{"title":"The Relationship Between the Consumer and the Health Care System","authors":"Jonathan C. Peck","doi":"10.3109/J058v08n04_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058v08n04_05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73695700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two experiments using physicians as subjects were conducted. All experiments manipulated the incentive to hysicians for completing a mailed survey. The results indicate that t 1 e level of monetary incentive and length of the questionnaire have a large effect on the return rate of a mailed questionnaire. Results further indicate that a questionnaire to ic of direct interest to the physician's specialty also results in a hig R er return rate. It is suggested that a social exchange process may be occurring when a questionnaire is completed.
{"title":"Mailed Surveys to Physicians","authors":"D. Lockhart","doi":"10.3109/J058V06N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V06N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments using physicians as subjects were conducted. All experiments manipulated the incentive to hysicians for completing a mailed survey. The results indicate that t 1 e level of monetary incentive and length of the questionnaire have a large effect on the return rate of a mailed questionnaire. Results further indicate that a questionnaire to ic of direct interest to the physician's specialty also results in a hig R er return rate. It is suggested that a social exchange process may be occurring when a questionnaire is completed.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"422 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76483645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been a decade since Ezra Vogel asked American managers to look at Japan As Number One. The debate still continues. What are the determinants of Japanese economic success? Recent research claims that American managers seem to have missed the point when examining this issue. Japanese managers argue that cultural factors are important; American managers argue that this is not really the case. There is certainly enough evidence on both sides of the issue to continue the debate; however, the point is that the reality of the situation does not make any difference in the consequences. Managers must accept the importance of cultural differences -real or perceived-and develop cultural awareness rather than argue that cultural factors are not significant. Cultural understanding is important not only for the pharmaceutical executive but also for the practicing pharmacist as pharmacy's role becomes more patient oriented. Managers, as true students of culture, will learn by adopting a holistic approach and by e...
{"title":"Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity","authors":"D. R. Rickert","doi":"10.3109/J058V04N03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V04N03_04","url":null,"abstract":"It has been a decade since Ezra Vogel asked American managers to look at Japan As Number One. The debate still continues. What are the determinants of Japanese economic success? Recent research claims that American managers seem to have missed the point when examining this issue. Japanese managers argue that cultural factors are important; American managers argue that this is not really the case. There is certainly enough evidence on both sides of the issue to continue the debate; however, the point is that the reality of the situation does not make any difference in the consequences. Managers must accept the importance of cultural differences -real or perceived-and develop cultural awareness rather than argue that cultural factors are not significant. Cultural understanding is important not only for the pharmaceutical executive but also for the practicing pharmacist as pharmacy's role becomes more patient oriented. Managers, as true students of culture, will learn by adopting a holistic approach and by e...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81663278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmacists' opinions about pharmaceutical manufacturers are important to manufacturers in fortnulating marketing strategies and policies. For both research-intensive and principally generic manufacturers, we (1) identified and investigated their aggregate favorable and unfavorable activities and characteristics, overall performance, and support for pharmacy, (2) identified companies that were viewed favorably or unfavorably and investigated reasons for such views, and (3) investigated changes in aggregate attitude ratings of research-intensive manufacturers since 1977. After pretesting, a questionnaire was mailed to a systematic random sample of 400 pharmacists residing in Wisconsin. The response rate was about 38%. The magnitude of pharmacists' general views of favorable and unfavorable activities or characteristics were different for the two types of manufacturers. Research-intensive manufacturers generally were viewed as providing new products and full service for those products and for the pharmacy p...
{"title":"Pharmacists' Opinions About Pharmaceutical Manufacturers","authors":"J. Wittenberg, J. Wiederholt, R. Hammel","doi":"10.3109/J058V02N01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V02N01_10","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacists' opinions about pharmaceutical manufacturers are important to manufacturers in fortnulating marketing strategies and policies. For both research-intensive and principally generic manufacturers, we (1) identified and investigated their aggregate favorable and unfavorable activities and characteristics, overall performance, and support for pharmacy, (2) identified companies that were viewed favorably or unfavorably and investigated reasons for such views, and (3) investigated changes in aggregate attitude ratings of research-intensive manufacturers since 1977. After pretesting, a questionnaire was mailed to a systematic random sample of 400 pharmacists residing in Wisconsin. The response rate was about 38%. The magnitude of pharmacists' general views of favorable and unfavorable activities or characteristics were different for the two types of manufacturers. Research-intensive manufacturers generally were viewed as providing new products and full service for those products and for the pharmacy p...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74237526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different formats of warning information disclosure in printed drug advertisements on a sample of adults' cognitive reactions. Four mock advertisements for a fictitious influenza virus vaccine, all of which contained the same promotional message, were tested. The format of the warning disclosure varied in three of the advertisements. An advertisement which contained no warning message was also tested. Study subjects consisting of 192 patrons of a local shopping center each read one of the four advertisements and then completed a self-administered questionnaire that had 13 scaled items focusing on semantics. A sequence of analytical steps including factor analysis, analysis of variance and the Scheffe post-hoc multiple comparisons test suggest that the format of warning disclosure did have an effect on consumers' cognitive reactions described by the informative value, security, and appeal factors. A trade-off appears to have resulted in the minds o...
{"title":"Direct-to-Consumer Advertising","authors":"G. Tucker, Mickey C. Smith","doi":"10.3109/J058V02N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V02N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different formats of warning information disclosure in printed drug advertisements on a sample of adults' cognitive reactions. Four mock advertisements for a fictitious influenza virus vaccine, all of which contained the same promotional message, were tested. The format of the warning disclosure varied in three of the advertisements. An advertisement which contained no warning message was also tested. Study subjects consisting of 192 patrons of a local shopping center each read one of the four advertisements and then completed a self-administered questionnaire that had 13 scaled items focusing on semantics. A sequence of analytical steps including factor analysis, analysis of variance and the Scheffe post-hoc multiple comparisons test suggest that the format of warning disclosure did have an effect on consumers' cognitive reactions described by the informative value, security, and appeal factors. A trade-off appears to have resulted in the minds o...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90780683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to cxaminc the effects of employment in chain organizations on community pharmacists' perceived autonomy and job satisfaction. It was hypothesized that larger organizations were more bureaucratic and that pharmacists employed in them would have less autonomy and job satisfaction. Data from 202 community pharmacists were analyzed using the LISREL VI program for analysis of structural equation models. Results indicated that pharmacists employed in larger organizations perceived themselves to have less autonomy and job satisfaction, and that these negative perceptions may have been a result of the more bureaucratic structures of the chain organizations.
{"title":"Professionals in Bureaucracies","authors":"N. Carroll, Albert J. Jowdy","doi":"10.3109/J058v01n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058v01n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to cxaminc the effects of employment in chain organizations on community pharmacists' perceived autonomy and job satisfaction. It was hypothesized that larger organizations were more bureaucratic and that pharmacists employed in them would have less autonomy and job satisfaction. Data from 202 community pharmacists were analyzed using the LISREL VI program for analysis of structural equation models. Results indicated that pharmacists employed in larger organizations perceived themselves to have less autonomy and job satisfaction, and that these negative perceptions may have been a result of the more bureaucratic structures of the chain organizations.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85467656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A random sample of 2,000 physician members of the Texas Medical Association was surveyed to assess physician perceptions of outcomes that might result from direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements appearing in print media. Three hundred forty-three usable responses were received. Respondents were asked to rate 22 potential outcome belief statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree; 5 = strongly disagree). Overall, physicians agreed that direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs would be more likely to result in negative outcomes than in positive outcomes for both themselves and consumers. Specifically, they disagree that DTCA would result in better drug therapies (mean = 4.01) and agreed that it would confuse patients (mean = 2.07) and increase patient demand for the advertised drug (mean = 1.75). These results indicate that physicians do not believe that DTCA will necessarily have a positive impact on consumers.
{"title":"Potential Outcomes Associated with Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs","authors":"Christine M Cutrer, A. Pleil","doi":"10.3109/J058V05N03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V05N03_02","url":null,"abstract":"A random sample of 2,000 physician members of the Texas Medical Association was surveyed to assess physician perceptions of outcomes that might result from direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements appearing in print media. Three hundred forty-three usable responses were received. Respondents were asked to rate 22 potential outcome belief statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree; 5 = strongly disagree). Overall, physicians agreed that direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs would be more likely to result in negative outcomes than in positive outcomes for both themselves and consumers. Specifically, they disagree that DTCA would result in better drug therapies (mean = 4.01) and agreed that it would confuse patients (mean = 2.07) and increase patient demand for the advertised drug (mean = 1.75). These results indicate that physicians do not believe that DTCA will necessarily have a positive impact on consumers.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74501107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tobacco products are becoming increasingly controversial because of their detrimental effects on health. Nonetheless. these products continue to generate profits and store traffic for many retail pharmacies. The sale of ciearettes is loeicallv inconsistent with the health care role of pharmacists and isYther&ore hypothesized to have a negative effect on public attitudes toward pharmacists. An antismoking campaign should be perceived as consistent with the role of a health care professional and is hypothesized to have a positive effect on the public's perception of retail pharmacists. This study reports an experimental investigation of these hypotheses. The sale of cigarettes in pharmacies was found to have a strong negative effect on nonsmoking respondents' attitudes toward retail pharmacists. It was found to have no effect-either positive or negative -on smoking respondents' attitudes. An antismoking campalgn produced no measurable effects with either group.
{"title":"Perceptions of Pharmacists: The Effects of the Smoking Issue","authors":"Richard M. Sparkman, J. Scheibelhut","doi":"10.3109/J058V03N04_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V03N04_08","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco products are becoming increasingly controversial because of their detrimental effects on health. Nonetheless. these products continue to generate profits and store traffic for many retail pharmacies. The sale of ciearettes is loeicallv inconsistent with the health care role of pharmacists and isYther&ore hypothesized to have a negative effect on public attitudes toward pharmacists. An antismoking campaign should be perceived as consistent with the role of a health care professional and is hypothesized to have a positive effect on the public's perception of retail pharmacists. This study reports an experimental investigation of these hypotheses. The sale of cigarettes in pharmacies was found to have a strong negative effect on nonsmoking respondents' attitudes toward retail pharmacists. It was found to have no effect-either positive or negative -on smoking respondents' attitudes. An antismoking campalgn produced no measurable effects with either group.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"25 1","pages":"87-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90576182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years critics in the popular press have periodically suggested that the FDA is overly aternalistic and inflexible and that the American public is ill-sewed g y the FDA's reluctance to make decisions. As a result, they claim, Americans are being denied drugs that are available to Europeans and the FDA is fostering a medical monopoly by restricting most drugs to rescri tion status. A , comparison was made of the pertinent laws o ! Cana c! a, Great Britain, Germany, and Third World, developing countries to see if there is a trend developing toward enactment of consumer protection legislation for drug roducts and the extent to which consumers are allowed or denied the freedom to purchase different categories of drugs.
{"title":"Freedom of Exchange in Marketing versus Protection for Drug Consumers","authors":"R. A. Angorn","doi":"10.3109/J058V03N03_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V03N03_10","url":null,"abstract":"For many years critics in the popular press have periodically suggested that the FDA is overly aternalistic and inflexible and that the American public is ill-sewed g y the FDA's reluctance to make decisions. As a result, they claim, Americans are being denied drugs that are available to Europeans and the FDA is fostering a medical monopoly by restricting most drugs to rescri tion status. A , comparison was made of the pertinent laws o ! Cana c! a, Great Britain, Germany, and Third World, developing countries to see if there is a trend developing toward enactment of consumer protection legislation for drug roducts and the extent to which consumers are allowed or denied the freedom to purchase different categories of drugs.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88556948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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