Churchill Akena, Gloria Maxensia Akampa, Edson Ireeta Munanura, Robert BD Otto, Bruhan Kaggwa, Paul Rubayiza, Margaret Ndagire
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes various infections in humans both in hospital and community settings. Mangifera indica Linnaeus bark and dry Psidium guajava Linnaeus leaves have individually demonstrated activity against P. aeruginosa. This study aimed to assess the combined antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of dry M. indica bark and dry P. guajava leaves on Multidrug-Resistant P. aeruginosa. Different proportion combinations of P. guajava and M. indica were assessed for antipseudomonal activity using Agar well diffusion method. Colistin was the positive control. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) was also determined. The combination of methanolic extracts of P. guajava leaves (35 mg/mL) and M. indica bark (6.25 mg/mL) had a superior antibacterial effect on Multidrug-Resistant P. aeruginosa when compared with the individual extracts used alone (p˂0.05), save for P. guajava (100 mg/mL) (p = 0.1373). Colistin was significantly more active on MDR P. aeruginosa than all the test extract concentrations used. This combination of M. indica bark and P. guajava leaves methanolic extracts had a FICI of 0.2434. This study demonstrates that the combination of P. guajava leaves (35 mg/mL) and M. indica bark (6.25 mg/mL) has synergistically enhanced activity against MDR P. aeruginosa. Keywords: Antipseudomonal, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mangifera indica, and Psidium guajava
{"title":"In vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of combinations of methanolic extracts of Mangifera indica L. bark and Psidium guajava L. leaf on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Churchill Akena, Gloria Maxensia Akampa, Edson Ireeta Munanura, Robert BD Otto, Bruhan Kaggwa, Paul Rubayiza, Margaret Ndagire","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes various infections in humans both in hospital and community settings. Mangifera indica Linnaeus bark and dry Psidium guajava Linnaeus leaves have individually demonstrated activity against P. aeruginosa. This study aimed to assess the combined antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of dry M. indica bark and dry P. guajava leaves on Multidrug-Resistant P. aeruginosa. Different proportion combinations of P. guajava and M. indica were assessed for antipseudomonal activity using Agar well diffusion method. Colistin was the positive control. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) was also determined. The combination of methanolic extracts of P. guajava leaves (35 mg/mL) and M. indica bark (6.25 mg/mL) had a superior antibacterial effect on Multidrug-Resistant P. aeruginosa when compared with the individual extracts used alone (p˂0.05), save for P. guajava (100 mg/mL) (p = 0.1373). Colistin was significantly more active on MDR P. aeruginosa than all the test extract concentrations used. This combination of M. indica bark and P. guajava leaves methanolic extracts had a FICI of 0.2434. This study demonstrates that the combination of P. guajava leaves (35 mg/mL) and M. indica bark (6.25 mg/mL) has synergistically enhanced activity against MDR P. aeruginosa. \u0000Keywords: Antipseudomonal, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mangifera indica, and Psidium guajava","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74393604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Friday I. Kyahar, E. Onwuliri, J. Ehinmidu, P. Oladosu
Medicinal plants have been used in treatment of illness from time immemorial. Adenodolichos paniculatus is a medicinal plant used for traditional remedy of sore throat infections. This study therefore, evaluated the antibacterial activities of the root extracts and time-kill kinetics of the most potent extract. Five extracts, obtained by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water sequentially were evaluated for antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Chloroform root extract at 100 mg/ml was active against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zones of inhibition 25.00, 21.00 and 14.75 mm respectively but not against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were 1.56, 6.25 and 25.00 mg/ml respectively and the minimum bactericidal concentrations were 3.12, 12.50 and 50.00 mg/ml. Complete elimination of S. pyogenes, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was achieved at concentrations 1.56 mg/ml, 6.25 mg/ml and 25.00 mg/ml within 300, 720 and 960 minutes exposure respectively and at concentrations 3.12 mg/ml, 25.00 mg/ml and 50.00 mg/ml within 180, 300 and 720 minutes exposure respectively. Chloroform root extract has the potential to be used as antibacterial agent and was better than the other solvent extract two-fold. Keywords: Adenodolichos paniculatus; Antibacterial activity; Time-kill kinetics; Percentage reduction, Log reduction
{"title":"Time-kill kinetics and antibacterial activity of root extract of Adenodolichos paniculatus (Hua) Hutch & Dalz (Fabaceae)","authors":"Friday I. Kyahar, E. Onwuliri, J. Ehinmidu, P. Oladosu","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants have been used in treatment of illness from time immemorial. Adenodolichos paniculatus is a medicinal plant used for traditional remedy of sore throat infections. This study therefore, evaluated the antibacterial activities of the root extracts and time-kill kinetics of the most potent extract. Five extracts, obtained by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water sequentially were evaluated for antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Chloroform root extract at 100 mg/ml was active against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zones of inhibition 25.00, 21.00 and 14.75 mm respectively but not against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were 1.56, 6.25 and 25.00 mg/ml respectively and the minimum bactericidal concentrations were 3.12, 12.50 and 50.00 mg/ml. Complete elimination of S. pyogenes, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was achieved at concentrations 1.56 mg/ml, 6.25 mg/ml and 25.00 mg/ml within 300, 720 and 960 minutes exposure respectively and at concentrations 3.12 mg/ml, 25.00 mg/ml and 50.00 mg/ml within 180, 300 and 720 minutes exposure respectively. Chloroform root extract has the potential to be used as antibacterial agent and was better than the other solvent extract two-fold. \u0000Keywords: Adenodolichos paniculatus; Antibacterial activity; Time-kill kinetics; Percentage reduction, Log reduction","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76499239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies and documentation on the current knowledge and practices of traditional medicine among African communities are lacking particularly in this era of modern health care expansion. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of traditional medicine in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria. A systemic random sampling technique was employed for this study. A semi-structured open and closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data through house to house interview among 300 participants identified for the study. The data was then analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 (Chicago, SPSS Inc.). The studies revealed two hundred and seventy four (94.8%) have heard about traditional medicine, while two hundred and forty two (83.7%) of them have used traditional medicine once or more in their life time, especially for the treatment of malaria and fever. One hundred and eleven (38.4%) of the respondents preferred using both traditional and modern medicine. The prevalence of Traditional Medicine patronage in Jos South LGA, Plateau state is high and this may be related to the socio-cultural acceptability, easy accessibility, and affordability of Traditional Medicine. Keywords: Knowledge; Attitude; Practice; Traditional Medicine; Nigeria
非洲社区目前缺乏关于传统医学知识和实践的研究和文献，特别是在这个现代卫生保健扩大的时代。本研究旨在评估尼日利亚高原州Jos South地方政府地区(LGA)传统医学的知识、态度和实践。本研究采用系统随机抽样技术。采用半结构化的开放式和封闭式问卷，对300名研究参与者进行了挨家挨户的访谈，收集数据。然后使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS) 20.0版(芝加哥，SPSS Inc.)分析数据。这些研究表明，274人(94.8%)听说过传统医学，而242人(83.7%)在其一生中使用过一次或多次传统医学，特别是用于治疗疟疾和发烧。111名受访者(38.4%)倾向于同时使用传统和现代药物。高原州Jos South LGA的传统医学赞助率很高，这可能与传统医学的社会文化可接受性、易获得性和可负担性有关。关键词:知识;态度;实践;传统医学;尼日利亚
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of traditional medicine among people of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria","authors":"T. L. Ohemu, D. Shalkur, B. O. Ohemu, P. Daniel","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Studies and documentation on the current knowledge and practices of traditional medicine among African communities are lacking particularly in this era of modern health care expansion. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of traditional medicine in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria. A systemic random sampling technique was employed for this study. A semi-structured open and closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data through house to house interview among 300 participants identified for the study. The data was then analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 (Chicago, SPSS Inc.). The studies revealed two hundred and seventy four (94.8%) have heard about traditional medicine, while two hundred and forty two (83.7%) of them have used traditional medicine once or more in their life time, especially for the treatment of malaria and fever. One hundred and eleven (38.4%) of the respondents preferred using both traditional and modern medicine. The prevalence of Traditional Medicine patronage in Jos South LGA, Plateau state is high and this may be related to the socio-cultural acceptability, easy accessibility, and affordability of Traditional Medicine. \u0000Keywords: Knowledge; Attitude; Practice; Traditional Medicine; Nigeria","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88893200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. S. Ojerinde, Dalen Dafam Gwatau, K. D. Falang, P. Odumosu, J. Kolawole
Carissa edulis Vahl (Apocynaceae) is a plant whose leaves, roots and fruits are traditionally employed for the treatment of malaria, microbial infections, headache, cough, fever and ulcer among many others. Fresh fruits of Carissa edulis were crushed and extracted with 70 % methanol for 72 hours to obtain MeOH extract. Proximate analysis as well as mineral composition of the fresh fruits were determined. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP & Ferrous chelating) of the MeOH extract were determined, while the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extract was conducted using bioautographic assay. The structure of compounds isolated were elucidated by 1D NMR spectroscopic analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometric (HRESIMS) data. The results showed that the nutritive value of the fresh Carissa edulis is 43.43 kcal/100 g, while the extract demonstrated good antioxidant activities (DPPH, IC50 = 87.98 μg/ml; FRAP, EC50 = 464.33 μg/ml & Ferrous chelating, EC50 = 294.55 μg/ml). Further study of the MeOH extract of the fruit led to the isolation of rhamnetin-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, peonidin-3-rutinoside and malvidin-3-O-β-D-(6”-acetylglucoside). These results suggest that the fruits of Carissa edulis are nutritious and possess potential antidiabetic effect which corroborated the ethnomedical uses of the fruits. Keywords: Carissa edulis; α-Glucosidase; Anthocyanins; Nutritional composition; Antioxidant properties
{"title":"Nutritional composition, antioxidant assay and α-glucosidase inhibitory flavonoids from the fruits of Carissa edulis Vahl (Apocynaceae)","authors":"O. S. Ojerinde, Dalen Dafam Gwatau, K. D. Falang, P. Odumosu, J. Kolawole","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Carissa edulis Vahl (Apocynaceae) is a plant whose leaves, roots and fruits are traditionally employed for the treatment of malaria, microbial infections, headache, cough, fever and ulcer among many others. Fresh fruits of Carissa edulis were crushed and extracted with 70 % methanol for 72 hours to obtain MeOH extract. Proximate analysis as well as mineral composition of the fresh fruits were determined. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP & Ferrous chelating) of the MeOH extract were determined, while the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extract was conducted using bioautographic assay. The structure of compounds isolated were elucidated by 1D NMR spectroscopic analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometric (HRESIMS) data. The results showed that the nutritive value of the fresh Carissa edulis is 43.43 kcal/100 g, while the extract demonstrated good antioxidant activities (DPPH, IC50 = 87.98 μg/ml; FRAP, EC50 = 464.33 μg/ml & Ferrous chelating, EC50 = 294.55 μg/ml). Further study of the MeOH extract of the fruit led to the isolation of rhamnetin-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, peonidin-3-rutinoside and malvidin-3-O-β-D-(6”-acetylglucoside). These results suggest that the fruits of Carissa edulis are nutritious and possess potential antidiabetic effect which corroborated the ethnomedical uses of the fruits. \u0000Keywords: Carissa edulis; α-Glucosidase; Anthocyanins; Nutritional composition; Antioxidant properties","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81783736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing number of multisource pharmaceuticals has necessitated the need for continuous quality assessment of products available for atients’ consumption. Promethazine is an anti-histamine used in cases of nausea, vomiting, motion sickness etc. The study was to examine the in vitro quality parameters for ten brands of promethazine hydrochloride tablets sold in retail pharmacies in Edo State, Nigeria. The parameters determined were identification, weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, dissolution rate and assay. All samples were evaluated for conformity with British Pharmacopoeia (BP) 2017 standards. Results obtained showed tablet weight ranging from 0.08 g ± 1.77 % to 0.255 g ± 3.557 %, hardness from 4.36 ± 0.58 to 8.33 ± 3.21 kg/cm2, friability of < 1 %, disintegration time of 2.47 ± 0.90 to 69.66 ± 7.23 min and assay of 61.32 ± 2.04 to 183.19 ± 0.11%. The ten batches but one released more than 80 % of their drug content within 30 min. Analysis of similarity factor revealed other samples but PR-7 can be interchangeable with PR-1 based on dissolution profile. The results showed that not all samples examined passed all the pharmacopoeia tests for satisfactory quality. Thus, they all cannot be used interchangeably in clinical practice. Keywords: Promethazine; Quality Control; Dissolution; Pharmacopoeial specifications
{"title":"In vitro quality evaluation of brands of promethazine tablets marketed in Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"Oluwatobi O Olakojo, I. Usman","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing number of multisource pharmaceuticals has necessitated the need for continuous quality assessment of products available for atients’ consumption. Promethazine is an anti-histamine used in cases of nausea, vomiting, motion sickness etc. The study was to examine the in vitro quality parameters for ten brands of promethazine hydrochloride tablets sold in retail pharmacies in Edo State, Nigeria. The parameters determined were identification, weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, dissolution rate and assay. All samples were evaluated for conformity with British Pharmacopoeia (BP) 2017 standards. Results obtained showed tablet weight ranging from 0.08 g ± 1.77 % to 0.255 g ± 3.557 %, hardness from 4.36 ± 0.58 to 8.33 ± 3.21 kg/cm2, friability of < 1 %, disintegration time of 2.47 ± 0.90 to 69.66 ± 7.23 min and assay of 61.32 ± 2.04 to 183.19 ± 0.11%. The ten batches but one released more than 80 % of their drug content within 30 min. Analysis of similarity factor revealed other samples but PR-7 can be interchangeable with PR-1 based on dissolution profile. The results showed that not all samples examined passed all the pharmacopoeia tests for satisfactory quality. Thus, they all cannot be used interchangeably in clinical practice. \u0000Keywords: Promethazine; Quality Control; Dissolution; Pharmacopoeial specifications","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87003565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nigerian health system is fraught with inadequate personnel, weak logistics systems and poor service delivery. The Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) report on mapping of partners’ procurement and supply management systems for medical products with its recommendations was evaluated. An assessment of Supply Chain Management (SCM) of health facilities as well as the different categories of personnel that manage them was conducted. The study indicated 79.5% of the facilities received free antimalarials, 46.2% received free ARV and 23.1% received free antituberculosis. Facilities (94.9%) were not involved in the product selection as it was undertaken by providers. Also, 65.4% of the facilities received expiring drugs, 87.2% did not have well trained and efficient staff. In addition, 88.5% admitted that supplies were sometimes delayed and they (65.4%) are usually not intimated of the reasons, 66.2% do not calculate average monthly consumption, 59.5% submit LMIS report monthly while 60.0% do not have inventory control system. The study indicated that stock out and supply interruptions still exist several years after FMoH survey and recommendations. This study found that logistic challenges still exist at the SDPs implying that either FMoH recommendations were not implemented or implementation was ineffective in addressing the challenges. Keywords: inventory management, logistics, procurement and supply management, supply chain management
{"title":"Supply chain of some medicines in health facilities in Jos, Nigeria: post Federal Ministry of Health mapping survey","authors":"N. Ngwuluka, Ibironke M. Akindele, N. Ochekpe","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The Nigerian health system is fraught with inadequate personnel, weak logistics systems and poor service delivery. The Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) report on mapping of partners’ procurement and supply management systems for medical products with its recommendations was evaluated. An assessment of Supply Chain Management (SCM) of health facilities as well as the different categories of personnel that manage them was conducted. The study indicated 79.5% of the facilities received free antimalarials, 46.2% received free ARV and 23.1% received free antituberculosis. Facilities (94.9%) were not involved in the product selection as it was undertaken by providers. Also, 65.4% of the facilities received expiring drugs, 87.2% did not have well trained and efficient staff. In addition, 88.5% admitted that supplies were sometimes delayed and they (65.4%) are usually not intimated of the reasons, 66.2% do not calculate average monthly consumption, 59.5% submit LMIS report monthly while 60.0% do not have inventory control system. The study indicated that stock out and supply interruptions still exist several years after FMoH survey and recommendations. This study found that logistic challenges still exist at the SDPs implying that either FMoH recommendations were not implemented or implementation was ineffective in addressing the challenges. \u0000Keywords: inventory management, logistics, procurement and supply management, supply chain management","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"218 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90750117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Omoniwa, K. Okaiyeto, D. Omoniwa, O. A. Olorunyomi
Parinari curatellifolia and other Parinari species are used traditionally in many parts of Africa as a remedy for malaria among other diseases. To ascertain this folkloric claim, the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (EEPCSB) and n-hexane extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (HEPCSB) on Plasmodium falciparum was studied. Parasites were grown in a 96-well plate containing Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640. The wells were grouped into: control (untreated), artemether-treated, EEPCSB-treated and HEPCSB-treated groups. Treatments were administered to the tune of 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml. Parasitemia was observed by microscopy after 24, 48 and 72h of incubation. EEPCSB and HEPCSB elicited dose and duration-dependent reduction (p<0.05) in parasitemia when compared with the untreated group. The recorded percentage parasite inhibition by the extracts was lower (p<0.05) when compared with artemether. There was no difference (p>0.05) in plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase activity of EEPCSB-treated and artemether-treated groups. Findings from this study show that extracts of P. curatellifolia stem bark, especially EEPCSB, demonstrated excellent inhibitory activities against P. falciparum and can be a good source of compounds for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.
{"title":"In vitro antiplasmodial evaluation of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark","authors":"B. Omoniwa, K. Okaiyeto, D. Omoniwa, O. A. Olorunyomi","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Parinari curatellifolia and other Parinari species are used traditionally in many parts of Africa as a remedy for malaria among other diseases. To ascertain this folkloric claim, the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (EEPCSB) and n-hexane extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (HEPCSB) on Plasmodium falciparum was studied. Parasites were grown in a 96-well plate containing Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640. The wells were grouped into: control (untreated), artemether-treated, EEPCSB-treated and HEPCSB-treated groups. Treatments were administered to the tune of 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml. Parasitemia was observed by microscopy after 24, 48 and 72h of incubation. EEPCSB and HEPCSB elicited dose and duration-dependent reduction (p<0.05) in parasitemia when compared with the untreated group. The recorded percentage parasite inhibition by the extracts was lower (p<0.05) when compared with artemether. There was no difference (p>0.05) in plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase activity of EEPCSB-treated and artemether-treated groups. Findings from this study show that extracts of P. curatellifolia stem bark, especially EEPCSB, demonstrated excellent inhibitory activities against P. falciparum and can be a good source of compounds for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"46 1","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87112607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. O. Olorunfemi, N. Ngwuluka, J. Onaolapo, Y. Ibrahim
Staphylococcus aureus is an organism of great public health importance. It is widely studied because it is virulent, causes life threatening disease and has ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and so develops resistance to antibiotics easily. As a result, there is a need for surveillance of its antibiotic resistance and resistance genes. The susceptibility and molecular characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from urine samples of healthy students were undertaken. Standard procedures were employed for isolation, identification, susceptibility, and polymerase chain reaction analyses. Out of 217 samples collected, 73 were confirmed Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin followed by gentamicin and co-trimoxazole and least susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, ofloxacin and cefoxitin. Thirty-two (32) isolates were resistant to 5 antibiotics while 3 isolates were resistant to the 11 antibiotics used in this study. Sixteen phenotypically methicillin resistant isolates contained mecA gene while ten of the isolates also showed the presence of mecB gene. The characteristic Sa442 and nuc genes of Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of spa gene confirmed MRSA. Continous surveillance for antibiotic resistance and resistance genes is paramount at local, regional and national levels. Surveillance data will assist in implementing interventions. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, mecA, mecB, CA-MRSA; Surveillance
{"title":"Susceptibility and molecular characterization of mec A- and mec B-positive community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from students","authors":"P. O. Olorunfemi, N. Ngwuluka, J. Onaolapo, Y. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/jpb.v18i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is an organism of great public health importance. It is widely studied because it is virulent, causes life threatening disease and has ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and so develops resistance to antibiotics easily. As a result, there is a need for surveillance of its antibiotic resistance and resistance genes. The susceptibility and molecular characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from urine samples of healthy students were undertaken. Standard procedures were employed for isolation, identification, susceptibility, and polymerase chain reaction analyses. Out of 217 samples collected, 73 were confirmed Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin followed by gentamicin and co-trimoxazole and least susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, ofloxacin and cefoxitin. Thirty-two (32) isolates were resistant to 5 antibiotics while 3 isolates were resistant to the 11 antibiotics used in this study. Sixteen phenotypically methicillin resistant isolates contained mecA gene while ten of the isolates also showed the presence of mecB gene. The characteristic Sa442 and nuc genes of Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of spa gene confirmed MRSA. Continous surveillance for antibiotic resistance and resistance genes is paramount at local, regional and national levels. Surveillance data will assist in implementing interventions. \u0000Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, mecA, mecB, CA-MRSA; Surveillance","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75593095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Olumoh-Abdul, R. Ayanniyi, Fatimoh Idowu Ojuade, H. Olufadi-Ahmed, Z. Onibon
Herbal mixtures are extensively consumed globally for medicinal use due to the belief that they are safe and readily accessible. The herbal preparation (SHM), evaluated in this study, is made up of 7 plants found in Nigeria and it is used internally and externally for varieties of disease conditions. The heavy metals and microbial content of SHM was evaluated. Three batches of the SMH were analyzed for presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The microbial load was also evaluated by determining the total viable yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The metal and microbial content of the samples were compared with WHO permissible limits and differences in concentration among the batches were determined. Fe (0.010-0.100 mg/L) and Zn (0.010-0.030 mg/L) detected were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the permissible limits while Cu, Pb and Cd were absent. A batch had total yeast and mould count (4.95 x 10Cfu/mL) above the permissible limit whereas the other batches were below the limit. Microorganisms (yeasts, mould like Aspergillus flavus and Rhizoctonia solani) were present in all the batches and hence SHM may not be safe for internal use.
{"title":"Evaluation of heavy metal and microbial content of a multicomponent herbal preparation","authors":"H. Olumoh-Abdul, R. Ayanniyi, Fatimoh Idowu Ojuade, H. Olufadi-Ahmed, Z. Onibon","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal mixtures are extensively consumed globally for medicinal use due to the belief that they are safe and readily accessible. The herbal preparation (SHM), evaluated in this study, is made up of 7 plants found in Nigeria and it is used internally and externally for varieties of disease conditions. The heavy metals and microbial content of SHM was evaluated. Three batches of the SMH were analyzed for presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The microbial load was also evaluated by determining the total viable yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The metal and microbial content of the samples were compared with WHO permissible limits and differences in concentration among the batches were determined. Fe (0.010-0.100 mg/L) and Zn (0.010-0.030 mg/L) detected were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the permissible limits while Cu, Pb and Cd were absent. A batch had total yeast and mould count (4.95 x 10Cfu/mL) above the permissible limit whereas the other batches were below the limit. Microorganisms (yeasts, mould like Aspergillus flavus and Rhizoctonia solani) were present in all the batches and hence SHM may not be safe for internal use.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"63 1","pages":"40-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73568457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Co-processing is a technique that ensures sub-particulate interaction of individual excipients leading to overall functionality of the resulting excipient. The aim of this study is to co-process Cyperus esculentus starch with mannitol by fusion and evaluate its effect on tablet disintegration and in vitro dissolution. Co-processed excipients were prepared from Cyperus esculentus starch and mannitol by fusion in ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 (CM1, CM2, and CM3 respectively) and evaluated for flow and swelling properties. The excipients were incorporated into Aspirin tablet formulations at 5 %w/w by direct compression (FM1, FM2, FM3 respectively). Similar tablets were prepared using sodium starch glycolate (FSG) and the formulations were assessed for hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegrationtime and in vitro dissolution profile. All the prepared excipients possessed excellent flow with Carr’s index between 17.31 and 20.78 and Hausner ratio between 1.21 and 1.26. CM3 had the highest swelling profile (1.491) while CM2 had the lowest (1.321). Formulation FM1 had the highest tensile strength (14.12 N/cm2 ) but slower wetting time (34.33 sec) compared to FM3 with tensile strength of 11.32 N/cm2 and wetting time of 9.00 sec. Disintegration time of CM3 (4.26 min) was comparable to that of FSG (4.01 min); their dissolution profile was also found to be similar. Coprocessing Cyperus esculentus starch and mannitol by fusion (2:1) influenced tablet disintegration and in vitro dissolution and has potential to be used in manufacture of fast dissolving tablet formulations. Keywords: Co-processing; Cyperus esculentus starch; Mannitol; Disintegration; Dissolution
{"title":"Evaluation of Novel co-processed excipient for fast disintegration of aspirin tablet formulations","authors":"O. Olayemi, Sophie Nock-Anyebe","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V18I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V18I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Co-processing is a technique that ensures sub-particulate interaction of individual excipients leading to overall functionality of the resulting excipient. The aim of this study is to co-process Cyperus esculentus starch with mannitol by fusion and evaluate its effect on tablet disintegration and in vitro dissolution. Co-processed excipients were prepared from Cyperus esculentus starch and mannitol by fusion in ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 (CM1, CM2, and CM3 respectively) and evaluated for flow and swelling properties. The excipients were incorporated into Aspirin tablet formulations at 5 %w/w by direct compression (FM1, FM2, FM3 respectively). Similar tablets were prepared using sodium starch glycolate (FSG) and the formulations were assessed for hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegrationtime and in vitro dissolution profile. All the prepared excipients possessed excellent flow with Carr’s index between 17.31 and 20.78 and Hausner ratio between 1.21 and 1.26. CM3 had the highest swelling profile (1.491) while CM2 had the lowest (1.321). Formulation FM1 had the highest tensile strength (14.12 N/cm2 ) but slower wetting time (34.33 sec) compared to FM3 with tensile strength of 11.32 N/cm2 and wetting time of 9.00 sec. Disintegration time of CM3 (4.26 min) was comparable to that of FSG (4.01 min); their dissolution profile was also found to be similar. Coprocessing Cyperus esculentus starch and mannitol by fusion (2:1) influenced tablet disintegration and in vitro dissolution and has potential to be used in manufacture of fast dissolving tablet formulations. \u0000Keywords: Co-processing; Cyperus esculentus starch; Mannitol; Disintegration; Dissolution","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74855155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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