Isaac Muhwana, S. Obakiro, Ivan Ibanda, P. G. Crucifix, A. Afodun, S. Odoma
Erlangea tomentosa (Asteraceae) is used traditionally in the preparation of herbal remedies for management of several diseases including pain and inflammation. However, its efficacy and safety have not been scientifically validated. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous leaf extract of this plant and its acute toxicity profile in animal models. Antinociceptive activity and anti-inflammatory activity were determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice and carrageenan induced inflammation model in ratsrespectively. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using the Lorke’s Method. The extract inhibited pain due to acetic acid significantly (p<0.05) at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. The inflammation due to carrageenan was also significantly (p<0.05) reduced at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight but not 250 mg/Kg. The LD50 value of the extract was greater than 5,000 mg/kg implying that the extract was safe in 24 hours when administered in a single high oral dose. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, tannins and resins. The present study has demonstrated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa in rats and mice; thus validates the folkloric use of the plant. Keywords: Erlangea tomentosa; Antinociception; Anti-inflammation; Acetic acid; Carrageenan
{"title":"Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa (Asteraceae) in rats and mice","authors":"Isaac Muhwana, S. Obakiro, Ivan Ibanda, P. G. Crucifix, A. Afodun, S. Odoma","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Erlangea tomentosa (Asteraceae) is used traditionally in the preparation of herbal remedies for management of several diseases including pain and inflammation. However, its efficacy and safety have not been scientifically validated. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous leaf extract of this plant and its acute toxicity profile in animal models. Antinociceptive activity and anti-inflammatory activity were determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice and carrageenan induced inflammation model in ratsrespectively. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using the Lorke’s Method. The extract inhibited pain due to acetic acid significantly (p<0.05) at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. The inflammation due to carrageenan was also significantly (p<0.05) reduced at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight but not 250 mg/Kg. The LD50 value of the extract was greater than 5,000 mg/kg implying that the extract was safe in 24 hours when administered in a single high oral dose. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponins, tannins and resins. The present study has demonstrated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa in rats and mice; thus validates the folkloric use of the plant. \u0000Keywords: Erlangea tomentosa; Antinociception; Anti-inflammation; Acetic acid; Carrageenan","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88565876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to formulate niosomal gel for topical delivery of diclofenac using Grewia gum as gelling agent. Niosomes containing 1g of diclofenac were formed using the thin film hydration (TFH) method. Niosomal gels were then formulated using a semi-synthetic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and a natural polymer, Grewia gum as gelling agents. The formulated gels were evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, homogeneity, clarity and pH. Results show that gels having pH and viscosity ranges of 6.8-7.3 and 265-490 Poise respectively were formed. The gels were homogenous, clear and showed good spreadability and extrudability except for batches F7 and F8. The gels formulated using the test gum, Grewia gum compared favourably with those of the standard polymer, HPMC as well as with the marketed gel. Formulation F5 containing 2% w/w Grewia gum, the optimized batch, showed viscosity of 265 poise, pH of 6.9, spreadability and extrudability values of 5.55 cm and 5.00 g/s respectively. In conclusion, Grewia gum at a concentration of 2% w/w could be used in the formulation niosomal gel for the delivery of diclofenac, which would help to circumvent the potential gastric irritation of diclofenac when used orally. Keywords: Niosomes; Grewia gum; Diclofenac; Lipid hydration; Topical delivery
{"title":"Evaluation of diclofenac niosomal gel formulated with Grewia gum for topical delivery","authors":"C. A. Alalor, Peter E. Jokor","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to formulate niosomal gel for topical delivery of diclofenac using Grewia gum as gelling agent. Niosomes containing 1g of diclofenac were formed using the thin film hydration (TFH) method. Niosomal gels were then formulated using a semi-synthetic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and a natural polymer, Grewia gum as gelling agents. The formulated gels were evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, homogeneity, clarity and pH. Results show that gels having pH and viscosity ranges of 6.8-7.3 and 265-490 Poise respectively were formed. The gels were homogenous, clear and showed good spreadability and extrudability except for batches F7 and F8. The gels formulated using the test gum, Grewia gum compared favourably with those of the standard polymer, HPMC as well as with the marketed gel. Formulation F5 containing 2% w/w Grewia gum, the optimized batch, showed viscosity of 265 poise, pH of 6.9, spreadability and extrudability values of 5.55 cm and 5.00 g/s respectively. In conclusion, Grewia gum at a concentration of 2% w/w could be used in the formulation niosomal gel for the delivery of diclofenac, which would help to circumvent the potential gastric irritation of diclofenac when used orally. \u0000Keywords: Niosomes; Grewia gum; Diclofenac; Lipid hydration; Topical delivery","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"63 3 1","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84727577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. C. Igboasoiyi, Amarachi P. Egeolu, Effiong M. Edet
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that is widely used to treat hypertension, which is a chronic health condition characterized by persistent elevated pressure of blood in the arteries. Hypertension is a predisposing factor to stroke, kidney failure, heart diseases and vision loss. The large demand for amlodipine makes it a good candidate for fakers. Consumption of substandard and/or fake amlodipine tablets will have a negative impact on the management of hypertension. This justifies continuous monitoring of amlodipine preparations in the marketplace and the provision of simple and cost-effective assay method that could be routinely utilised for their assay. Ten different brands of amlodipine tablets were qualitatively assessed for uniformity of weight, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution rate using standard physical methods. Quantitative assay was carried out using spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric measurement was done at a wavelength of 240 nm. Seven brands met the official requirements for uniformity of weight; eight passed the friability test and the hardness tests. All the brands tested passed the disintegration test and nine brands passed the dissolution test. The spectrophotometric assay showed that all the brands passed the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirement for percentage drug content. The assay method used in this study is reliable, simple and cost- effective and can be routinely used to assay amlodipine tablets. Keywords: Amlodipine, qualitative, quantitative, assay, ultraviolet spectrophotometry
{"title":"Quality evaluation and UV spectrophotometric assay of ten brands of amlodipine tablets marketed in Uyo, Nigeria","authors":"A. C. Igboasoiyi, Amarachi P. Egeolu, Effiong M. Edet","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that is widely used to treat hypertension, which is a chronic health condition characterized by persistent elevated pressure of blood in the arteries. Hypertension is a predisposing factor to stroke, kidney failure, heart diseases and vision loss. The large demand for amlodipine makes it a good candidate for fakers. Consumption of substandard and/or fake amlodipine tablets will have a negative impact on the management of hypertension. This justifies continuous monitoring of amlodipine preparations in the marketplace and the provision of simple and cost-effective assay method that could be routinely utilised for their assay. Ten different brands of amlodipine tablets were qualitatively assessed for uniformity of weight, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution rate using standard physical methods. Quantitative assay was carried out using spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric measurement was done at a wavelength of 240 nm. Seven brands met the official requirements for uniformity of weight; eight passed the friability test and the hardness tests. All the brands tested passed the disintegration test and nine brands passed the dissolution test. The spectrophotometric assay showed that all the brands passed the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirement for percentage drug content. The assay method used in this study is reliable, simple and cost- effective and can be routinely used to assay amlodipine tablets. \u0000Keywords: Amlodipine, qualitative, quantitative, assay, ultraviolet spectrophotometry","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"8 1","pages":"60-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82348620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uya John Abua, T. Igbudu, L. Egwuda, Gberndyer Jacob Yaakugh
The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund has introduced Integrated Community Case Management of childhood illness (ICCM) in order to train health workers at community level on how to treat children below 5 years who have pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. Since Primary Health Care workers in Benue State are actively involved in caring for sick children at community level, there is every need for them to be trained on ICCM. The objective of this study is to find out if training of primary health care workers in North-West district of Benue State can improve their knowledge on ICCM. The study was carried out in Benue North-west where Gboko Local government was randomly selected out of seven local governments. Health Officers’ in-charge of 38 Primary Health Care Clinics were selected for the study and were trained based on our adapted ICCM training manual. The Pre and Post training assessment test for this study was designed based on the training manual. A paired sample t-test was conducted to find out if there were any significant difference in the knowledge of primary health care workers before and after receiving training. There was significant difference in the pre training scores ( x1 = 136.684, S1 = 37.370) and post-training scores (x2 =177.895, 2 S =14.469) at (t=6.783, P=0.000). This result strongly indicates that the teaching intervention has improved the knowledge of the Primary Health Care workers on ICCM in Gboko Local Government. Keywords: ICCM; Pneumonia; Malaria; Diarrhoea
{"title":"Impact of training of primary healthcare workers on integrated community case management of childhood illnesses in North-West district of Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"Uya John Abua, T. Igbudu, L. Egwuda, Gberndyer Jacob Yaakugh","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund has introduced Integrated Community Case Management of childhood illness (ICCM) in order to train health workers at community level on how to treat children below 5 years who have pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. Since Primary Health Care workers in Benue State are actively involved in caring for sick children at community level, there is every need for them to be trained on ICCM. The objective of this study is to find out if training of primary health care workers in North-West district of Benue State can improve their knowledge on ICCM. The study was carried out in Benue North-west where Gboko Local government was randomly selected out of seven local governments. Health Officers’ in-charge of 38 Primary Health Care Clinics were selected for the study and were trained based on our adapted ICCM training manual. The Pre and Post training assessment test for this study was designed based on the training manual. A paired sample t-test was conducted to find out if there were any significant difference in the knowledge of primary health care workers before and after receiving training. There was significant difference in the pre training scores ( x1 = 136.684, S1 = 37.370) and post-training scores (x2 =177.895, 2 S =14.469) at (t=6.783, P=0.000). This result strongly indicates that the teaching intervention has improved the knowledge of the Primary Health Care workers on ICCM in Gboko Local Government. \u0000Keywords: ICCM; Pneumonia; Malaria; Diarrhoea","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"229 1","pages":"44-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77584250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Adamu, Abdulmumin Z. Abubakar, A. A. Ambi, I. Aliyu, Hamza Mohammed, N. Ilyas, Mujtaba Abubakar
Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach and Thonn. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial herb, which grows up to 0.5 m to 2 m high. It is widespread over North-East, East, and South Central Africa. It is known as “bambaro or maashayi” by the Hausas of Northern Nigeria. The leaves are used traditionally to treat intercostal pain, headaches and toothaches. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous ethanol extract and fractions of C. capitatum. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model, while acetic acid induced mice writhing model was used to evaluate the anti-nociceptive property. The oral median lethal dose values were found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg for the aqueous ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, while that of dichloromethane fraction was less than 2000 mg/kg using OECD method. The acetic acid induced writhing was significantly (P<0.05-0.001) reduced particularly for the EF and NF fractions at 200 mg/kg (93.12% and 98.79%). DF showed percentage inhibition of 87.59% and 81.75% at 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The extracts and fractions also caused a significant (P<0.05-0.001) dose dependent reduction of inflammation induced by carrageenan when compared with the negative control with the maximum inhibitory effect of 43.69% observed in Ethyl acetate fraction at 50 mg/kg dose at the 3rd hour. It can be concluded that the leaf extracts of C. capitatum possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in animal models, which may be mediated through the phytochemical constituents present in the extract and fractions of the plant. Keywords: Clerodendrum capitatum; Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic; OECD
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schum. & Thonn. (Verbenaceae) leaves","authors":"A. Adamu, Abdulmumin Z. Abubakar, A. A. Ambi, I. Aliyu, Hamza Mohammed, N. Ilyas, Mujtaba Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach and Thonn. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial herb, which grows up to 0.5 m to 2 m high. It is widespread over North-East, East, and South Central Africa. It is known as “bambaro or maashayi” by the Hausas of Northern Nigeria. The leaves are used traditionally to treat intercostal pain, headaches and toothaches. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous ethanol extract and fractions of C. capitatum. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model, while acetic acid induced mice writhing model was used to evaluate the anti-nociceptive property. The oral median lethal dose values were found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg for the aqueous ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, while that of dichloromethane fraction was less than 2000 mg/kg using OECD method. The acetic acid induced writhing was significantly (P<0.05-0.001) reduced particularly for the EF and NF fractions at 200 mg/kg (93.12% and 98.79%). DF showed percentage inhibition of 87.59% and 81.75% at 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The extracts and fractions also caused a significant (P<0.05-0.001) dose dependent reduction of inflammation induced by carrageenan when compared with the negative control with the maximum inhibitory effect of 43.69% observed in Ethyl acetate fraction at 50 mg/kg dose at the 3rd hour. It can be concluded that the leaf extracts of C. capitatum possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in animal models, which may be mediated through the phytochemical constituents present in the extract and fractions of the plant. \u0000Keywords: Clerodendrum capitatum; Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic; OECD","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86379555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. K. Lawal, Aliyu A. Alhaji, B. Maiha, S. Mohammed
Medication errors occur frequently and have significant clinical and financial consequences, which could be preventable. Unsafe medication practices and errors have been found to be amongst the leading cause of injury and avoidable harm in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended implementation of basic solutions to improve medication safety. This study assessed the presence of basic medication safety practices in four (4) public health facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A validated survey tool was adopted which contains sections that assessed practices such as look-alike, sound-alike (LASA) medications, transitions in care, use of information technology, drug information and other practices. A structured interview was conducted with each head of Pharmacy department of the facilities after obtaining their consent. Only one facility had a medication safety committee, none of the facilities had a list of LASA medications nor a list of error proneabbreviations. Only one facility involved pharmacists in obtaining medication histories and none of the facilities uses ‘high risk’ warning label on diluted electrolyte solutions. Basic practices to improve medication safety were not implemented in the facilities. Effort must be put in place for the adoption of medication safety practices. Regulations and policies need to be implemented regarding these practices. Keywords: Medication safety; Health facilities; Kaduna State; Nigeria; Medication errors
{"title":"An assessment of medication safety practices in selected public health facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"B. K. Lawal, Aliyu A. Alhaji, B. Maiha, S. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Medication errors occur frequently and have significant clinical and financial consequences, which could be preventable. Unsafe medication practices and errors have been found to be amongst the leading cause of injury and avoidable harm in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended implementation of basic solutions to improve medication safety. This study assessed the presence of basic medication safety practices in four (4) public health facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A validated survey tool was adopted which contains sections that assessed practices such as look-alike, sound-alike (LASA) medications, transitions in care, use of information technology, drug information and other practices. A structured interview was conducted with each head of Pharmacy department of the facilities after obtaining their consent. Only one facility had a medication safety committee, none of the facilities had a list of LASA medications nor a list of error proneabbreviations. Only one facility involved pharmacists in obtaining medication histories and none of the facilities uses ‘high risk’ warning label on diluted electrolyte solutions. Basic practices to improve medication safety were not implemented in the facilities. Effort must be put in place for the adoption of medication safety practices. Regulations and policies need to be implemented regarding these practices. \u0000Keywords: Medication safety; Health facilities; Kaduna State; Nigeria; Medication errors","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"31 4","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72584288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicinal plants are promising, as source of alternative solution to the problem of parasitic helminth infections that hamper the sustainable supply of products from farm animals. Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus leaves are commonly used internally to treat worms, relieve abdominal pains and stomach ache. This study, therefore, evaluated their leaf extracts for anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus placei worm from cattle; the most active extract being subjected to phytochemical analysis. The extracts, obtained by maceration using acetone, were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by exposing adult H. placei to a range of concentrations (5-60 mg/mL) for 3 hours and then counting the number of confirmed dead worms. Anthelmintic activity data were fitted to a non-linear regression equation (Log [extract] vs. response; variable slope) to produce best-fit sigmoidal curves from which LC50 values were computed. The best-fit LC50 values, found to be significantly different (alpha < 0.0001), were 17.70 mg/mL and 56.04 mg/mL for C. citratus and O. gratissimum, respectively, suggesting that C. citratus is three times more potent than O. gratissimum. Phytochemical analysis of C. citratus indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids. Cymbopogon citratus could be useful as an anthelmintic phytomedicine against livestock parasitic helminths. Keywords: Anthelmintic; Haemonchus placei; Motility assay; Ocimum gratissimum; Cymbopogon citratus
{"title":"Anthelmintic activity of Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extracts against Haemonchus placei adult worm","authors":"S. Aderibigbe, S. O. Idowu","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are promising, as source of alternative solution to the problem of parasitic helminth infections that hamper the sustainable supply of products from farm animals. Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus leaves are commonly used internally to treat worms, relieve abdominal pains and stomach ache. This study, therefore, evaluated their leaf extracts for anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus placei worm from cattle; the most active extract being subjected to phytochemical analysis. The extracts, obtained by maceration using acetone, were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by exposing adult H. placei to a range of concentrations (5-60 mg/mL) for 3 hours and then counting the number of confirmed dead worms. Anthelmintic activity data were fitted to a non-linear regression equation (Log [extract] vs. response; variable slope) to produce best-fit sigmoidal curves from which LC50 values were computed. The best-fit LC50 values, found to be significantly different (alpha < 0.0001), were 17.70 mg/mL and 56.04 mg/mL for C. citratus and O. gratissimum, respectively, suggesting that C. citratus is three times more potent than O. gratissimum. Phytochemical analysis of C. citratus indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids. Cymbopogon citratus could be useful as an anthelmintic phytomedicine against livestock parasitic helminths. \u0000Keywords: Anthelmintic; Haemonchus placei; Motility assay; Ocimum gratissimum; Cymbopogon citratus","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"55 1","pages":"8-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78672180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs), of which Escherichia coli causes about 80% of cases is on increase, causing mortality, morbidity and increased health care costs. Clinical isolates of E. coli (13) from UTIs were tested for susceptibility to standard antibiotics and extracts of Olax subscorpioidea and Sida corymbosa. Methanol extracts of the plants were screened at 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg/ml against the isolates using agar-welldiffusion method while antibiogram was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plants` extracts and two antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method. The isolates were mostly susceptible to ofloxacin and 100% resistance to augmentin. Extracts of the plants showed good and dose-dependent activities, even on the multidrug resistant E. coli isolates. The zones of inhibition of the extracts ranged 9-16 mm while the MICs ranged 0.5-10 mg/ml on the isolates. This study has shown that MDR E. coli in UTIs are still prevalent and that the roots of O. subscorpioidea and stem of S. corymbosa extracts have good antibacterial activities against the isolates. The results justified the traditional use of the plants to treat infections generally and the potential utilization in the treatment of UTIs. Keywords: Urinary tract infection; Antibiotics; Escherichia coli; Olax subscorpioidea; Sida corymbosa
{"title":"Susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections to antibiotics and methanol extracts of Olax subscorpioidea and Sida corymbosa","authors":"P. A. Idowu, B. Okanlawon, Habeeb O. Salam","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs), of which Escherichia coli causes about 80% of cases is on increase, causing mortality, morbidity and increased health care costs. Clinical isolates of E. coli (13) from UTIs were tested for susceptibility to standard antibiotics and extracts of Olax subscorpioidea and Sida corymbosa. Methanol extracts of the plants were screened at 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg/ml against the isolates using agar-welldiffusion method while antibiogram was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plants` extracts and two antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method. The isolates were mostly susceptible to ofloxacin and 100% resistance to augmentin. Extracts of the plants showed good and dose-dependent activities, even on the multidrug resistant E. coli isolates. The zones of inhibition of the extracts ranged 9-16 mm while the MICs ranged 0.5-10 mg/ml on the isolates. This study has shown that MDR E. coli in UTIs are still prevalent and that the roots of O. subscorpioidea and stem of S. corymbosa extracts have good antibacterial activities against the isolates. The results justified the traditional use of the plants to treat infections generally and the potential utilization in the treatment of UTIs. \u0000Keywords: Urinary tract infection; Antibiotics; Escherichia coli; Olax subscorpioidea; Sida corymbosa","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"13 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75399935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to evaluate sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum (BEG) as matrix polymer. BEG was isolated by acetone -precipitation of the filtrate obtained from the maceration of powdered dried seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma in distilled water. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were produced by non-aqueous wet granulation method using BEG as the hydrophilic matrix former. The tablets were evaluated using official and unofficial tests such as; uniformity of weight, content uniformity, dissolution test, tablets diameter, thickness, hardness and friability tests. The drug release profile of the matrix tablets were compared to that formulated using a standard matrix former, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Hardness values ranged from 6.12 ± 1.80 to 9.73 ± 1.39 kgf, friability from 0.31 ± 0.00 to 1.00 ± 0.00%. The drug content ranged from 98 to 101 %. The percentage drug released from the matrix tablets after 10 h was between 71.27 and 98.73 % except for formulation BF3 that released 32.56 %. This study showed that sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were successfully formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum as the matrix former and the tablets were comparable to that formulated with HPMC. Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma gum; Diclofenac sodium; Matrix tablets; Sustained release
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets produced using Brachystegia eurycoma gum","authors":"S. E. Okafo, J. Avbunudiogba, Ejiro Ejomafuvwe","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum (BEG) as matrix polymer. BEG was isolated by acetone -precipitation of the filtrate obtained from the maceration of powdered dried seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma in distilled water. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were produced by non-aqueous wet granulation method using BEG as the hydrophilic matrix former. The tablets were evaluated using official and unofficial tests such as; uniformity of weight, content uniformity, dissolution test, tablets diameter, thickness, hardness and friability tests. The drug release profile of the matrix tablets were compared to that formulated using a standard matrix former, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Hardness values ranged from 6.12 ± 1.80 to 9.73 ± 1.39 kgf, friability from 0.31 ± 0.00 to 1.00 ± 0.00%. The drug content ranged from 98 to 101 %. The percentage drug released from the matrix tablets after 10 h was between 71.27 and 98.73 % except for formulation BF3 that released 32.56 %. This study showed that sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were successfully formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum as the matrix former and the tablets were comparable to that formulated with HPMC. \u0000Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma gum; Diclofenac sodium; Matrix tablets; Sustained release","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"13 1","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83659846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Enwa, J. D. Jemikalajah, M. Oghenejobo, Victor Eseoghene Oghenebrume
The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of the methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens L. flower on the hematological and serum lipid profile of Albino Wistar rats. Ten male albino Wistar rats were obtained and divided into two groups (control and test). The flowers were extracted by cold maceration using methanol. The extract was then administered orally to the Test group at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d. Thereafter, blood samples were obtained from both groups and the hematological and serum lipid parameters were analyzed using auto-analyzers. The results of the hematological parameters obtained for Test group were; PCV-46.2%, Hemoglobin-14.656 g/dl, Platelets-141.08 mm3, Eosinophil-4.0%, Neutrophil-38%, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)-35.532pg, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)-32.11gl and Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)-108.658 ft, which were higher compared to the Control; while that of the serum lipid profiles were determined to be; Cholesterol-142.58 mg/dl,Triglycerides-157.58 mg/dl, HDL-56.72 mg/dl, LDL-55.944 mg/dl and VLDL-31.516 mg/dl. The plants were seen to have slight weight reducing activity, no significant effect on total white blood cell count, increased eosinophils, neutrophils, packed cell volume, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), HDL, and reduced LDL, VLDL,triglycerides, cholesterol on the rats tested. Hence, from this study, this plant can serve as a good candidate to be used as a hematinic agent, as weight reducers, and a lipid lowering agent. Keywords: Tridax procumbens, Wistar rat, HDL, LDL MCV, MCHC
{"title":"Effect of methanol extract of Tridax procumbens flower on hematological parameters and serum lipid profiles of Wistar albino rats","authors":"F. Enwa, J. D. Jemikalajah, M. Oghenejobo, Victor Eseoghene Oghenebrume","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of the methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens L. flower on the hematological and serum lipid profile of Albino Wistar rats. Ten male albino Wistar rats were obtained and divided into two groups (control and test). The flowers were extracted by cold maceration using methanol. The extract was then administered orally to the Test group at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d. Thereafter, blood samples were obtained from both groups and the hematological and serum lipid parameters were analyzed using auto-analyzers. The results of the hematological parameters obtained for Test group were; PCV-46.2%, Hemoglobin-14.656 g/dl, Platelets-141.08 mm3, Eosinophil-4.0%, Neutrophil-38%, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)-35.532pg, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)-32.11gl and Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)-108.658 ft, which were higher compared to the Control; while that of the serum lipid profiles were determined to be; Cholesterol-142.58 mg/dl,Triglycerides-157.58 mg/dl, HDL-56.72 mg/dl, LDL-55.944 mg/dl and VLDL-31.516 mg/dl. The plants were seen to have slight weight reducing activity, no significant effect on total white blood cell count, increased eosinophils, neutrophils, packed cell volume, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), HDL, and reduced LDL, VLDL,triglycerides, cholesterol on the rats tested. Hence, from this study, this plant can serve as a good candidate to be used as a hematinic agent, as weight reducers, and a lipid lowering agent. \u0000Keywords: Tridax procumbens, Wistar rat, HDL, LDL MCV, MCHC","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"36 1","pages":"24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81101037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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