L. Adedayo, Godgift Offor, Olalekan Jolayemi, Gideon B. Ojo, O. Bamidele, A. Ojo, Timothy Emmanuel, Nimedia Gideon Aitokhuehi, S. Onasanwo, A. Ayoka
Aripiprazole, a known third generation anti-psychotic drug. The drug has shown to have lesser side effects on extrapyramidal system and enhance memory when compared with the first-generation anti-psychotic drugs. However, studies on the impact of aripiprazole on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice have been poorly reported. This study was designed to investigate the impact of aripiprazole on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Thirtysix (36) mice weighing between 20-23g were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 was given 10 ml/kg distilled water. Group 2 received 3 mg/kg scopolamine alone. Group 3 was given 1 mg/kg donepezil. Group 4 received 0.5 mg/kg aripiprazole. Group 5 was given 0.3 mg/kg aripiprazole. Group 6 received 0.1mg/kg aripiprazole. Thirty minutes after administration of either aripiprazole or donepezil, scopolamine (3 mg/kg) was administered, intraperitoneally. The administration was for 7days, during which their memory was assessed using Morris water maze and Y-maze models. The results showed that the anti-amnesic effect of aripiprazole appeared to be dosedependent; the animals administered with 0.5 mg/kg aripiprazole showed the greatest improved memory performance against scopolamine-induced amnesia. The hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissues displayed anti-amnesic potential of aripiprazole. Aripiprazole seems to improved memory performance against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice.
{"title":"Aripiprazole ameliorates scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice","authors":"L. Adedayo, Godgift Offor, Olalekan Jolayemi, Gideon B. Ojo, O. Bamidele, A. Ojo, Timothy Emmanuel, Nimedia Gideon Aitokhuehi, S. Onasanwo, A. Ayoka","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Aripiprazole, a known third generation anti-psychotic drug. The drug has shown to have lesser side effects on extrapyramidal system and enhance memory when compared with the first-generation anti-psychotic drugs. However, studies on the impact of aripiprazole on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice have been poorly reported. This study was designed to investigate the impact of aripiprazole on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Thirtysix (36) mice weighing between 20-23g were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 was given 10 ml/kg distilled water. Group 2 received 3 mg/kg scopolamine alone. Group 3 was given 1 mg/kg donepezil. Group 4 received 0.5 mg/kg aripiprazole. Group 5 was given 0.3 mg/kg aripiprazole. Group 6 received 0.1mg/kg aripiprazole. Thirty minutes after administration of either aripiprazole or donepezil, scopolamine (3 mg/kg) was administered, intraperitoneally. The administration was for 7days, during which their memory was assessed using Morris water maze and Y-maze models. The results showed that the anti-amnesic effect of aripiprazole appeared to be dosedependent; the animals administered with 0.5 mg/kg aripiprazole showed the greatest improved memory performance against scopolamine-induced amnesia. The hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissues displayed anti-amnesic potential of aripiprazole. Aripiprazole seems to improved memory performance against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"94 1","pages":"12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87319371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. G. Dafam, A. Dénou, Agnes Idoko, N. Jimam, V. A. Okwori, T. L. Ohemu, T. Yakubu, Shakur David
Herbal medicines have been used for disease prevention and treatment for both humans and animals worldwide. The present study was designed to determine the herbs used during pregnancy in Jos and to evaluate attitudes of pregnant women. The survey was carried out in antenatal clinics. Information was obtained from pregnant women (17-60 years) through both informal, unstructured conversations and the use of structured questionnaire. Botanical data were focused on the name and part of the herbs or plant used during pregnancy including herbs, herbal preparations and finished products having medicinal properties. In total, 300 pregnant women were enrolled for this study. The respondents were farmers (33.3 %), housewives (26.7%) and students (23.3 %). The most commonly used herbs were, garlic (16.7 %), pawpaw (13.6 %), ginger (13.0 %) and Moringa (8.0 %). Among the parts, bulb was the most used (16.7 %) followed by fruits (14 %). The most common reasons for the use were: herbal medicine is more effective than conventional medicine for some medications (20 %) and more easily accessed than conventional medicine (20 %). Most of the women were advised by family (31.3 %) and believed herbs had fewer side effects. The findings revealed their knowledge on medicinal plants. The women used one or more herbal medicine during pregnancy.
{"title":"Use of herbal medicine during pregnancy and attitudes of pregnant women in Jos, Nigeria","authors":"D. G. Dafam, A. Dénou, Agnes Idoko, N. Jimam, V. A. Okwori, T. L. Ohemu, T. Yakubu, Shakur David","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal medicines have been used for disease prevention and treatment for both humans and animals worldwide. The present study was designed to determine the herbs used during pregnancy in Jos and to evaluate attitudes of pregnant women. The survey was carried out in antenatal clinics. Information was obtained from pregnant women (17-60 years) through both informal, unstructured conversations and the use of structured questionnaire. Botanical data were focused on the name and part of the herbs or plant used during pregnancy including herbs, herbal preparations and finished products having medicinal properties. In total, 300 pregnant women were enrolled for this study. The respondents were farmers (33.3 %), housewives (26.7%) and students (23.3 %). The most commonly used herbs were, garlic (16.7 %), pawpaw (13.6 %), ginger (13.0 %) and Moringa (8.0 %). Among the parts, bulb was the most used (16.7 %) followed by fruits (14 %). The most common reasons for the use were: herbal medicine is more effective than conventional medicine for some medications (20 %) and more easily accessed than conventional medicine (20 %). Most of the women were advised by family (31.3 %) and believed herbs had fewer side effects. The findings revealed their knowledge on medicinal plants. The women used one or more herbal medicine during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"25 1","pages":"64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85527446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Ajima, J. Onah, Mary Tuga Kuje, Umar David Muhammed, V. Mzozoyana, S. O. Ojerinde
The incidence and prevalence of cancer has been on the rise in recent years and this has been linked to environmental factors, adoption of westernized lifestyle and aging populations. This situation is further complicated by the inadequacies of currently used anticancer agents such as toxicity and resistance which has prompted the search for new and more effective drugs. In this study, Schiff bases of 5-aminotetrazole were prepared by condensing 5aminotetrazole with various aromatic aldehydes. Preliminary confirmation of compound formation was done using thin layer chromatography while FT-IR, UV-Visible, proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy were used for structural characterization of the compounds. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The compounds were synthesized in good yield ranging from 80 to 88 % and found to be soluble in polar solvents. Results of the spectroscopic analyses were indicative of the formation of the new compounds. The 5aminotetrazole Schiff bases were found to demonstrate considerable cytotoxicity compared to the standard drug used, with the o-vanillin Schiff base (OVASB) showing the highest cytotoxicity (LC50 0.23 μg/mL). The results indicate that the compounds have potential for further development in the search for safe and potent anticancer agents.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity of 5- aminotetrazole Schiff bases","authors":"U. Ajima, J. Onah, Mary Tuga Kuje, Umar David Muhammed, V. Mzozoyana, S. O. Ojerinde","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence and prevalence of cancer has been on the rise in recent years and this has been linked to environmental factors, adoption of westernized lifestyle and aging populations. This situation is further complicated by the inadequacies of currently used anticancer agents such as toxicity and resistance which has prompted the search for new and more effective drugs. In this study, Schiff bases of 5-aminotetrazole were prepared by condensing 5aminotetrazole with various aromatic aldehydes. Preliminary confirmation of compound formation was done using thin layer chromatography while FT-IR, UV-Visible, proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy were used for structural characterization of the compounds. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The compounds were synthesized in good yield ranging from 80 to 88 % and found to be soluble in polar solvents. Results of the spectroscopic analyses were indicative of the formation of the new compounds. The 5aminotetrazole Schiff bases were found to demonstrate considerable cytotoxicity compared to the standard drug used, with the o-vanillin Schiff base (OVASB) showing the highest cytotoxicity (LC50 0.23 μg/mL). The results indicate that the compounds have potential for further development in the search for safe and potent anticancer agents.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"158 1","pages":"32-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82915176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decoctions of Stereospermum kunthianum Cham are used in Nigeria's folk medicine for the management of epilepsy and their efficacies are commonly applauded among the rural communities of northern Nigeria. The aim of the study is to investigate the behavioural and anticonvulsant properties of the standardized methanol extract of the stem bark of S. kunthianum, in order to scientifically establish its potential values in the management of convulsive and anxiety disorders. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) is determined in mice. The anticonvulsant effect of S. kunthianum was evaluated on pentylenetetrazole induced-seizure in mice and phenobarbitone induced-sleep was used to examine the sedative effect of the extract, marble burying test was performed to investigate the anxiolytic effect. The oral LD50 of the extract was assessed to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. S. kunthianum significantly extend the onset of pentylenetetrazole induced seizure and reduced the episodes as well. It shortened the onset and prolonged the duration of Phenobarbitone-induced sleep, it also significantly decreased the number of marbles buried by the mice, signifying anxiolytic effect. Our study offers scientific proof that the extract may possess psychoactive principles with potential anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties.
{"title":"Behavioural and anticonvulsant properties of methanol extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum kunthianum Cham in mice","authors":"L. Ior, Bulus Nankwat Pekuk, S. Otimenyin","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Decoctions of Stereospermum kunthianum Cham are used in Nigeria's folk medicine for the management of epilepsy and their efficacies are commonly applauded among the rural communities of northern Nigeria. The aim of the study is to investigate the behavioural and anticonvulsant properties of the standardized methanol extract of the stem bark of S. kunthianum, in order to scientifically establish its potential values in the management of convulsive and anxiety disorders. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) is determined in mice. The anticonvulsant effect of S. kunthianum was evaluated on pentylenetetrazole induced-seizure in mice and phenobarbitone induced-sleep was used to examine the sedative effect of the extract, marble burying test was performed to investigate the anxiolytic effect. The oral LD50 of the extract was assessed to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. S. kunthianum significantly extend the onset of pentylenetetrazole induced seizure and reduced the episodes as well. It shortened the onset and prolonged the duration of Phenobarbitone-induced sleep, it also significantly decreased the number of marbles buried by the mice, signifying anxiolytic effect. Our study offers scientific proof that the extract may possess psychoactive principles with potential anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"7 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74712681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shehu, Abdulmumin Z. Abubakar, U. Danmalam, N. Ilyas, N. Danjuma
The extract from the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Costaceae) has been used to treat many illnesses including eye infections and cataract. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of the rhizome by evaluating its macro-morphological characteristics, micro-morphological features using its anatomical section, physicochemical constants and elemental profile of its powder according to standard methods. Macro-morphology revealed features typical of a rhizome. Microscopical examination shows vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue of starch-filled cellulosic parenchyma, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and Oleoresin cells. Chemomicroscopy of the powder showed cellulosic cell walls, lignified cell walls, starch grains, fats and oil. The powder was found to have a moisture content of 12.3%, Total ash of 4.3%, acid insoluble ash of 2.0%, water soluble ash of 1.2%, water soluble extractive of 11.0% and alcohol soluble extractive of 6.5%. Elemental analysis showed the presence of Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cd at concentrations of 24.62, 2.63, 1449.21, 113.23, 36.50, 31.90, 86.93 and 1.23 mg/kg in the powder respectively. The study has established some pharmacognostic features and elemental composition of the rhizome of C. spectabilis. The information could serve useful in providing quality control parameters and standardization of the crude drug.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic and elemental analysis of the rhizome of C. spectabilis (Fenzl) Schumann (Costaceae)","authors":"S. Shehu, Abdulmumin Z. Abubakar, U. Danmalam, N. Ilyas, N. Danjuma","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The extract from the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Costaceae) has been used to treat many illnesses including eye infections and cataract. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of the rhizome by evaluating its macro-morphological characteristics, micro-morphological features using its anatomical section, physicochemical constants and elemental profile of its powder according to standard methods. Macro-morphology revealed features typical of a rhizome. Microscopical examination shows vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue of starch-filled cellulosic parenchyma, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and Oleoresin cells. Chemomicroscopy of the powder showed cellulosic cell walls, lignified cell walls, starch grains, fats and oil. The powder was found to have a moisture content of 12.3%, Total ash of 4.3%, acid insoluble ash of 2.0%, water soluble ash of 1.2%, water soluble extractive of 11.0% and alcohol soluble extractive of 6.5%. Elemental analysis showed the presence of Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cd at concentrations of 24.62, 2.63, 1449.21, 113.23, 36.50, 31.90, 86.93 and 1.23 mg/kg in the powder respectively. The study has established some pharmacognostic features and elemental composition of the rhizome of C. spectabilis. The information could serve useful in providing quality control parameters and standardization of the crude drug.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"7 1","pages":"25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78436460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices has the potential to pave way for integrative and collaborative healthcare delivery in African health facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how willing pharmacy students are to taking on the custody of CAM, especially provision of expertise services on traditional medicines. A questionnaire on the willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy students to be trained and certified as CAM experts in an integrated health system was administered to one hundred and nineteen (119) pharmacy students of Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Ninety-four respondents (78.99 %) were excited to be trained on CAM and become experts on CAM alongside orthodox but not solely on CAM. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the important role of CAM in the nation’s healthcare delivery system but were not ready to be trained solely as such without the commitments of governments for better status. The study revealed that with necessary support from governments and stakeholders, specialists from those desiring to study pharmacy can be developed to focus on safety, purity and efficacy of CAM, especially traditional medicines, to enhance their incorporation into the national healthcare system.
{"title":"Willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) students to be custodians of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): case study of Kenyatta University, Nairobi","authors":"I. Ogaji, Jackson Lubayo, F. O. Aliyu","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices has the potential to pave way for integrative and collaborative healthcare delivery in African health facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how willing pharmacy students are to taking on the custody of CAM, especially provision of expertise services on traditional medicines. A questionnaire on the willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy students to be trained and certified as CAM experts in an integrated health system was administered to one hundred and nineteen (119) pharmacy students of Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Ninety-four respondents (78.99 %) were excited to be trained on CAM and become experts on CAM alongside orthodox but not solely on CAM. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the important role of CAM in the nation’s healthcare delivery system but were not ready to be trained solely as such without the commitments of governments for better status. The study revealed that with necessary support from governments and stakeholders, specialists from those desiring to study pharmacy can be developed to focus on safety, purity and efficacy of CAM, especially traditional medicines, to enhance their incorporation into the national healthcare system.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"39 1","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82868551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Anafi, H. Kwanashie, J. Anuka, Mohammed Bissalla
This study investigated toxicological effects of 5 and/or 10 mg/kg artemether (ART5 or ART10) and nevirapine (NVP) co-administration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally to 6 groups (n=6) for 21 days. On day 22, rats were sacrificed, sera obtained to determine electrolyte and antioxidant levels. Liver, kidney, lung and spleen were harvested and weighed for histological studies. Data analysed using oneway ANOVA, Dunnett’s post-hoc test and were considered significant at p≤0.05. There was no difference in superoxide, catalase, Na, K, Ca and HCO3 levels in the treated groups. Cl decreased (p≤0.05) in NVP + T80 and NVP + ART10 administered groups. MDA increased (p≤0.05) in NVP + ART10 group while GPx decreased. No pathological changes were observed in the liver of all treated groups but relative weight increased (p≤0.05) in NVPART10 treated group. The kidney of NVP-ART5 and NVP-ART10 treated groups did not differ in relative weight but showed some renal necrosis. The spleen and lung of ART10 treated group showed some pathological changes. The changes in relative liver weight, kidney tissue, Cl, MDA and GPx levels of ART-NVP administered rats suggest the need for precautionary measures during drug treatment combination.
{"title":"oxicological effects of artemether-nevirapine coadministration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats","authors":"S. Anafi, H. Kwanashie, J. Anuka, Mohammed Bissalla","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated toxicological effects of 5 and/or 10 mg/kg artemether (ART5 or ART10) and nevirapine (NVP) co-administration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally to 6 groups (n=6) for 21 days. On day 22, rats were sacrificed, sera obtained to determine electrolyte and antioxidant levels. Liver, kidney, lung and spleen were harvested and weighed for histological studies. Data analysed using oneway ANOVA, Dunnett’s post-hoc test and were considered significant at p≤0.05. There was no difference in superoxide, catalase, Na, K, Ca and HCO3 levels in the treated groups. Cl decreased (p≤0.05) in NVP + T80 and NVP + ART10 administered groups. MDA increased (p≤0.05) in NVP + ART10 group while GPx decreased. No pathological changes were observed in the liver of all treated groups but relative weight increased (p≤0.05) in NVPART10 treated group. The kidney of NVP-ART5 and NVP-ART10 treated groups did not differ in relative weight but showed some renal necrosis. The spleen and lung of ART10 treated group showed some pathological changes. The changes in relative liver weight, kidney tissue, Cl, MDA and GPx levels of ART-NVP administered rats suggest the need for precautionary measures during drug treatment combination.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"17 1","pages":"112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86891492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dayom, Ehijie F. O. Enato, Godwin Ekpe, Ibrahim Kamal
This study qualitatively compared the acceptability of intermittent preventive therapy with an alternative intervention intermittent screening and treatment for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) among postpartum women in Edo State, Nigeria. Four focused group discussions were held with postpartum women who participated in a multi-center clinical trial that compared intermittent preventive therapy and intermittent screening and treatment for malaria in pregnancy between 2014 and 2015. The focus group discussions were guided by semi-structured open ended questions covering topics related to their experiences and choice of either interventions. Discussions were analyzed inductively based on emerged themes. Intermittent screening and treatment was most preferred and acceptable by the study participants compared to the intermittent preventive treatment approached. The quest to know their health status through the investigations was a motivation for their choice of the intervention. The rejection of intermittent preventive therapy was due to the general fear of medication use during pregnancy without apparent indication considering the side effects experienced with SP-based intermittent preventive therapy by women who considered themselves healthy. A properly designed and implemented intermittent screening and treatment programme could therefore be more effective in reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy in the country.
{"title":"Acceptability of Intermittent Screening and Treatment (IST) versus Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) for the control of malaria in pregnancy: perspective of the Nigerian pregnant woman","authors":"D. Dayom, Ehijie F. O. Enato, Godwin Ekpe, Ibrahim Kamal","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.8","url":null,"abstract":"This study qualitatively compared the acceptability of intermittent preventive therapy with an alternative intervention intermittent screening and treatment for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) among postpartum women in Edo State, Nigeria. Four focused group discussions were held with postpartum women who participated in a multi-center clinical trial that compared intermittent preventive therapy and intermittent screening and treatment for malaria in pregnancy between 2014 and 2015. The focus group discussions were guided by semi-structured open ended questions covering topics related to their experiences and choice of either interventions. Discussions were analyzed inductively based on emerged themes. Intermittent screening and treatment was most preferred and acceptable by the study participants compared to the intermittent preventive treatment approached. The quest to know their health status through the investigations was a motivation for their choice of the intervention. The rejection of intermittent preventive therapy was due to the general fear of medication use during pregnancy without apparent indication considering the side effects experienced with SP-based intermittent preventive therapy by women who considered themselves healthy. A properly designed and implemented intermittent screening and treatment programme could therefore be more effective in reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy in the country.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"35 1","pages":"142-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76609915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Staphylococcus aureus is a virulent pathogen that is currently, not only the most common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide, but increasingly also, a community associated pathogen. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and susceptibility of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from apparently healthy university student population in Jos Nigeria. Two hundred and seventeen (217) urine samples were screened for Staphylococcus aureus. Isolates were characterized by conventional cultural and biochemical methods including rapid test kits (MicrogenID test kit). Their susceptibility profiles were determined against a panel of eleven antibiotics using the method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The MRSA status were confirmed phenotypically using oxacillin and cefoxitin as markers. Of the 217 samples collected, 171 (78.8%) were positive for Staphylococcal species, while 135 of these were coagulase positive and were classed as S. aureus. Seventy-three (73) of these were identified as S. aureus with the MicrogenID test kit. Isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics used in the study. Seventy-one (71) of 73 S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. The susceptibility pattern observed in community isolates implies that any outbreak of infections caused by these strains may pose a threat to public health.
金黄色葡萄球菌是一种剧毒病原体，目前不仅是世界范围内医院感染的最常见原因，而且越来越多地成为社区相关病原体。本研究旨在确定从尼日利亚乔斯市明显健康的大学生人群中分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的流行率和敏感性。对217份尿液样本进行了金黄色葡萄球菌筛查。采用常规培养和生化方法(包括快速检测试剂盒(MicrogenID test kit))对分离物进行鉴定。使用临床和实验室标准研究所(CLSI)的方法对11种抗生素进行了敏感性分析。以肟西林和头孢西丁为标记物，对MRSA状态进行表型鉴定。收集的217份样品中，葡萄球菌阳性171份(78.8%)，其中凝固酶阳性135份，属于金黄色葡萄球菌。其中73例经MicrogenID检测试剂盒鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌。分离株对研究中使用的至少一种抗生素具有耐药性。73株金黄色葡萄球菌中71株对甲氧西林耐药。在社区分离株中观察到的易感模式表明，由这些菌株引起的任何感染暴发都可能对公共卫生构成威胁。
{"title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from healthy students of University of Jos","authors":"P. O. Olorunfemi, J. Onaolapo, Y. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is a virulent pathogen that is currently, not only the most common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide, but increasingly also, a community associated pathogen. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and susceptibility of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from apparently healthy university student population in Jos Nigeria. Two hundred and seventeen (217) urine samples were screened for Staphylococcus aureus. Isolates were characterized by conventional cultural and biochemical methods including rapid test kits (MicrogenID test kit). Their susceptibility profiles were determined against a panel of eleven antibiotics using the method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The MRSA status were confirmed phenotypically using oxacillin and cefoxitin as markers. Of the 217 samples collected, 171 (78.8%) were positive for Staphylococcal species, while 135 of these were coagulase positive and were classed as S. aureus. Seventy-three (73) of these were identified as S. aureus with the MicrogenID test kit. Isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics used in the study. Seventy-one (71) of 73 S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. The susceptibility pattern observed in community isolates implies that any outbreak of infections caused by these strains may pose a threat to public health.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"12 1","pages":"131-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76687036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mahmud, Lawan Ijudigal, I. Yunusa, A. Shehu, M. Magaji
This study aimed at providing pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of Parquetina nigrescens root in the treatment of diarrhoea. The antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol root extract of P. nigrescens (MPN) was determined using castor oil-induced diarrhoea (COD), castor oil-induced enteropooling (COE) and gastrointestinal motility (GIT) tests. In COD, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) delayed the onset of diarrhoea and significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the number of wet faeces (with percentage inhibition of 52.2; 53.33 and 71.13 at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. The frequency of defecation was significantly (p≤0.01) decreased at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In COE, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) reduced the volume of intestinal content with percentage inhibition of intestinal fluid accumulation of 79.36; 47.62; 68.25 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. In the GIT test, MPN significantly (p≤0.01) decreased the distance travelled by charcoal with a percentage reduction of peristalsis index of 41.19; 47.26; 43.46 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. The percentage inhibition of GIT at all doses of MPN was 50.48, 39.00 and 45.62 respectively. MPN possesses antidiarrhoeal activity thus, the credence for its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.
{"title":"Activity of methanol root extract of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock on castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice","authors":"B. Mahmud, Lawan Ijudigal, I. Yunusa, A. Shehu, M. Magaji","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at providing pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of Parquetina nigrescens root in the treatment of diarrhoea. The antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol root extract of P. nigrescens (MPN) was determined using castor oil-induced diarrhoea (COD), castor oil-induced enteropooling (COE) and gastrointestinal motility (GIT) tests. In COD, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) delayed the onset of diarrhoea and significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the number of wet faeces (with percentage inhibition of 52.2; 53.33 and 71.13 at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. The frequency of defecation was significantly (p≤0.01) decreased at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In COE, MPN at all doses significantly (p≤0.01) reduced the volume of intestinal content with percentage inhibition of intestinal fluid accumulation of 79.36; 47.62; 68.25 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. In the GIT test, MPN significantly (p≤0.01) decreased the distance travelled by charcoal with a percentage reduction of peristalsis index of 41.19; 47.26; 43.46 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively against control. The percentage inhibition of GIT at all doses of MPN was 50.48, 39.00 and 45.62 respectively. MPN possesses antidiarrhoeal activity thus, the credence for its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"11 1","pages":"180-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74210515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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