S. I. Ovuakporaye, T. M. Enaohwo, J. Mordi, A. Naiho
Medicinal plants are frequently used in healthcare delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world because of their bioactive compounds, thus accounting for about 80% of African medicine. The kidneys are involved in one of the body’s most important homeostasis. This study evaluated the effects of Citrullus lanatus fruit juice on serum electrolytes and histology of the kidney in Wistar rats. Seventy (70) male Wistar rats were used for the study and categorized into four groups (n=9). Group 1 (control group) were fed with growers mash and water only. Animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 2.5 mg/kg, 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of the extract along with growers mash respectively. Findings showed a dose dependent increase in bodyweight (expressed in percentage) in all groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in serum Na+, Cl-, creatinine, HCO3 and urea in animals given watermelon seed extract (81.69±13.08; 85.22±8.25; 4.80±0.04; 27.78±5.48; 7.05±0.25) when compared with control group (102.62±7.40; 86.78±7.61; 26.90±2.46; 7.52±0.59; 28.26±5.24). However, there was significant increase in serum K+ level in animals given watermelon seed extract of 2.5 ml/kg group (3.77±0.12) when compared with control group (3.49±0.08). In addition, significant increase was observed in urea level in 2.5 ml/kg experimental animals (49.27±7.38) when compared with control (28.26±5.24). In conclusion, administration of Citrullus lanatus seed extract did not affect serum electrolytes level, except serum potassium, however, it caused an increase in the bodyweight of Wistar rats but show no significant alteration in histological architecture of the kidney when compared to control. Keywords: Serum electrolyte; Renal histology; Citrullus lanatus
{"title":"Serum electrolytes and renal histology of Wistar rats treated with seed extract of Citrullus lanatus","authors":"S. I. Ovuakporaye, T. M. Enaohwo, J. Mordi, A. Naiho","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are frequently used in healthcare delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world because of their bioactive compounds, thus accounting for about 80% of African medicine. The kidneys are involved in one of the body’s most important homeostasis. This study evaluated the effects of Citrullus lanatus fruit juice on serum electrolytes and histology of the kidney in Wistar rats. Seventy (70) male Wistar rats were used for the study and categorized into four groups (n=9). Group 1 (control group) were fed with growers mash and water only. Animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 2.5 mg/kg, 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of the extract along with growers mash respectively. Findings showed a dose dependent increase in bodyweight (expressed in percentage) in all groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in serum Na+, Cl-, creatinine, HCO3 and urea in animals given watermelon seed extract (81.69±13.08; 85.22±8.25; 4.80±0.04; 27.78±5.48; 7.05±0.25) when compared with control group (102.62±7.40; 86.78±7.61; 26.90±2.46; 7.52±0.59; 28.26±5.24). However, there was significant increase in serum K+ level in animals given watermelon seed extract of 2.5 ml/kg group (3.77±0.12) when compared with control group (3.49±0.08). In addition, significant increase was observed in urea level in 2.5 ml/kg experimental animals (49.27±7.38) when compared with control (28.26±5.24). In conclusion, administration of Citrullus lanatus seed extract did not affect serum electrolytes level, except serum potassium, however, it caused an increase in the bodyweight of Wistar rats but show no significant alteration in histological architecture of the kidney when compared to control. \u0000Keywords: Serum electrolyte; Renal histology; Citrullus lanatus","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"9 1","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81244679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Mustapha, M. Ekpo, I. Galadima, R. A. Kirim, Olubukola A. Odeniran, T. Ache
Erythromycin is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics. With the increasing number of pharmaceutical industries, the possibility of purchasing a substandard product is on the high side. This makes it necessary to subject various commercially produced brands of erythromycin to quality evaluation in order to ascertain the quality. In this quality assessment study, six (6) brands of erythromycin tablets were subjected to physicochemical assay using standard physical methods and UV/VIS spectrophotometric analysis at 480 nm. The calibration curve for reference erythromycin was linear over a concentration range of 10-100 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. All the brands had standard deviation of weight greater than ±5 for the weight uniformity test. 66.67% of the brands passed the test for content of active ingredient. 83.33% of the brands examined passed the hardness test. All the brands failed the friability test because the percentage weight loss are greater than 1% as specified in the official book. Keywords: Erythromycin stearate; Tablets; Brands; Pharmaceutical Industries
{"title":"Quality assessment of brands of erythromycin stearate tablets marketed in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"K. Mustapha, M. Ekpo, I. Galadima, R. A. Kirim, Olubukola A. Odeniran, T. Ache","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v17i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v17i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Erythromycin is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics. With the increasing number of pharmaceutical industries, the possibility of purchasing a substandard product is on the high side. This makes it necessary to subject various commercially produced brands of erythromycin to quality evaluation in order to ascertain the quality. In this quality assessment study, six (6) brands of erythromycin tablets were subjected to physicochemical assay using standard physical methods and UV/VIS spectrophotometric analysis at 480 nm. The calibration curve for reference erythromycin was linear over a concentration range of 10-100 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. All the brands had standard deviation of weight greater than ±5 for the weight uniformity test. 66.67% of the brands passed the test for content of active ingredient. 83.33% of the brands examined passed the hardness test. All the brands failed the friability test because the percentage weight loss are greater than 1% as specified in the official book. \u0000Keywords: Erythromycin stearate; Tablets; Brands; Pharmaceutical Industries","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"72 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89893330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the stem bark and leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus capensis on the blood glucose and lipid profile in normal albino rats. Forty adult albino rats were classified into two sets (blood glucose and lipid profile determination) with five groups comprising of four animals per group. The first four groups (treatment groups) in each set were administered 100, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of each extract, the fifth group (control group) received 5 ml of 0.90% normal saline solution for a 7 days duration. The result showed a decrease in blood glucose concentration in a dose dependent manner but was however seen to increase at 1200 mg/kg bw when the chloroform extract of F. capensis was administered. The nhexane extract of E. camaldulensis caused a corresponding increase in blood glucose concentration in a dose dependent manner. In both determinations and in comparison, to the control group, there were statistically significant differences between the treatment groups at 95% confidence level for all lipid parameters determined. The findings of this study indicate that while the chloroform extract of F. capensis possesses anti-diabetic property, the n – hexane extract of E. camaldulensis does not have anti-diabetic effect, but rather appears to promote bioavailability of glucose in the blood. Both extracts however showed promising anti-lipidemic activity.Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Ficus capensis; Glucose; Lipids
{"title":"Effect of Ficus capensis chloroform extract and Eucalyptus camaldulensis n-hexane extract on blood glucose and lipids in normal Wistar rats","authors":"D. A. Musa, Faith Iyeh, C. Ogbiko, O. Nwodo","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the stem bark and leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus capensis on the blood glucose and lipid profile in normal albino rats. Forty adult albino rats were classified into two sets (blood glucose and lipid profile determination) with five groups comprising of four animals per group. The first four groups (treatment groups) in each set were administered 100, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of each extract, the fifth group (control group) received 5 ml of 0.90% normal saline solution for a 7 days duration. The result showed a decrease in blood glucose concentration in a dose dependent manner but was however seen to increase at 1200 mg/kg bw when the chloroform extract of F. capensis was administered. The nhexane extract of E. camaldulensis caused a corresponding increase in blood glucose concentration in a dose dependent manner. In both determinations and in comparison, to the control group, there were statistically significant differences between the treatment groups at 95% confidence level for all lipid parameters determined. The findings of this study indicate that while the chloroform extract of F. capensis possesses anti-diabetic property, the n – hexane extract of E. camaldulensis does not have anti-diabetic effect, but rather appears to promote bioavailability of glucose in the blood. Both extracts however showed promising anti-lipidemic activity.Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Ficus capensis; Glucose; Lipids","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80829979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Musa, Lifebuoy Dim-Gbereva, C. Ogbiko, O. Nwodo
Ficus capensis plant and its parts have diverse trado-medicinal application in Nigeria folklore. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro phytochemical and anti-typhoid potential of the root, stem and leaves of the plant as an attempt to proffer solution to the challenges faced by modern medicine especially in the complete cure of microbial-associated diseases as a result of their abrupt and unpredictable genetic mutations. The powdered leaf, stem and root of the plant were extracted with various solvents viz., n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water by serial exhaustive extraction with each extract challenged with Salmonella typhi a common typhoid disease-causing organism. The leaf extract contains the highest concentration of all the phytochemical studied except for tannin, which was found to be highest in the stem bark. While the root, stem and leaf extracts of F. capensis inhibited the growth of S. Typhi in a concentration dependent manner comparable to that of the standard drugs, the reconstitution solvent showed no antibacterial activity. The results show that leaf, stem bark and root extracts of F. capensis confer anti-typhoid activity against Salmonella Typhi.Keywords: Ficus capensis; Phytochemical; Salmonella typhi
{"title":"Phytochemical and in vitro anti-typhoid properties of leaf, stem and root extracts of Ficus capensis (Moraceae)","authors":"D. A. Musa, Lifebuoy Dim-Gbereva, C. Ogbiko, O. Nwodo","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ficus capensis plant and its parts have diverse trado-medicinal application in Nigeria folklore. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro phytochemical and anti-typhoid potential of the root, stem and leaves of the plant as an attempt to proffer solution to the challenges faced by modern medicine especially in the complete cure of microbial-associated diseases as a result of their abrupt and unpredictable genetic mutations. The powdered leaf, stem and root of the plant were extracted with various solvents viz., n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water by serial exhaustive extraction with each extract challenged with Salmonella typhi a common typhoid disease-causing organism. The leaf extract contains the highest concentration of all the phytochemical studied except for tannin, which was found to be highest in the stem bark. While the root, stem and leaf extracts of F. capensis inhibited the growth of S. Typhi in a concentration dependent manner comparable to that of the standard drugs, the reconstitution solvent showed no antibacterial activity. The results show that leaf, stem bark and root extracts of F. capensis confer anti-typhoid activity against Salmonella Typhi.Keywords: Ficus capensis; Phytochemical; Salmonella typhi","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87598513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Triumfetta cordifolia is used ethnomedicinally in the management of pain, inflammatory and mental disorders. No study has been carried out to scientifically confirm its ethnomedicinal use in the management of pain. Hence, this study was design to evaluate the antinociceptive property of ethanol extract of leaves of T. cordifolia (EETC) in experimental models of pain in mice. The antinociceptive property of EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was assessed on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, hot water tail immersion and hot plate-induced nociception tests. In addition, naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to elucidate the involvement of opioidergic system in the antinociceptive activity of EETC in hot plate test. EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced acetic acid-induced writhing when compared with control. Also, EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuated formalin-induced paw licking; as it significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the inflammatory phase, although only EETC (35 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to suppressed the neurogenic phase. Moreover, EETC significantly (p < 0.05) increased the reaction time to pain in mice exposed to hot plate test, with no significant effect in the hot water tail immersion test when compared with control. Naloxone significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the effect of EETC on hot plate-induced pain. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence, showing that EETC possesses phytochemical compounds with analgesic activity and may be related to peripheral nociception mediation and central opioidergic pain pathway system. Keywords: Triumfetta cordifolia; Analgesia; Writhing; Paw-licking
{"title":"Analgesic properties of the ethanol extract of leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich","authors":"Valliant Orodeh, A. Aderibigbe, Ben-Azu Benneth","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Triumfetta cordifolia is used ethnomedicinally in the management of pain, inflammatory and mental disorders. No study has been carried out to scientifically confirm its ethnomedicinal use in the management of pain. Hence, this study was design to evaluate the antinociceptive property of ethanol extract of leaves of T. cordifolia (EETC) in experimental models of pain in mice. The antinociceptive property of EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was assessed on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, hot water tail immersion and hot plate-induced nociception tests. In addition, naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to elucidate the involvement of opioidergic system in the antinociceptive activity of EETC in hot plate test. EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced acetic acid-induced writhing when compared with control. Also, EETC (8.8, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuated formalin-induced paw licking; as it significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the inflammatory phase, although only EETC (35 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to suppressed the neurogenic phase. Moreover, EETC significantly (p < 0.05) increased the reaction time to pain in mice exposed to hot plate test, with no significant effect in the hot water tail immersion test when compared with control. Naloxone significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the effect of EETC on hot plate-induced pain. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence, showing that EETC possesses phytochemical compounds with analgesic activity and may be related to peripheral nociception mediation and central opioidergic pain pathway system. Keywords: Triumfetta cordifolia; Analgesia; Writhing; Paw-licking","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88881923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. P. Otitoju, I. Longdet, T. Alemika, A. Adegoke, V. Gota
Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the third most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In the past, several drugs with anticancer effects have been extracted from plants. The present research was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch stem bark extract. Boswellia dalzielii is indigenous to West Africa and is used in ethnomedicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders and skin diseases among others. Numerous studies have investigated the antiproliferative effects of its congeners, but studies involving the in vitro cytotoxic effect of B. dalzielii extract are limited. Our objectives were to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the chloroform (CLBD); ethyl acetate (EABD); and petroleum ether (PEBD) fractions obtained from B. dalzielii stem bark ethanolic extract and their effect in the cell cycle of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (AW8507 cells). Cytotoxicity of CLBD, EABD and PEBD on AW8507 cells were revealed by MTT and clonogenic assays. Effects of the fractions on AW8507 cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. All the three B. dalzielii fractions were found to inhibit proliferation and colony formation; and arrested the AW8507 cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Keywords: Boswellia dalzielii; Cytotoxicity; Cell cycle arrest.
{"title":"Cytotoxic activity of Boswellia dalzielii (Hutch) stem bark extract against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (AW8507 cell line)","authors":"A. P. Otitoju, I. Longdet, T. Alemika, A. Adegoke, V. Gota","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the third most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In the past, several drugs with anticancer effects have been extracted from plants. The present research was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch stem bark extract. Boswellia dalzielii is indigenous to West Africa and is used in ethnomedicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders and skin diseases among others. Numerous studies have investigated the antiproliferative effects of its congeners, but studies involving the in vitro cytotoxic effect of B. dalzielii extract are limited. Our objectives were to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the chloroform (CLBD); ethyl acetate (EABD); and petroleum ether (PEBD) fractions obtained from B. dalzielii stem bark ethanolic extract and their effect in the cell cycle of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (AW8507 cells). Cytotoxicity of CLBD, EABD and PEBD on AW8507 cells were revealed by MTT and clonogenic assays. Effects of the fractions on AW8507 cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. All the three B. dalzielii fractions were found to inhibit proliferation and colony formation; and arrested the AW8507 cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Keywords: Boswellia dalzielii; Cytotoxicity; Cell cycle arrest.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"33 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78038497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies show aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has potential to decrease incidence of, or mortality from a number of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). With emphasis on the treatment of CRC involving platinum compounds, oxaliplatin has been used in several combinations with other drugs. Unfortunately, these combinations do not improve overall survival and are accompanied with side effects that include gastrointestinal (GI), hematologic, neurologic toxicities, myopathy, and most recently interstitial lung disease, particularly fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which has high mortality rates and long-term morbidity in survivors. The need of compounds that will reduce the doses of platinum compounds required for chemotherapy in order to reduce or alleviate these side effects is long overdue. This study investigates the synergistic effect if any, of novel aspirin analogues with platinum compounds cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin in order to lower doses needed of these platinum compounds and thus reduce or alleviate common debilitating side effects. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and the CompuSyn software (Paramus, NJ, 2005) was used to calculate CI and DRI at ED50, ED75 and ED90. Oxaliplatin was found to exhibit synergistic effects when combined with p-aspirin (PN549), diaspirin (PN508) and o-thioaspirin (PN590). Although further investigations such as in vivo experiments will be needed to draw any conclusions, this study is a stepping-stone for platinum compounds and aspirin drug combinations in order to decrease doses needed for treatment and thus lessen or alleviate debilitating side effects. Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Aspirin; Aspirin analogues; Oxaliplatin; DMSO
{"title":"Synergistic effect of novel aspirin analogues in a colorectal cancer cell line","authors":"Asma Bashir, C. Perry, I. Nicholl","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Studies show aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has potential to decrease incidence of, or mortality from a number of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). With emphasis on the treatment of CRC involving platinum compounds, oxaliplatin has been used in several combinations with other drugs. Unfortunately, these combinations do not improve overall survival and are accompanied with side effects that include gastrointestinal (GI), hematologic, neurologic toxicities, myopathy, and most recently interstitial lung disease, particularly fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which has high mortality rates and long-term morbidity in survivors. The need of compounds that will reduce the doses of platinum compounds required for chemotherapy in order to reduce or alleviate these side effects is long overdue. This study investigates the synergistic effect if any, of novel aspirin analogues with platinum compounds cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin in order to lower doses needed of these platinum compounds and thus reduce or alleviate common debilitating side effects. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and the CompuSyn software (Paramus, NJ, 2005) was used to calculate CI and DRI at ED50, ED75 and ED90. Oxaliplatin was found to exhibit synergistic effects when combined with p-aspirin (PN549), diaspirin (PN508) and o-thioaspirin (PN590). Although further investigations such as in vivo experiments will be needed to draw any conclusions, this study is a stepping-stone for platinum compounds and aspirin drug combinations in order to decrease doses needed for treatment and thus lessen or alleviate debilitating side effects. Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Aspirin; Aspirin analogues; Oxaliplatin; DMSO","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80645352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Akinniyi, S. Adewale, O. Adewale, Ibikunle Adeyiola
The study was carried out on Basella alba and Basella rubra leaves to further emphasize their importance and utilization as a support for promoting healthy diets in Nigeria. B. alba and B. rubra leaves were extracted in water:methanol (2:3) by maceration. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial sensitivity of the aqueous methanol extracts of both leafy vegetables were carried out using appropriate reference methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against selected bacteria isolates were evaluated using agar well diffusion method at 30 mg/mL and 35 mg/mL concentrations. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside, flavonoid and alkaloid in both extracts. Aqueous methanol extract of B. rubra exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria isolates; Clostridium sporogenes (NCIB 532), Streptococcus faecalis (LIO), Bacillus anthracis (LIO), Bacillus polymyxa (LIO) and Micrococcus luteus (NCIB 196). Clostridium sporogenes (NCIB 532) and Streptococcus faecalis (LIO) were resistant to the aqueous methanol extract of B. alba with no zone of inhibition shown. Streptomycin was used as the control at 1 mg/mL. The phytochemicals contained in these vegetables possess antimicrobial properties either in isolation or synergistically. Therefore, further research should be done to isolate and evaluate the mode of actions of the active principles that are important for the promotion of good health from these plant varieties.Keywords: Phytochemical screening; Antimicrobial sensitivity; Basella alba; Basella rubra; Streptomycin
{"title":"Qualitative phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of Basella alba and Basella rubra","authors":"G. Akinniyi, S. Adewale, O. Adewale, Ibikunle Adeyiola","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out on Basella alba and Basella rubra leaves to further emphasize their importance and utilization as a support for promoting healthy diets in Nigeria. B. alba and B. rubra leaves were extracted in water:methanol (2:3) by maceration. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial sensitivity of the aqueous methanol extracts of both leafy vegetables were carried out using appropriate reference methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against selected bacteria isolates were evaluated using agar well diffusion method at 30 mg/mL and 35 mg/mL concentrations. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside, flavonoid and alkaloid in both extracts. Aqueous methanol extract of B. rubra exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria isolates; Clostridium sporogenes (NCIB 532), Streptococcus faecalis (LIO), Bacillus anthracis (LIO), Bacillus polymyxa (LIO) and Micrococcus luteus (NCIB 196). Clostridium sporogenes (NCIB 532) and Streptococcus faecalis (LIO) were resistant to the aqueous methanol extract of B. alba with no zone of inhibition shown. Streptomycin was used as the control at 1 mg/mL. The phytochemicals contained in these vegetables possess antimicrobial properties either in isolation or synergistically. Therefore, further research should be done to isolate and evaluate the mode of actions of the active principles that are important for the promotion of good health from these plant varieties.Keywords: Phytochemical screening; Antimicrobial sensitivity; Basella alba; Basella rubra; Streptomycin","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89576684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helminth infections are among the commonest infections in the developing world. Development of resistance in helminthic against conventional anthelmintic drugs however, has become a foremost problem in the treatment of helminth diseases leading to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintic. Plant collection, authentication, air-drying and extraction with methanol were done. The sheep tapeworm (Moniezia benedeni), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and adult earthworm (Esenia fetida) were used for the assay. Methanol extracts from the roots of Musa species (M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum and M. nana) were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against the three different worms. The worms were placed in petri dishes in solutions of crude extracts at different concentrations, time of paralysis and death were recorded. Piperazine (20 mg/mL) was used as reference compound. The higher concentrations of plant extracts 200 mg/mL produced faster paralytic effects and showed shorter time of death. Musa paradisiaca was the most potent, requiring less time for paralysis 26.07±1.7, 57.08±1.32, 80.04±0.5 min and death 48.08±2.2, 121.04±0.9, 151.39±0.1 min of the worms of all the extracts. The results of the fractions obtained revealed that dichloromethane (DCM) fraction gave the best activity 20.36, 17.08 and 48.61 min, respectively compared to the other fractions. It can be concluded that Musa species could produce a potent anthelmintic agent in the near future based on this study. Further studies are required for the identification of bioactive component(s) responsible for anthelmintic activity and determining the mechanism of action of these plants.Keywords: Moniezia benedeni; Ascaris lumbricoides; Esenia fetida; Musa species; Anthelmintic
{"title":"In vitro anthelmintic properties of root extracts of three Musa species","authors":"Blessing O. Ezea, O. Ogbole, E. Ajaiyeoba","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Helminth infections are among the commonest infections in the developing world. Development of resistance in helminthic against conventional anthelmintic drugs however, has become a foremost problem in the treatment of helminth diseases leading to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintic. Plant collection, authentication, air-drying and extraction with methanol were done. The sheep tapeworm (Moniezia benedeni), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and adult earthworm (Esenia fetida) were used for the assay. Methanol extracts from the roots of Musa species (M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum and M. nana) were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against the three different worms. The worms were placed in petri dishes in solutions of crude extracts at different concentrations, time of paralysis and death were recorded. Piperazine (20 mg/mL) was used as reference compound. The higher concentrations of plant extracts 200 mg/mL produced faster paralytic effects and showed shorter time of death. Musa paradisiaca was the most potent, requiring less time for paralysis 26.07±1.7, 57.08±1.32, 80.04±0.5 min and death 48.08±2.2, 121.04±0.9, 151.39±0.1 min of the worms of all the extracts. The results of the fractions obtained revealed that dichloromethane (DCM) fraction gave the best activity 20.36, 17.08 and 48.61 min, respectively compared to the other fractions. It can be concluded that Musa species could produce a potent anthelmintic agent in the near future based on this study. Further studies are required for the identification of bioactive component(s) responsible for anthelmintic activity and determining the mechanism of action of these plants.Keywords: Moniezia benedeni; Ascaris lumbricoides; Esenia fetida; Musa species; Anthelmintic","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88883299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O. Shittu, N. Njinga, Saheedat Olatinwo, Azeez B. Afosi
Orodispersible tablet (ODT) containing microcapsules is an advanced and convenient drug delivery system that offers advantages of easy administration, and increased bioavailability. Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal, with a bitter and metallic taste as its major drawback. A taste masking is required since the tablet will disintegrate in the oral cavity releasing the drug into close proximity to the taste buds. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate metronidazole microcapsules for formulation of taste masked orally ODT metronidazole tablets. Taste masked metronidazole microcapsules were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with sodium alginate as polymer using different drug to polymer ratio. The microcapsules were evaluated for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction by FTIR spectrometry, DTA, and flow properties. Batches B4 and B5 were formulated into orally disintegrating tablet by direct compression method. The results of FTIR spectrometry and DTA characterization of microcapsules revealed absence of drug-polymer interaction. Evaluation of the microcapsules showed fairly good flow properties and increase in entrapment efficiency as the polymer concentration increased. Evaluation of the directly compressed ODTs showed acceptable weight variation, and average disintegration time less than 60 sec. The average tablet crushing strength range from 18 to 19 N, and the drug release profiles showed greater than 80% release of metronidazole within 10 min. The successful microencapsulation of metronidazole, fast disintegration, rapid drug release profile, and evidence of compatibility between metronidazole and the process polymer demonstrates the suitability of the microcapsules for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet for convenient delivery of metronidazole.Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, microencapsulation, taste masking
{"title":"Design and characterization of taste masked metronidazole microcapsules and its utilization in the formulation of orodispersible tablets","authors":"A. O. Shittu, N. Njinga, Saheedat Olatinwo, Azeez B. Afosi","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v16i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v16i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Orodispersible tablet (ODT) containing microcapsules is an advanced and convenient drug delivery system that offers advantages of easy administration, and increased bioavailability. Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal, with a bitter and metallic taste as its major drawback. A taste masking is required since the tablet will disintegrate in the oral cavity releasing the drug into close proximity to the taste buds. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate metronidazole microcapsules for formulation of taste masked orally ODT metronidazole tablets. Taste masked metronidazole microcapsules were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with sodium alginate as polymer using different drug to polymer ratio. The microcapsules were evaluated for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction by FTIR spectrometry, DTA, and flow properties. Batches B4 and B5 were formulated into orally disintegrating tablet by direct compression method. The results of FTIR spectrometry and DTA characterization of microcapsules revealed absence of drug-polymer interaction. Evaluation of the microcapsules showed fairly good flow properties and increase in entrapment efficiency as the polymer concentration increased. Evaluation of the directly compressed ODTs showed acceptable weight variation, and average disintegration time less than 60 sec. The average tablet crushing strength range from 18 to 19 N, and the drug release profiles showed greater than 80% release of metronidazole within 10 min. The successful microencapsulation of metronidazole, fast disintegration, rapid drug release profile, and evidence of compatibility between metronidazole and the process polymer demonstrates the suitability of the microcapsules for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet for convenient delivery of metronidazole.Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, microencapsulation, taste masking","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86649142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：