Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.28.57
Dahn Park
The purpose of this article is to examine Europe and the Islamic world through the concept of “reconquest”. Europe may represent the Christian world, and MENA may represent the Islamic world, and this article will focus on the relationship between Christianity-based France and Islam-based Algeria. The concept of “reconquest” that I use is not limited to the “territorial recovery” movement that took place in the medieval Iberian Peninsula from the 8th to the 15th centuries. This concept takes into account the harsh measures of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, the forced conversion of conquered people through non-grant citizenship in modern Algeria, and the realization of assimilation as a result. As France “reconquered” Algeria, the ruins of Timgad and the example of Saint Augustine show that Algeria was a former Roman territory. In other words, as Algeria had been a Roman region in the past, it was argued that it should have fully accepted the rule of France, which was a descendant of Rome, a civilized and Christianized country. The possibility that modern France could be “colonized” by a majority of Muslims residing there is the argument of the Reconquête!, or Reconquest party, founded by Eric Zemmour. This far-right party argues that Muslims should either be assimilated into French society or “exiled” to prevent the country from being conquered by Muslims. In the 19th century, France conquered Algeria. However, nowadays many feel that France was “conquered” by Muslim immigrants, including Algerians. A growing number of people are arguing that this trend is not just between France and Algeria, but between Europe and the Islamic world.
{"title":"Europe and the Islamic World Seen Through “Reconquista”: Focusing on the Case of France","authors":"Dahn Park","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.28.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.28.57","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to examine Europe and the Islamic world through the concept of “reconquest”. Europe may represent the Christian world, and MENA may represent the Islamic world, and this article will focus on the relationship between Christianity-based France and Islam-based Algeria. \u0000The concept of “reconquest” that I use is not limited to the “territorial recovery” movement that took place in the medieval Iberian Peninsula from the 8th to the 15th centuries. This concept takes into account the harsh measures of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, the forced conversion of conquered people through non-grant citizenship in modern Algeria, and the realization of assimilation as a result. \u0000As France “reconquered” Algeria, the ruins of Timgad and the example of Saint Augustine show that Algeria was a former Roman territory. In other words, as Algeria had been a Roman region in the past, it was argued that it should have fully accepted the rule of France, which was a descendant of Rome, a civilized and Christianized country. \u0000The possibility that modern France could be “colonized” by a majority of Muslims residing there is the argument of the Reconquête!, or Reconquest party, founded by Eric Zemmour. This far-right party argues that Muslims should either be assimilated into French society or “exiled” to prevent the country from being conquered by Muslims. \u0000In the 19th century, France conquered Algeria. However, nowadays many feel that France was “conquered” by Muslim immigrants, including Algerians. A growing number of people are arguing that this trend is not just between France and Algeria, but between Europe and the Islamic world.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123546163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.28.331
June J. Hwang, H. Yu
The geopolitical collision between the European Union (EU) and Russia is being heightened by the recent war between Russia and Ukraine. The former has financed Ukraine for self-defence and reinforced economic sanctions against Russia. In response, the latter has ceased energy exports to and increased the military strength in bordered areas with its European counterpart. As the war continues, the security tension intensified in the Black Sea diffuses to the Baltic Sea that the two great powers share. This research casted light on four types of organisations for ‘low politics’, which bridges Europe and Russia by addressing common agenda for the environment and public health. Those are intergovernmental organisations, city networks, civil society coalitions, and university networks. The study found that although these actors are not powerful enough to reshape the landscape of regional security politics, they contribute to confidence building in the long term and enhancing living standards through cross-border cooperation.
{"title":"Environmental Cooperation as a Driver of ‘Low Politics’ in the Baltic Sea: An Actor-Based Analysis","authors":"June J. Hwang, H. Yu","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.28.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.28.331","url":null,"abstract":"The geopolitical collision between the European Union (EU) and Russia is being heightened by the recent war between Russia and Ukraine. The former has financed Ukraine for self-defence and reinforced economic sanctions against Russia. In response, the latter has ceased energy exports to and increased the military strength in bordered areas with its European counterpart. As the war continues, the security tension intensified in the Black Sea diffuses to the Baltic Sea that the two great powers share. This research casted light on four types of organisations for ‘low politics’, which bridges Europe and Russia by addressing common agenda for the environment and public health. Those are intergovernmental organisations, city networks, civil society coalitions, and university networks. The study found that although these actors are not powerful enough to reshape the landscape of regional security politics, they contribute to confidence building in the long term and enhancing living standards through cross-border cooperation.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126032592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.28.213
C. Shim, H. Kim
This thesis focused on the UNILEX decision of the French court to which the CISG was applied. As for the contents first, the regulation with the higher frequency of application of UNILEX of CISG was derived. After that the legal standards for these CISG articles and judgment cases were combined to derive the liability system of the contracting parties. The reason why this paper focuses on UNILEX citations on CISG is that the possibility of disputes is high in proportion to the frequency of citations. In addition, the purpose of this study was to enhance the predictability of disputes related to the application of the CISG and to promote legal stability. The reason for choosing the French case in particular is that first, it shows a wider and more diverse range of citations of CISG regulations compared to judgment cases in other countries and second, the view that the accuracy of the facts related to judgment cases is relatively high. The contents of the CISG regulations selected from the referenced indicators below include exclusion of service contracts (Article 3), exclusion and change of contractual application (Article 6), legal bases of offer (Article 14) acceptance to change of offer (Article 19), the place of delivery of goods (Article 31), etc.
{"title":"Analysis of France’s UNILEX Citation Index for CISG and Responsibility System of Contracting Parties","authors":"C. Shim, H. Kim","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.28.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.28.213","url":null,"abstract":"This thesis focused on the UNILEX decision of the French court to which the CISG was applied. As for the contents first, the regulation with the higher frequency of application of UNILEX of CISG was derived. After that the legal standards for these CISG articles and judgment cases were combined to derive the liability system of the contracting parties. The reason why this paper focuses on UNILEX citations on CISG is that the possibility of disputes is high in proportion to the frequency of citations. In addition, the purpose of this study was to enhance the predictability of disputes related to the application of the CISG and to promote legal stability. The reason for choosing the French case in particular is that first, it shows a wider and more diverse range of citations of CISG regulations compared to judgment cases in other countries and second, the view that the accuracy of the facts related to judgment cases is relatively high. The contents of the CISG regulations selected from the referenced indicators below include exclusion of service contracts (Article 3), exclusion and change of contractual application (Article 6), legal bases of offer (Article 14) acceptance to change of offer (Article 19), the place of delivery of goods (Article 31), etc.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126936031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the Korean Wave (or 'hallyu') has been sweeping the entire world including Europe. Since the early 2010s, the number of hallyu fans in Europe is rapidly increasing. Such global attention and popularity of the Korean Wave is based on the hallyu policies the Korean government has implemented for several decades. Since the policy was initially implemented under the Kim Young-Sam government, it has been evolved during the succeeding governments― Kim Dae-Jung, Roh Moo-Hyun, Lee Myung-Bak, Park Geun-Hye and Moon Jae-In governments―by restructuring culture-related institutions and implementing the promotion strategies of K-Culture. The export of hallyu contents to Europe has achieved remarkable growth especially in the sector of K-Pop and film for the past couple of years. Europeans' perception of Korean contemporary culture and hallyu is generally very positive as well. It is important for both parties to discuss and take any necessary institutional steps to the existing EU-Korea Protocol on Cultural Cooperation in order to facilitate bilateral cultural cooperation further.
{"title":"Korean Wave in Europe: Focusing on Its Policies and the Current Situation","authors":"Sung-Won Yoon","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the Korean Wave (or 'hallyu') has been sweeping the entire world including Europe. Since the early 2010s, the number of hallyu fans in Europe is rapidly increasing. Such global attention and popularity of the Korean Wave is based on the hallyu policies the Korean government has implemented for several decades. Since the policy was initially implemented under the Kim Young-Sam government, it has been evolved during the succeeding governments― Kim Dae-Jung, Roh Moo-Hyun, Lee Myung-Bak, Park Geun-Hye and Moon Jae-In governments―by restructuring culture-related institutions and implementing the promotion strategies of K-Culture. The export of hallyu contents to Europe has achieved remarkable growth especially in the sector of K-Pop and film for the past couple of years. Europeans' perception of Korean contemporary culture and hallyu is generally very positive as well. It is important for both parties to discuss and take any necessary institutional steps to the existing EU-Korea Protocol on Cultural Cooperation in order to facilitate bilateral cultural cooperation further.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131684011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.27.27
Eu-Jong Song
The Budapest Urban Regeneration Project was started with the support of the European Union. In addition, in the early stages of this project, a project focused on improving basic urban infrastructure was promoted. As a result, in Budapest, it was possible to develop an urban area where visible results could be seen in a short period of time. However, this project alone was not enough to solve economic, social, physical, and environmental problems throughout Budapest. Accordingly, Budapest changed the direction of the urban regeneration project in a way that established medium and long-term urban development goals. With the introduction of mid- to long-term urban regeneration programs, Budapest has become possible to develop throughout the city, not only focused on urban centers. As a medium-term urban regeneration program, the "Budapest 2020" project was implemented, and the "Budapest 2030" project, a long-term urban regeneration program, is currently in effect. In this paper, we would like to examine the overall contents of the Budapest Urban Regeneration Project, which consists of programs that can improve the quality of life of Budapest citizens and preserve the unique environment and cultural resources of Budapest. In particular, by focusing on the core contents of the mid-term urban regeneration program "Budapest 2020" and the long-term urban regeneration program "Budapest 2030", Budapest aims for long-term sustainable urban development rather than short-term rapid urban development. This will provide useful examples for urban regeneration projects to be promoted in Korea in the future.
{"title":"Budapest Urban Regeneration with European Union Support","authors":"Eu-Jong Song","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.27","url":null,"abstract":"The Budapest Urban Regeneration Project was started with the support of the European Union. In addition, in the early stages of this project, a project focused on improving basic urban infrastructure was promoted. As a result, in Budapest, it was possible to develop an urban area where visible results could be seen in a short period of time. However, this project alone was not enough to solve economic, social, physical, and environmental problems throughout Budapest. Accordingly, Budapest changed the direction of the urban regeneration project in a way that established medium and long-term urban development goals. With the introduction of mid- to long-term urban regeneration programs, Budapest has become possible to develop throughout the city, not only focused on urban centers. As a medium-term urban regeneration program, the \"Budapest 2020\" project was implemented, and the \"Budapest 2030\" project, a long-term urban regeneration program, is currently in effect. \u0000In this paper, we would like to examine the overall contents of the Budapest Urban Regeneration Project, which consists of programs that can improve the quality of life of Budapest citizens and preserve the unique environment and cultural resources of Budapest. In particular, by focusing on the core contents of the mid-term urban regeneration program \"Budapest 2020\" and the long-term urban regeneration program \"Budapest 2030\", Budapest aims for long-term sustainable urban development rather than short-term rapid urban development. This will provide useful examples for urban regeneration projects to be promoted in Korea in the future.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128706861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.27.81
Jaeyeon Park
Africa's 'digitalization' is now a clear social, economic, and cultural phenomenon. Digital culture permeates the daily lives of many Africans and connects Africa to other regions in a way that has never been before. How are contemporary African artists changing the existing story? They are not only experimenting with digital technology, but also creating new images that project space between the past and the present, analog and digital, pre-colonial and post-colonial reality. By shortening complex perceptions to moments, overlapping reality and unreality, and reorganizing landscapes and history through multiple spatial implementations, digital collages build a world closer to neutral than concrete actions. The artists want to use digital collage to remind their values that have faded in the long history of oppression and to volatilize negatives about black culture. Through this act, the concept of modern 'memory represented by the past' is dismantled, disappeared, and the past as a dead time is revived. Another characteristic of contemporary African digital collage is that it rejects fixed identity and tries to expand it in an irregular and distracting way. By combining broken symbols through contradictory mixed styles, contemporary african digital collage that contain metaphors for deviation overthrow tradition. It aims to overturn the image of the colony through the process of "African remix," which consists of multiple images containing complex contexts of self-sustaining memories and overlapping memories that cannot be defined in language.
{"title":"Connecting Past and Present Pieces: Contemporary African Digital Collage with European Colonial Experience","authors":"Jaeyeon Park","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.81","url":null,"abstract":"Africa's 'digitalization' is now a clear social, economic, and cultural phenomenon. Digital culture permeates the daily lives of many Africans and connects Africa to other regions in a way that has never been before. How are contemporary African artists changing the existing story? They are not only experimenting with digital technology, but also creating new images that project space between the past and the present, analog and digital, pre-colonial and post-colonial reality. By shortening complex perceptions to moments, overlapping reality and unreality, and reorganizing landscapes and history through multiple spatial implementations, digital collages build a world closer to neutral than concrete actions. \u0000The artists want to use digital collage to remind their values that have faded in the long history of oppression and to volatilize negatives about black culture. Through this act, the concept of modern 'memory represented by the past' is dismantled, disappeared, and the past as a dead time is revived. Another characteristic of contemporary African digital collage is that it rejects fixed identity and tries to expand it in an irregular and distracting way. By combining broken symbols through contradictory mixed styles, contemporary african digital collage that contain metaphors for deviation overthrow tradition. It aims to overturn the image of the colony through the process of \"African remix,\" which consists of multiple images containing complex contexts of self-sustaining memories and overlapping memories that cannot be defined in language.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"270 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.27.147
Yoo-Duk Kang
The European Union (EU) announced its plans to suspend imports of Russian energy sources in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This study examines the debates on the EU's energy dependence on Russia from the European perspective. It also reviews RePowerEU, the EU's roadmap to reduce and stop imports of natural gas from Russia, and changes that the plan will bring about. Most EU member countries have a very high energy dependence rate, and Russia accounts for a high share in fossil fuel imports of the EU. The EU-Russia trade is characteristic of a consumer-supplier relationship. Despite the EU's economic sanctions against Russia after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, the energy imports from Russia have not notably declined. On the other hand, the proportion of fossil fuels used decreased, and the proportion of renewable energy increased according to the EU's measures to respond to climate change. If the EU wants to reduce or stop imports of natural gas from Russia under the RePowerEU, it will have to diversify its energy sources in the short term. It is expected to significantly increase the use of renewable energy such as wind and solar power and green hydrogen in the medium term. European Green Deal will likely find another political push in this process because climate change issues are now linked to energy security. On the other hand, developing countries are likely to face a more significant burden due to rising energy prices and stricter environmental regulations. Strategies to reduce energy dependence on Russia can catalyze European integration, contributing to solidifying the EU's foreign and security and energy policies. On the other hand, there is a possibility that different energy situations and security perceptions create a divergence between countries.
{"title":"Russia's invasion of Ukraine and EU's policy to reduce energy dependence on Russia: prospect and implications","authors":"Yoo-Duk Kang","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.147","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union (EU) announced its plans to suspend imports of Russian energy sources in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This study examines the debates on the EU's energy dependence on Russia from the European perspective. It also reviews RePowerEU, the EU's roadmap to reduce and stop imports of natural gas from Russia, and changes that the plan will bring about. \u0000Most EU member countries have a very high energy dependence rate, and Russia accounts for a high share in fossil fuel imports of the EU. The EU-Russia trade is characteristic of a consumer-supplier relationship. Despite the EU's economic sanctions against Russia after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, the energy imports from Russia have not notably declined. On the other hand, the proportion of fossil fuels used decreased, and the proportion of renewable energy increased according to the EU's measures to respond to climate change. \u0000If the EU wants to reduce or stop imports of natural gas from Russia under the RePowerEU, it will have to diversify its energy sources in the short term. It is expected to significantly increase the use of renewable energy such as wind and solar power and green hydrogen in the medium term. European Green Deal will likely find another political push in this process because climate change issues are now linked to energy security. On the other hand, developing countries are likely to face a more significant burden due to rising energy prices and stricter environmental regulations. Strategies to reduce energy dependence on Russia can catalyze European integration, contributing to solidifying the EU's foreign and security and energy policies. On the other hand, there is a possibility that different energy situations and security perceptions create a divergence between countries.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133847435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.27.53
Jong-Seung Kim, Yong-deog Kim
The Three Seas Initiative(TSI) is a forum of twelve states, in the European Union, running along a north-south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas in Central and Eastern Europe. The Three Seas Initiative, which was influenced by the Polish interwar Intermarium concept, was launched in 2015 by Polish President Andrzej Duda and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović. The Three Seas Initiative is aimed at developing infrastructure in Eastern Europe, which would create solid foundations for economic growth in key areas - energy, transport and digital economy. 12 countries joined the Initiative - Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The Three Seas Initiative’s priority is to create in Eastern Europe a coherent and well integrated infrastructure, which would enable to overcome development deficiencies caused by a turbulent history of this region. This would eliminate infrastructural and economic imbalances of the common European market. The Initiative’s main added value lies in ensuring political support at the highest level for vital investments in Eastern Europe. Therefore, the Three Seas Initiative is pro-European in nature and complements other formats for regional co-operation. It is also a valuable platform for strengthening transatlantic links.
{"title":"A Study on the Three Seas Initiative as a Emerging Regional Partnership in Eastern Europe","authors":"Jong-Seung Kim, Yong-deog Kim","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.53","url":null,"abstract":"The Three Seas Initiative(TSI) is a forum of twelve states, in the European Union, running along a north-south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas in Central and Eastern Europe. The Three Seas Initiative, which was influenced by the Polish interwar Intermarium concept, was launched in 2015 by Polish President Andrzej Duda and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović. The Three Seas Initiative is aimed at developing infrastructure in Eastern Europe, which would create solid foundations for economic growth in key areas - energy, transport and digital economy. 12 countries joined the Initiative - Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The Three Seas Initiative’s priority is to create in Eastern Europe a coherent and well integrated infrastructure, which would enable to overcome development deficiencies caused by a turbulent history of this region. This would eliminate infrastructural and economic imbalances of the common European market. The Initiative’s main added value lies in ensuring political support at the highest level for vital investments in Eastern Europe. Therefore, the Three Seas Initiative is pro-European in nature and complements other formats for regional co-operation. It is also a valuable platform for strengthening transatlantic links.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133499008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.27.107
Jihoon Gu
As a result of the damaging defeat in World War II, Italy suffered from a devastating reality although it was recovering rather quickly with continued support from the U.S.A. since the end of the war. To enable Italy to become a major player on the European stage again, a change in the international perception was required. As part of the plan, the Italian government and the Italian Red Cross dispatched medical aid units to the Korean War, as a non-member country of the United Nations after World War II. This contributed not only to change the perception of Italy but also strengthened relations between the two countries. The medical staff, who was called the 68 Red Cross, provided medical support to the soldiers of the Korean War as well as the civilians, playing a significant role in the train accident on the Guro Gyeongin Line. After the end of the Korean War, 68 medical units remained and continued their services in Seoul for more than a year then returned to Italy in 1955 on completing their duties. The two countries have developed lasting friendly relations since, and it signified greatly during the recent Covid-19 pandemic when the Korean Embassy in Italy provided medical support including face masks to the descendants of Italian medical staff who had participated in the Korean War.
{"title":"Italian Red Cross and the Korean War - In the case of Italian 68 Medical Units Support Activities","authors":"Jihoon Gu","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.27.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.107","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the damaging defeat in World War II, Italy suffered from a devastating reality although it was recovering rather quickly with continued support from the U.S.A. since the end of the war. To enable Italy to become a major player on the European stage again, a change in the international perception was required. As part of the plan, the Italian government and the Italian Red Cross dispatched medical aid units to the Korean War, as a non-member country of the United Nations after World War II. This contributed not only to change the perception of Italy but also strengthened relations between the two countries. The medical staff, who was called the 68 Red Cross, provided medical support to the soldiers of the Korean War as well as the civilians, playing a significant role in the train accident on the Guro Gyeongin Line. After the end of the Korean War, 68 medical units remained and continued their services in Seoul for more than a year then returned to Italy in 1955 on completing their duties. The two countries have developed lasting friendly relations since, and it signified greatly during the recent Covid-19 pandemic when the Korean Embassy in Italy provided medical support including face masks to the descendants of Italian medical staff who had participated in the Korean War.","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122559981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.32625/kjei.2022.26.61
Pyeongeok An
{"title":"European Union Budget and Its Control System: Focusing on Legal and Institutional Changes and Effectiveness","authors":"Pyeongeok An","doi":"10.32625/kjei.2022.26.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.26.61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167194,"journal":{"name":"Korean Society for European Integration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128157944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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