminishing in forest cover and production increases in demand due to rising population. Alternative environmentally friendly accessible sources of energy for households are therefore a necessity. These include faecal matter, forest and agricultural residues that are convertible into briquettes. There source will depend on availability, impact on environment, renewability and energy content. The benefit of briquettes arises from near equal mass balance of carbon dioxide demand by photosynthesis in the atmosphere to the amount released during combustion. Briquetting thus need designed agglomeration machines and understanding of the engineering properties. The parameters density and shape have effect on combustion and performance characteristics hence should be determined. The research thus focused on spherical, triangular and cylindrical shapes and densities of 600 kg/m3, 700 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 on ignition and burning time. Carbonization of faecal matter and sawdust with binders was the activities. There was significant difference on ignition time on shapes and densities and none on burning times with shapes and binders. The average ignition time ranged from 2.7 to 3.7minutes irrespective of shapes and binders. The average burning time ranged from 18 to 26 minutes for molasses and starch bonded cylindrical briquettes. The spherical briquettes had the least ignition time of 2.7 minutes. Packing ratio, evenly distributed air spaces, higher volatile matter in binder, porosity due density advantaged the spherical briquettes.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84815733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000385
M. T. Bakpo, L. Solomon
The relationship between soil and vegetation in an oil and gas polluted environment as revealed by regression analysis was investigated. This study was carried out in four different sites in Rivers State purposively selected for ease of accessibility. The study adopted field measurement for data collection. In each experimental sites, soils and vegetation samples were obtain from transects establish from the centre of the polluted area outward. The data was obtained in a 10 m by 10 m quadrats placed at regular of 50 m along the transect from the hydrocarbonimpacted area. A total of six Quadrat areas were sampled along each transect of 300 m in length making a total of 24 Quadrats. The soil and vegetation data were analyzed using multiple regression equation. The relationship between soil and vegetation around the polluted area was achieved through the multiple regression analysis. The technique was selected from the four basic soil nutrients as determinants of vegetation productivity in the polluted area. They include electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), exchange cation capacity (ECC) and magnesium (Mg). They were found to correlate positively with all the species of the vegetation strata of the study area. On the basis of these findings, it was strongly recommended among others that bioremediation, environmental certification and monitoring and environmental education in the area be urgently carried out.
{"title":"Relationship between Soil and Vegetation in an Oil and Gas Polluted Environment as Revealed by Regression Analysis","authors":"M. T. Bakpo, L. Solomon","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000385","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between soil and vegetation in an oil and gas polluted environment as revealed by regression analysis was investigated. This study was carried out in four different sites in Rivers State purposively selected for ease of accessibility. The study adopted field measurement for data collection. In each experimental sites, soils and vegetation samples were obtain from transects establish from the centre of the polluted area outward. The data was obtained in a 10 m by 10 m quadrats placed at regular of 50 m along the transect from the hydrocarbonimpacted area. A total of six Quadrat areas were sampled along each transect of 300 m in length making a total of 24 Quadrats. The soil and vegetation data were analyzed using multiple regression equation. The relationship between soil and vegetation around the polluted area was achieved through the multiple regression analysis. The technique was selected from the four basic soil nutrients as determinants of vegetation productivity in the polluted area. They include electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), exchange cation capacity (ECC) and magnesium (Mg). They were found to correlate positively with all the species of the vegetation strata of the study area. On the basis of these findings, it was strongly recommended among others that bioremediation, environmental certification and monitoring and environmental education in the area be urgently carried out.","PeriodicalId":16699,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82210613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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