ABSTRACTIn today's global environment, health-related threats are a top concern. These threats can come from SARS, monkey pox, chronic diseases, or bioterrorism and have accelerated the activity of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies looking for new and improved solutions. A primary challenge for these companies is transforming complex and dynamic data into a new therapeutic agent. With the high cost of drug development and only 30% of approved drugs recovering these costs, the pharmaceutical industry is under growing pressure to streamline and optimize the identification of novel therapeutic agents. Bioinformatics helps mitigate risk by enabling scientists to develop therapeutic agents where the probability of success is the highest. Bioinformatics streamlines the drug discovery process and benefits the market-driven firm. This article introduces and defines bioinformatics, presents its value, discusses the globalization of the market, and spotlights the strategies employed by Oracle and IBM with ...
{"title":"Bioinformatics: A Global Industry","authors":"Stephen C. Brokaw, S. Woessner","doi":"10.3109/J058V16N04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V16N04_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn today's global environment, health-related threats are a top concern. These threats can come from SARS, monkey pox, chronic diseases, or bioterrorism and have accelerated the activity of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies looking for new and improved solutions. A primary challenge for these companies is transforming complex and dynamic data into a new therapeutic agent. With the high cost of drug development and only 30% of approved drugs recovering these costs, the pharmaceutical industry is under growing pressure to streamline and optimize the identification of novel therapeutic agents. Bioinformatics helps mitigate risk by enabling scientists to develop therapeutic agents where the probability of success is the highest. Bioinformatics streamlines the drug discovery process and benefits the market-driven firm. This article introduces and defines bioinformatics, presents its value, discusses the globalization of the market, and spotlights the strategies employed by Oracle and IBM with ...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"57 1","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78369660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThis study examined the 18-month postlaunch behavior of 3,646 US physicians to determine how prelaunch company prescribing loyalty affects subsequent prescribing levels???a new product's prescribing volume and the incremental prescribing volume of other drugs from the company launching the new product. Prelaunch company prescribing loyalty is particularly important for understanding first-in-class drugs, less so for new drugs in existing drug categories. This loyalty is also associated with an increased prescribing volume for other drugs from the pharmaceutical company, regardless of a physician's willingness to prescribe the newly launched drug from that company.
{"title":"The Dual Role of Company Prescribing Loyalty in New Drug Launches","authors":"H. Glass, L. Poli","doi":"10.3109/J058V16N02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V16N02_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis study examined the 18-month postlaunch behavior of 3,646 US physicians to determine how prelaunch company prescribing loyalty affects subsequent prescribing levels???a new product's prescribing volume and the incremental prescribing volume of other drugs from the company launching the new product. Prelaunch company prescribing loyalty is particularly important for understanding first-in-class drugs, less so for new drugs in existing drug categories. This loyalty is also associated with an increased prescribing volume for other drugs from the pharmaceutical company, regardless of a physician's willingness to prescribe the newly launched drug from that company.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"37 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89444010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTCanada is home to a number of rapidly growing Internet pharmacies that export drugs to the US. The practice takes advantage of lower Canadian drug prices that are enforced by legislation. The trade threatens to destabilize the global pharmaceutical business model because it undermines higher prices that have traditionally been accessible in the US. The approach tends to reduce the attractiveness of Canada as a target for pharmaceutical investment by major corporations and, therefore, weakens Canadian public policy approaches that seek to promote pharmaceutical R&D activities.
{"title":"Internet Pharmacy: Undoing Canada's Goals for Life Science Innovation?","authors":"D. Griller","doi":"10.3109/J058V16N03_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V16N03_08","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTCanada is home to a number of rapidly growing Internet pharmacies that export drugs to the US. The practice takes advantage of lower Canadian drug prices that are enforced by legislation. The trade threatens to destabilize the global pharmaceutical business model because it undermines higher prices that have traditionally been accessible in the US. The approach tends to reduce the attractiveness of Canada as a target for pharmaceutical investment by major corporations and, therefore, weakens Canadian public policy approaches that seek to promote pharmaceutical R&D activities.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88937574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTAn ethical framework is used to evaluate the physician role in cross-border prescribing (CBP) to the United States. A fictitious case is presented. Beauchamp and Childress' Four Principles Approach is outlined: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. Given updated college standards, physicians could ethically provide cross-border prescriptions. CBP by Canadian physicians could be considered unethical if the supply of pharmaceuticals to Canadians was negatively affected. It is not unethical for Canadian physicians to prescribe for patients in the United States. The Canadian colleges of physicians should reevaluate their practice standards to enable physicians to provide safe access to pharmaceuticals for Americans.
{"title":"Cross-Border Prescribing: An Ethical Dilemma","authors":"M. Gordon, Tricia Rickwood","doi":"10.3109/J058V16N03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V16N03_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAn ethical framework is used to evaluate the physician role in cross-border prescribing (CBP) to the United States. A fictitious case is presented. Beauchamp and Childress' Four Principles Approach is outlined: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. Given updated college standards, physicians could ethically provide cross-border prescriptions. CBP by Canadian physicians could be considered unethical if the supply of pharmaceuticals to Canadians was negatively affected. It is not unethical for Canadian physicians to prescribe for patients in the United States. The Canadian colleges of physicians should reevaluate their practice standards to enable physicians to provide safe access to pharmaceuticals for Americans.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"55 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79852583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThis paper examines how physician participation in a market support clinical trial (i.e., Phase IIIb and IV) influences subsequent prescribing behavior. The study used a random matched sample of 1,876 physicians, half of whom had functioned as principal investigators in outpatient market support clinical trials and half of whom had not. The study found a stronger relationship in Phase IIIb studies than in Phase IV studies between participation in clinical trials and increased study drug prescribing and established no relationship between trial participation and additional sponsor company prescribing for other, nonstudy drugs.
{"title":"Physician Participation in Market Support Clinical Studies and Subsequent Prescribing Behavior","authors":"H. Glass","doi":"10.1300/J058V15N04_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J058V15N04_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper examines how physician participation in a market support clinical trial (i.e., Phase IIIb and IV) influences subsequent prescribing behavior. The study used a random matched sample of 1,876 physicians, half of whom had functioned as principal investigators in outpatient market support clinical trials and half of whom had not. The study found a stronger relationship in Phase IIIb studies than in Phase IV studies between participation in clinical trials and increased study drug prescribing and established no relationship between trial participation and additional sponsor company prescribing for other, nonstudy drugs.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"96 1","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82000935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of the mechanism of information presentation on older adults' decision processes regarding over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The design compared the information use under typical market conditions (package labels) and information presented on a computer. Three OTC product categories were studied. The participants were 30 community-dwelling adults, 65 years of age or older. Information from OTC product labels was standardized and presented in a computerized, tabular format. This format was compared to actual packages of OTC products. Overall, greater availability of information resulted in 15% more information use. The computerized information allowed participants to be more organized and strategic as well as to use more information. Participants used less information in making decisions about pain relievers, relying more on their familiarity with the product. Results of the study indicate that older adults use information more efficiently and...
{"title":"Influence of the Method of OTC Information Presentation on Older Adult Decision Making","authors":"Mitzi M. S. Johnson","doi":"10.1300/J058V15N04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J058V15N04_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of the mechanism of information presentation on older adults' decision processes regarding over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The design compared the information use under typical market conditions (package labels) and information presented on a computer. Three OTC product categories were studied. The participants were 30 community-dwelling adults, 65 years of age or older. Information from OTC product labels was standardized and presented in a computerized, tabular format. This format was compared to actual packages of OTC products. Overall, greater availability of information resulted in 15% more information use. The computerized information allowed participants to be more organized and strategic as well as to use more information. Participants used less information in making decisions about pain relievers, relying more on their familiarity with the product. Results of the study indicate that older adults use information more efficiently and...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"127 1","pages":"37-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85278754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine if relationships existed between the amount of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) expenditure and the monthly frequencies of ambulatory care visits for symptoms and conditions associated with conditions treated by the products advertised. The analyses used quasi-experimental time series techniques. Data from the National Ambulatory Care Survey and Competitive Media Resources were used to calculate monthly levels of the dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables were monthly frequency of visits for symptoms related to the condition treated by the pharmaceutical class and the monthly frequency of visits for specific conditions related to the pharmaceutical class. The independent variable was the monthly amount of advertising expenditure for the pharmaceutical class. A significant relationship was found between anti-histamine advertising expenditure and monthly visits for allergy symptoms (p < 0.001), but not monthly visits specificall...
{"title":"Analysis of the Relationship of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Patients Seeking Ambulatory Care","authors":"W. Zachry","doi":"10.1300/J058V15N03_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J058V15N03_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine if relationships existed between the amount of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) expenditure and the monthly frequencies of ambulatory care visits for symptoms and conditions associated with conditions treated by the products advertised. The analyses used quasi-experimental time series techniques. Data from the National Ambulatory Care Survey and Competitive Media Resources were used to calculate monthly levels of the dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables were monthly frequency of visits for symptoms related to the condition treated by the pharmaceutical class and the monthly frequency of visits for specific conditions related to the pharmaceutical class. The independent variable was the monthly amount of advertising expenditure for the pharmaceutical class. A significant relationship was found between anti-histamine advertising expenditure and monthly visits for allergy symptoms (p < 0.001), but not monthly visits specificall...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"42 1","pages":"45-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89514240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to determine whom the pharmaceutical companies are targeting with their Web sites based on the occurrences of predefined terms on the home pages of the selected pharmaceutical companies. A content analysis was performed on a sample of 38 Internet home pages of pharmaceutical companies. The specific elements evaluated were both consumer information and corporate information that appeared on these home pages. By quantifying the frequency and evaluating the position on the home page of predefined characteristics of the variables, the present study attempted to determine whether consumers or companies were the primary target of pharmaceutical company home pages. From the obtained results, it appears that there are no significant differences between the amount of consumer information versus corporate information displayed on the pharmaceutical Web sites in the convenience sample.
{"title":"A Content Analysis of Pharmaceutical Web Sites","authors":"Antonios Andreou","doi":"10.1300/J058V15N02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J058V15N02_05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to determine whom the pharmaceutical companies are targeting with their Web sites based on the occurrences of predefined terms on the home pages of the selected pharmaceutical companies. A content analysis was performed on a sample of 38 Internet home pages of pharmaceutical companies. The specific elements evaluated were both consumer information and corporate information that appeared on these home pages. By quantifying the frequency and evaluating the position on the home page of predefined characteristics of the variables, the present study attempted to determine whether consumers or companies were the primary target of pharmaceutical company home pages. From the obtained results, it appears that there are no significant differences between the amount of consumer information versus corporate information displayed on the pharmaceutical Web sites in the convenience sample.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"374 1","pages":"63-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74230564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe proportion of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements (DTCA) to all consumer product advertisements was analyzed from a stratified randomized sample of all male-oriented, female-oriented, and gender nonspecific consumer magazines spanning issues from 1995 through 2000. The prevalence of persuasive techniques and unreferenced claims was evaluated using multiple judges in a content analysis procedure. Overall, DTC ads accounted for 3.09% of all advertisements. Female-oriented magazines accounted for the highest proportion of DTC ads. Nearly every ad (99.5%) used one or more types of persuasion, and the average ad employed the use of 3.26 persuasive techniques. Unreferenced claims were identified in 49.3% of all DTC ads. The strategic mix of persuasive techniques remained constant throughout the period under study. The ramifications of the use of persuasion in DTC ads for prescription drugs are discussed.
{"title":"The Use of Persuasion in Print DTC Advertisements of Prescription Drugs: A Content Analysis of Leading Consumer Magazines from 1995–2000","authors":"Manish S Shah, Erin R. Holmes, S. Desselle","doi":"10.3109/J058V15N03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/J058V15N03_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe proportion of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements (DTCA) to all consumer product advertisements was analyzed from a stratified randomized sample of all male-oriented, female-oriented, and gender nonspecific consumer magazines spanning issues from 1995 through 2000. The prevalence of persuasive techniques and unreferenced claims was evaluated using multiple judges in a content analysis procedure. Overall, DTC ads accounted for 3.09% of all advertisements. Female-oriented magazines accounted for the highest proportion of DTC ads. Nearly every ad (99.5%) used one or more types of persuasion, and the average ad employed the use of 3.26 persuasive techniques. Unreferenced claims were identified in 49.3% of all DTC ads. The strategic mix of persuasive techniques remained constant throughout the period under study. The ramifications of the use of persuasion in DTC ads for prescription drugs are discussed.","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"23-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91257236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this retrospective drug utilization study was to assess the GI medication use pattern and to identify factors influencing the length of GI medication therapy associated with NSAID use in a managed care plan. Data for this study were from a pharmacy benefits manager's 15-month claims file dated October 1995 through January 1997. Patients (N = 454) who had no record of previous GI medication use prior to NSAID therapy were the focus of this study. Main outcome measures included the elapsed time between the initiation of NSAID use and the subsequent initiation of GI therapy and the length of GI drug therapy.The GI medication treatment pattern was analyzed with descriptive analysis, and the duration of GI therapy was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Factors affecting the length of GI treatment period were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The results of this study indicated that a significant portion of patients started on GI medications without clear indication of...
{"title":"The Evaluation of GI Medication Treatment Pattern and Duration Associated with NSAID Therapy","authors":"W. Wu","doi":"10.1300/J058V15N02_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J058V15N02_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe purpose of this retrospective drug utilization study was to assess the GI medication use pattern and to identify factors influencing the length of GI medication therapy associated with NSAID use in a managed care plan. Data for this study were from a pharmacy benefits manager's 15-month claims file dated October 1995 through January 1997. Patients (N = 454) who had no record of previous GI medication use prior to NSAID therapy were the focus of this study. Main outcome measures included the elapsed time between the initiation of NSAID use and the subsequent initiation of GI therapy and the length of GI drug therapy.The GI medication treatment pattern was analyzed with descriptive analysis, and the duration of GI therapy was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Factors affecting the length of GI treatment period were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The results of this study indicated that a significant portion of patients started on GI medications without clear indication of...","PeriodicalId":16734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management","volume":"26 1","pages":"3-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86893222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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