ABSTRACTPrevious research in the area of physician price awareness has identified a general lack of physicians' awareness regarding the prices their cash patients pay at the pharmacy. This research was an attempt to identify whether different demographic or psychosocial variables could be used to predict physician price awareness. Specifically, a hierarchical regression model was tested to assess whether psychosocial variables and demographic variables could explain price awareness differences better than demographic variables alone. A telephone survey of 200 primary care and internal medicine physicians was conducted asking physicians to estimate the cash price for 20 commonly prescribed prescription drugs at the usual quantities dispensed. Additionally, physicians were administered the 14-item Physician Belief Scale (two subscales: “Belief and Feeling” and “Burden”) and the 20-item Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (three subscales: “Perspective Taking,” “Compassionate Care,” and “Standing in the Pat...
{"title":"Relationship Between Psychosocial Physician Characteristics and Physician Price Awareness","authors":"Brian C. Reisetter, J. Bentley, Noel E. Wilkin","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N01_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTPrevious research in the area of physician price awareness has identified a general lack of physicians' awareness regarding the prices their cash patients pay at the pharmacy. This research was an attempt to identify whether different demographic or psychosocial variables could be used to predict physician price awareness. Specifically, a hierarchical regression model was tested to assess whether psychosocial variables and demographic variables could explain price awareness differences better than demographic variables alone. A telephone survey of 200 primary care and internal medicine physicians was conducted asking physicians to estimate the cash price for 20 commonly prescribed prescription drugs at the usual quantities dispensed. Additionally, physicians were administered the 14-item Physician Belief Scale (two subscales: “Belief and Feeling” and “Burden”) and the 20-item Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (three subscales: “Perspective Taking,” “Compassionate Care,” and “Standing in the Pat...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"97 1","pages":"51-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76954455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTChoice-based conjoint analysis was used to construct and analyze multiple panels of drug products from which a sample of Midwestern physicians were asked to choose. The panels were varied on the drug attributes of brand name, efficacy, frequency of administration, side effects, and patient out-of-pocket expense based on prescription benefit program reimbursement. An acute medication (antibiotic in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia) and a chronic medication (antidepressant) were simulated for physicians. For both types of agents, patient out-of-pocket expense was the most important attribute, followed by slightly different arrangements of frequency of administration, effectiveness, and side effects, which were statistically significant.
{"title":"Drug Attribute Importance and Impact of Patient Out-of-Pocket Expense on Prescription Drug Selection: Survey of Midwestern Physicians","authors":"G. Wellman","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N02_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N02_03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTChoice-based conjoint analysis was used to construct and analyze multiple panels of drug products from which a sample of Midwestern physicians were asked to choose. The panels were varied on the drug attributes of brand name, efficacy, frequency of administration, side effects, and patient out-of-pocket expense based on prescription benefit program reimbursement. An acute medication (antibiotic in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia) and a chronic medication (antidepressant) were simulated for physicians. For both types of agents, patient out-of-pocket expense was the most important attribute, followed by slightly different arrangements of frequency of administration, effectiveness, and side effects, which were statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"7-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81666377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe pharmaceutical supply chain is uniquely challenged by a number of problems including medication error, theft, and counterfeiting. In February 2004, the FDA issued rulings to address these problems, which are expected to have far-reaching effects. Looking to supply chain technology for solutions, one ruling requires bar codes by 2006 at unit of use and recommends that radio frequency identification (RFID) technology be fully implemented by 2007. This article examines the potential of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain, contrasting the capability of this newer technology to that of bar codes. Although RFID offers particular promise in authentication against counterfeits, the technology has potential value in a number of areas. Concerns about the cost and privacy implications of RFID are addressed.
{"title":"A Magic Pill?: The Emergence of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain","authors":"Michael A. Jones, D. Wyld","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe pharmaceutical supply chain is uniquely challenged by a number of problems including medication error, theft, and counterfeiting. In February 2004, the FDA issued rulings to address these problems, which are expected to have far-reaching effects. Looking to supply chain technology for solutions, one ruling requires bar codes by 2006 at unit of use and recommends that radio frequency identification (RFID) technology be fully implemented by 2007. This article examines the potential of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain, contrasting the capability of this newer technology to that of bar codes. Although RFID offers particular promise in authentication against counterfeits, the technology has potential value in a number of areas. Concerns about the cost and privacy implications of RFID are addressed.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"17-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84472247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTAn exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted to determine consumer perceptions regarding generic drug substitution. A survey was administered to consumers filling prescriptions at community pharmacy stores located around Houston, Texas, to examine the relationship between attitude toward generic drugs and consumer perceptions regarding generic drug substitution using a 5-item, 5-point semantic differential scale and a 12-item, 5-point Likert scale, respectively. Overall, consumers had favorable perceptions regarding generic drug substitution and attitude toward generic drugs. Consumers were more favorable regarding generic drug substitution if they had a favorable attitude toward generic drugs. However, a few consumers still believe that generic drug substitution may result in less effective medications and may compromise the quality of the medications they take. Consumers' awareness of the positive aspects of generic drugs is important in increasing their support for generic drug substituti...
{"title":"Consumer Perceptions Regarding Generic Drug Substitution: An Exploratory Study","authors":"S. Sansgiry, M. Bhosle, N. Pope","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAn exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted to determine consumer perceptions regarding generic drug substitution. A survey was administered to consumers filling prescriptions at community pharmacy stores located around Houston, Texas, to examine the relationship between attitude toward generic drugs and consumer perceptions regarding generic drug substitution using a 5-item, 5-point semantic differential scale and a 12-item, 5-point Likert scale, respectively. Overall, consumers had favorable perceptions regarding generic drug substitution and attitude toward generic drugs. Consumers were more favorable regarding generic drug substitution if they had a favorable attitude toward generic drugs. However, a few consumers still believe that generic drug substitution may result in less effective medications and may compromise the quality of the medications they take. Consumers' awareness of the positive aspects of generic drugs is important in increasing their support for generic drug substituti...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"19 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82386636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTConsidering the large amounts spent by the pharmaceutical industry on research and development, it is surprising that many of the industry's marketing strategies are based on sales assumptions that have been used largely unchallenged. Many of these techniques are not useful and can actually negatively affect the prescribing habits of primary care physicians. This article shares a primary care physician's observations on pharmaceutical marketing and some suggestions about how pharmaceutical marketing could be more effective.
{"title":"A Primary Care Physician's View of Pharmaceutical Marketing—Challenging the Marketing Assumptions","authors":"Susan Thomas","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N02_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N02_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTConsidering the large amounts spent by the pharmaceutical industry on research and development, it is surprising that many of the industry's marketing strategies are based on sales assumptions that have been used largely unchallenged. Many of these techniques are not useful and can actually negatively affect the prescribing habits of primary care physicians. This article shares a primary care physician's observations on pharmaceutical marketing and some suggestions about how pharmaceutical marketing could be more effective.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"52 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79819256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe determinant attribute approach is a research method commonly used in marketing to identify the wants of various consumer groups. The objective of this study was to determine the value of using the determinant attribute approach to evaluate patient pharmacy selection choice when filling a prescription. The cross-sectional study involved single administration of a self-administered questionnaire to patients affiliated with a southern university. The results of the study showed that 110 patients perceived pharmacist competence, pharmacy setup, convenience, customer service, and friendliness of staff to be determinant of patients' selection of a pharmacy when having a prescription filled.
{"title":"An Evaluation of Patients' Attitudes Toward Pharmacy Selection: A Determinant Attribute Approach","authors":"D. Franic, Dennis Grauer, A. Law","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N01_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe determinant attribute approach is a research method commonly used in marketing to identify the wants of various consumer groups. The objective of this study was to determine the value of using the determinant attribute approach to evaluate patient pharmacy selection choice when filling a prescription. The cross-sectional study involved single administration of a self-administered questionnaire to patients affiliated with a southern university. The results of the study showed that 110 patients perceived pharmacist competence, pharmacy setup, convenience, customer service, and friendliness of staff to be determinant of patients' selection of a pharmacy when having a prescription filled.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74702514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe body of knowledge regarding pharmaceutical products is dynamic and growing. Physicians have available to them a number of information sources for drug-related decision making in their practice. Historical and recent publications present medical literature and conferences as sources for information on pharmaceutical products. While historical reports have detailed large volumes of information being disseminated through these sources, no recent work has evaluated the level of information for top-selling drugs provided through these outlets. This study quantified the amount of publications and conference presentations for the 25 top-selling pharmaceutical products and poses questions about practitioners' ability to keep abreast of the changing knowledge base. We found that for each of the top 25 branded outpatient drugs in each year studied an average of 214 scholarly articles were published in literature indexed in Medline® and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and 158 papers or posters wer...
{"title":"Can Physicians Keep Up? A Quantification of New Information on the Top 25 Drugs from 2000 to 2003","authors":"William B. Lobb, E. Kolassa","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe body of knowledge regarding pharmaceutical products is dynamic and growing. Physicians have available to them a number of information sources for drug-related decision making in their practice. Historical and recent publications present medical literature and conferences as sources for information on pharmaceutical products. While historical reports have detailed large volumes of information being disseminated through these sources, no recent work has evaluated the level of information for top-selling drugs provided through these outlets. This study quantified the amount of publications and conference presentations for the 25 top-selling pharmaceutical products and poses questions about practitioners' ability to keep abreast of the changing knowledge base. We found that for each of the top 25 branded outpatient drugs in each year studied an average of 214 scholarly articles were published in literature indexed in Medline® and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and 158 papers or posters wer...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87470850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTDirect marketing of prescription medications to consumers through mass media has burgeoned in recent years, accompanied by significant interest in how this advertising affects patients and their health care providers. The purpose of this study is to add to the body of literature on direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) by investigating through a series of in-depth qualitative interviews the perceptions of a population of health care professionals who have largely been neglected in prior studies: nurse practitioners (NPs). Five broad, yet apparent, themes emerged from analysis of the interviews about DTCA with 11 NPs practicing in a variety of specialty areas: communication effects, DTCA learning, quick fix, destigmatization, and paradoxes. These themes, and their implications, are discussed in detail.
{"title":"The Prescription Pill Paradox: Nurse Practitioners' Perceptions About Direct-to-Consumer Advertising","authors":"D. Treise, P. Rausch","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N02_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDirect marketing of prescription medications to consumers through mass media has burgeoned in recent years, accompanied by significant interest in how this advertising affects patients and their health care providers. The purpose of this study is to add to the body of literature on direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) by investigating through a series of in-depth qualitative interviews the perceptions of a population of health care professionals who have largely been neglected in prior studies: nurse practitioners (NPs). Five broad, yet apparent, themes emerged from analysis of the interviews about DTCA with 11 NPs practicing in a variety of specialty areas: communication effects, DTCA learning, quick fix, destigmatization, and paradoxes. These themes, and their implications, are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"34 1","pages":"35-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75923308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Wertheimer, Thomas M. Santella, Nicole M. Chaney
ABSTRACTSixteen years ago, Lasagna et al. conducted a study designed to determine the impact of “me-too” drugs and follow-on research on the quality and quantity of drug therapies. Using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML) as a template for the most important medicines used around the world, they found that in 1987, about 50% of the drugs advocated by WHO were not innovator drugs but the result of follow-on research. Irrespective of these results, critics have continued to decry molecularly modified drugs and follow-on research as a mere profit tool of the pharmaceutical industry. As the debate is yet unresolved, the Center for Pharmaceutical Health Services Research (CPHSR) at Temple University felt it was time to reevaluate the current EML to find out whether or not molecular modifications have continued to improve drug therapy. Using the same methodology as the Lasagna study, an analysis of the 2003 EML showed that 81% of the drugs on the list were “me-too” products. Fu...
{"title":"The World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List: An Endorsement of Incremental Innovation and Follow-On Research","authors":"A. Wertheimer, Thomas M. Santella, Nicole M. Chaney","doi":"10.3109/J058V17N02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V17N02_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTSixteen years ago, Lasagna et al. conducted a study designed to determine the impact of “me-too” drugs and follow-on research on the quality and quantity of drug therapies. Using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML) as a template for the most important medicines used around the world, they found that in 1987, about 50% of the drugs advocated by WHO were not innovator drugs but the result of follow-on research. Irrespective of these results, critics have continued to decry molecularly modified drugs and follow-on research as a mere profit tool of the pharmaceutical industry. As the debate is yet unresolved, the Center for Pharmaceutical Health Services Research (CPHSR) at Temple University felt it was time to reevaluate the current EML to find out whether or not molecular modifications have continued to improve drug therapy. Using the same methodology as the Lasagna study, an analysis of the 2003 EML showed that 81% of the drugs on the list were “me-too” products. Fu...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"25 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83510355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe amount of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs continues to increase with the goals of informing and persuading. Thus, it is important to understand how patients cognitively process information. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of information relevance and reliability judgments in belief formation. Subjects were provided four DTC advertisements and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire that contained questions related to demographics, medication use, information relevance and reliability, and beliefs about product effectiveness and safety. Multiple regression was used to test the direct and interactive effects of information relevance and reliability judgments in belief formation. The results suggest that information relevance and reliability are significant predictors of belief formation, an indicator of persuasion. Marketers may need to focus on increasing relevance and reliability of the information presented in direct-to-consumer adverti...
{"title":"The Role of Information Relevance and Reliability in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising","authors":"D. West, Noel E. Wilkin, J. Bentley","doi":"10.3109/J058V16N04_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V16N04_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe amount of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs continues to increase with the goals of informing and persuading. Thus, it is important to understand how patients cognitively process information. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of information relevance and reliability judgments in belief formation. Subjects were provided four DTC advertisements and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire that contained questions related to demographics, medication use, information relevance and reliability, and beliefs about product effectiveness and safety. Multiple regression was used to test the direct and interactive effects of information relevance and reliability judgments in belief formation. The results suggest that information relevance and reliability are significant predictors of belief formation, an indicator of persuasion. Marketers may need to focus on increasing relevance and reliability of the information presented in direct-to-consumer adverti...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"40 1","pages":"81-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80736784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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