The extensive supply of poor quality and/or counterfeit drug products in many developing countries has made it vital to frequently carry out suitable tests to assess bioequivalence (BE) in a cost-effective manner. This study was intended to assess the pharmaceutical equivalence and dissolution profile of amlodipine 5mg tablets marketed in Jos and Kaduna metropolis. Ten brands of Amlodipine 5mg tablets were obtained from different community pharmacies and evaluated for different quality control parameters such as percent drug content, friability, hardness, thickness, weight uniformity, disintegration time, and dissolution. The results showed that brands F and I failed the test for percent drug content while the rest of the brands passed it. In addition, all the brands passed the disintegration and friability test while Brands C, F and I did not pass the hardness test. The dissolution profiles of all the brands were similar to the innovator brand at pH 6.8, whereas at pH 1.2, only four brands (B, E, H and I) had similar dissolution profile to the innovator. This study serves to justify for the assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available amlodipine generics which may aid the prescribers’ decision making.
{"title":"Assessment of the pharmaceutical equivalence and in vitro dissolution studies of amlodipine tablets marketed in Northern Nigeria","authors":"Ponjul Dandam, J. D. Audu-Peter","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive supply of poor quality and/or counterfeit drug products in many developing countries has made it vital to frequently carry out suitable tests to assess bioequivalence (BE) in a cost-effective manner. This study was intended to assess the pharmaceutical equivalence and dissolution profile of amlodipine 5mg tablets marketed in Jos and Kaduna metropolis. Ten brands of Amlodipine 5mg tablets were obtained from different community pharmacies and evaluated for different quality control parameters such as percent drug content, friability, hardness, thickness, weight uniformity, disintegration time, and dissolution. The results showed that brands F and I failed the test for percent drug content while the rest of the brands passed it. In addition, all the brands passed the disintegration and friability test while Brands C, F and I did not pass the hardness test. The dissolution profiles of all the brands were similar to the innovator brand at pH 6.8, whereas at pH 1.2, only four brands (B, E, H and I) had similar dissolution profile to the innovator. This study serves to justify for the assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available amlodipine generics which may aid the prescribers’ decision making.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"7 1","pages":"200-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82121101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Salawu, Abdulsalam Ayodeji Oyerinde, A. Aliyu, O. I. Obajemihi
Cancer and infectious diseases combined are leading cause of death and public health concern. In developing countries, about 80% of the populace depends on medicinal plants for their general health care needs including treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Aloe schweinfurthii (Aloaceae) is a small medicinal herb that is commonly used for the treatment of cancerous and infectious diseases in South-West Nigeria. The focus of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the herb. The rind of the herb was collected, air dried, pulverized and extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration. The dried extract obtained was subjected to growth inhibitory and antimicrobial assays. The extract displayed concentration dependent growth inhibitory activity with IC50 of 484.7±2.16 and 1188±2.32μg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide with IC50 of 174.3±0.19 and 834.5±0.84 μg/mL in Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal effects with the highest activity against C. freundi (18 mm zone of inhibition) at 50 mg/mL. The extract of Aloe schweinfurthii leaf rind displayed marked growth inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactivities. The extract maybe considered as a viable candidate for discovery of chemotherapeutic agent (s).
{"title":"Growth inhibitory properties and antimicrobial evaluation of Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) leaf rind extract","authors":"K. Salawu, Abdulsalam Ayodeji Oyerinde, A. Aliyu, O. I. Obajemihi","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer and infectious diseases combined are leading cause of death and public health concern. In developing countries, about 80% of the populace depends on medicinal plants for their general health care needs including treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Aloe schweinfurthii (Aloaceae) is a small medicinal herb that is commonly used for the treatment of cancerous and infectious diseases in South-West Nigeria. The focus of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the herb. The rind of the herb was collected, air dried, pulverized and extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration. The dried extract obtained was subjected to growth inhibitory and antimicrobial assays. The extract displayed concentration dependent growth inhibitory activity with IC50 of 484.7±2.16 and 1188±2.32μg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide with IC50 of 174.3±0.19 and 834.5±0.84 μg/mL in Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal effects with the highest activity against C. freundi (18 mm zone of inhibition) at 50 mg/mL. The extract of Aloe schweinfurthii leaf rind displayed marked growth inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactivities. The extract maybe considered as a viable candidate for discovery of chemotherapeutic agent (s).","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"98 4 1","pages":"174-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87711647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the stabilizing potential of corn starch acidified with hydrochloric acid (ACS) in comparison with Tween 80 was evaluated in vitamin E enriched coconut emulsions for use in extemporaneous topical formulations. Emulsions containing vitamin E and coconut oil (2:3) as lipid phase and different concentrations (1.5 – 5.0 %w/w) of ACS (or Tween80®) in phosphate buffer as aqueous phase were formulated at 27± 2 0C. , Droplet sizes and shapes, pH and rheological properties were evaluated. Acidified CS was analysed using FTIR spectroscopy Emulsions stabilized with ACS and Tween80 were cream and yellow coloured respectively, with the intensity of the colour increasing as the concentration increased. The emulsions were non-offensive and easily re-dispersed on shaking. Emulsions containing ACS had larger droplet sizes (18.34± 1.14 33.27± 1.32 μm) and were more spherically shaped with higher pH values(6.80-6.95), showing dilatant and pseudoplastic flows at low and high shear rates respectively. The viscosity of emulsions stabilized at 2.5 %w/w and 5.0 %w/w remained unchanged after seven days. Acidified corn starch has stabilizing potentials comparable with Tween 80® when incorporated in vitamin E enriched coconut oil emulsions for extemporaneous topical formulations.
{"title":"Stabilization potential of acidified corn starch in vitamin E enriched coconut oil emulsions for extemporaneous topical formulations","authors":"O. Adetunji, T. Akingbade","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.9","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the stabilizing potential of corn starch acidified with hydrochloric acid (ACS) in comparison with Tween 80 was evaluated in vitamin E enriched coconut emulsions for use in extemporaneous topical formulations. Emulsions containing vitamin E and coconut oil (2:3) as lipid phase and different concentrations (1.5 – 5.0 %w/w) of ACS (or Tween80®) in phosphate buffer as aqueous phase were formulated at 27± 2 0C. , Droplet sizes and shapes, pH and rheological properties were evaluated. Acidified CS was analysed using FTIR spectroscopy Emulsions stabilized with ACS and Tween80 were cream and yellow coloured respectively, with the intensity of the colour increasing as the concentration increased. The emulsions were non-offensive and easily re-dispersed on shaking. Emulsions containing ACS had larger droplet sizes (18.34± 1.14 33.27± 1.32 μm) and were more spherically shaped with higher pH values(6.80-6.95), showing dilatant and pseudoplastic flows at low and high shear rates respectively. The viscosity of emulsions stabilized at 2.5 %w/w and 5.0 %w/w remained unchanged after seven days. Acidified corn starch has stabilizing potentials comparable with Tween 80® when incorporated in vitamin E enriched coconut oil emulsions for extemporaneous topical formulations.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"78 3 1","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73029682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. S. Muhammad, Patience O. Okpe, P. O. Olorunfemi, N. Ochekpe, W. Hamza, N. Ngwuluka
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic employed to treat infections. There are over three hundred registered generic brands of ciprofloxacin in Nigeria. There has been an observed marked variation in therapeutic or clinical outcome with change in brands by health professionals and patients. In a previous study of six (6) brands we had reported a high degree of inequivalence. In this study, twenty-nine (29) brands of ciprofloxacin were extensively evaluated against compendia requirements. Microbial sensitivity against two test organisms was conducted. In-vitro drug release and in-vivo simulation were established. Analysis of the data generated indicated that all brands passed qualitative test using TLC and disintegration test, six failed hardness test, one failed friability, nine failed antimicrobial assay and six failed percentage content assay. Conclusions drawn from the study for evidence-based clinical decision would include the fact that three brands only were found to be bioequivalent to the innovator brand, Ciproxin; while eight brands were bio-inequivalent using the three models of similarity factor (f2), and difference factor (f1) in two media and dissolution efficiency (DE) in pH 4.5. The three brands (Cipro-All, Cifran And Ciprogem) may confidently be used interchangeably with the innovator brand
{"title":"Quality attributes of twenty-nine brands of ciprofloxacin: post-marketing in vitro analyses, microbiological assay and in vivo simulation","authors":"H. S. Muhammad, Patience O. Okpe, P. O. Olorunfemi, N. Ochekpe, W. Hamza, N. Ngwuluka","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic employed to treat infections. There are over three hundred registered generic brands of ciprofloxacin in Nigeria. There has been an observed marked variation in therapeutic or clinical outcome with change in brands by health professionals and patients. In a previous study of six (6) brands we had reported a high degree of inequivalence. In this study, twenty-nine (29) brands of ciprofloxacin were extensively evaluated against compendia requirements. Microbial sensitivity against two test organisms was conducted. In-vitro drug release and in-vivo simulation were established. Analysis of the data generated indicated that all brands passed qualitative test using TLC and disintegration test, six failed hardness test, one failed friability, nine failed antimicrobial assay and six failed percentage content assay. Conclusions drawn from the study for evidence-based clinical decision would include the fact that three brands only were found to be bioequivalent to the innovator brand, Ciproxin; while eight brands were bio-inequivalent using the three models of similarity factor (f2), and difference factor (f1) in two media and dissolution efficiency (DE) in pH 4.5. The three brands (Cipro-All, Cifran And Ciprogem) may confidently be used interchangeably with the innovator brand","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"26 1","pages":"208-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75329986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. There are no proven effective therapeutic agents or vaccines. Some antiviral agents and micronutrients have been repurposed for the management. There are claims of herbal preparations with therapeutic effects. Vangag herbal formulation for the management of COVID-19 is a combination of six plants. Molecular docking and virtual screening were used for the study. Ligands and protein target for molecular docking were prepared in Autodock Tools using PyRx 0.8 package. 3D structures of 24 phytochemicals in Vangag were downloaded from PubChem and optimized in Discovery Studio 4.5 visualizer. Nine agents currently used for management of COVID-19 were also downloaded and included in the ligand library to serve as control. Results of the binding affinities of phytochemicals in constituent plants of Vangag to SARS-CoV-2 molecular target (7BV2.pdb) were ranked from 1 to 21. Kolaviron (binding affinity -8.1 Kcal/mol) ranked 1, Ritonavir 5, Remdesivir 6, Quinine 7, Hydroxychloroquine 9, Chloroquine 18 and the least Allicin 21 (binding affinity -3.7 Kcal/mol). Phytochemicals in Vangag have good binding affinity to COVID-19 viral target proteins. Vangag also contains high concentration of zinc and other micronutrients, making it a promising formula for management of COVID-19.
冠状病毒病(COVID-19)给全球卫生保健系统带来了前所未有的挑战。目前还没有证实有效的治疗药物或疫苗。一些抗病毒药物和微量营养素已被重新用于治疗。有人声称草药制剂具有治疗效果。新型冠状病毒管理草药配方由6种植物组合而成。采用分子对接和虚拟筛选技术进行研究。在Autodock Tools中使用PyRx 0.8封装制备分子对接配体和蛋白靶。从PubChem中下载了24种植物化学物质的3D结构，并在Discovery Studio 4.5可视化器中进行了优化。还下载了目前用于COVID-19管理的9种药物，并将其纳入配体库作为对照。各成分植物化学物质与SARS-CoV-2分子靶标(7BV2.pdb)的结合亲和力排序为1 ~ 21。克拉维铁(结合亲和力-8.1 Kcal/mol)排名第1，利托那韦5，雷姆德西韦6，奎宁7，羟氯喹9，氯喹18，蒜素21(结合亲和力-3.7 Kcal/mol)排名最低。Vangag植物化学物质与COVID-19病毒靶蛋白具有良好的结合亲和力。Vangag还含有高浓度锌和其他微量营养素，使其成为治疗COVID-19的有希望的配方。
{"title":"Inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARSCoV-2 by compounds in Vangag herbal preparation: an in silico evaluation","authors":"K. D. Falang, Catherine O Poyi, J. Kolawole","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. There are no proven effective therapeutic agents or vaccines. Some antiviral agents and micronutrients have been repurposed for the management. There are claims of herbal preparations with therapeutic effects. Vangag herbal formulation for the management of COVID-19 is a combination of six plants. Molecular docking and virtual screening were used for the study. Ligands and protein target for molecular docking were prepared in Autodock Tools using PyRx 0.8 package. 3D structures of 24 phytochemicals in Vangag were downloaded from PubChem and optimized in Discovery Studio 4.5 visualizer. Nine agents currently used for management of COVID-19 were also downloaded and included in the ligand library to serve as control. Results of the binding affinities of phytochemicals in constituent plants of Vangag to SARS-CoV-2 molecular target (7BV2.pdb) were ranked from 1 to 21. Kolaviron (binding affinity -8.1 Kcal/mol) ranked 1, Ritonavir 5, Remdesivir 6, Quinine 7, Hydroxychloroquine 9, Chloroquine 18 and the least Allicin 21 (binding affinity -3.7 Kcal/mol). Phytochemicals in Vangag have good binding affinity to COVID-19 viral target proteins. Vangag also contains high concentration of zinc and other micronutrients, making it a promising formula for management of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"41 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79727245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Amagon, K. D. Falang, B. Bukar, U. Ajima, N. Wannang, J. Kolawole, J. Damen, Y. Agabi, R. J. Kutshik, I. Longdet, S. Gomerep, I. Shittu, Stephen Daniel Davou
Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-2019 include pulmonary hyper-inflammation;managing local and systemic inflammatory responses may be key in treatment. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a mixture (Cov-Pla 2) containing five medicinal plants in laboratory animals. The antinociceptive activity of Cov-Pla 2 was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, Brewer's Yeast Pyrexia test in rats and hot plate tests in mice. The egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema test was employed to evaluate the extract's anti-inflammatory activity. The extract produced a dose-dependent (125-500 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid, compared to normal saline and increased reaction latency in the hot plate test. The antiinflammatory test showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in paw size diameter at 125 mg/kg from 2 hours, compared to control. In the antipyretic test, the extract produced a significant (P<0.05) time-dependent decrease in rectal temperature at 125 mg/kg after 2 and 3 hours and at 250 and 500 mg/kg after 3 hours, compared to normal saline. The extract did not produce mortality up to 5000 mg/kg per oral. The results indicated that the extract possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, which support its recommendation for trials in the treatment of symptoms associated with COVID-19.
{"title":"Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroethanolic extract of a polyherbal preparation (Cov-Pla 2) in laboratory animals","authors":"K. Amagon, K. D. Falang, B. Bukar, U. Ajima, N. Wannang, J. Kolawole, J. Damen, Y. Agabi, R. J. Kutshik, I. Longdet, S. Gomerep, I. Shittu, Stephen Daniel Davou","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-2019 include pulmonary hyper-inflammation;managing local and systemic inflammatory responses may be key in treatment. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a mixture (Cov-Pla 2) containing five medicinal plants in laboratory animals. The antinociceptive activity of Cov-Pla 2 was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, Brewer's Yeast Pyrexia test in rats and hot plate tests in mice. The egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema test was employed to evaluate the extract's anti-inflammatory activity. The extract produced a dose-dependent (125-500 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid, compared to normal saline and increased reaction latency in the hot plate test. The antiinflammatory test showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in paw size diameter at 125 mg/kg from 2 hours, compared to control. In the antipyretic test, the extract produced a significant (P<0.05) time-dependent decrease in rectal temperature at 125 mg/kg after 2 and 3 hours and at 250 and 500 mg/kg after 3 hours, compared to normal saline. The extract did not produce mortality up to 5000 mg/kg per oral. The results indicated that the extract possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, which support its recommendation for trials in the treatment of symptoms associated with COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"30 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91155588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many apparently healthy persons have multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease without being aware. Assessing cardiovascular risks and initiating appropriate interventions and referrals at the community pharmacy level could be lifesaving. The objective of this study was to explore cardiovascular risk assessment on community pharmacy clientele and to determine the proportion of patients with high cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects (140) were recruited from 5 community pharmacies in Warri Metropolis. Cardiovascular risks assessment was done among subjects that met the inclusion criteria. Blood pressure, total cholesterol levels, Diabetes status, age and gender were documented in a data collection form. Risk stratification was done using World Health Organization/ International Society of Hypertension WHO/ISH risk assessment chart. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Subjects (116) who met the inclusion criteria were screened. About half (50.9%) were moderate users of alcohol. Majority (81.9%) of patients were physically active. Few subjects (2.6%) were tobacco users. Total cholesterol values and fasting blood sugar levels were abnormal for 12.9% and 4.3% of subjects respectively. The proportion of subjects with high cardiovascular risk was 6%. Cardiovascular risk assessment is feasible in community pharmacy setting. Only 6% of subjects were at high cardiovascular risk.
许多表面健康的人在不知情的情况下有多种心血管疾病的危险因素。评估心血管风险并在社区药房层面启动适当的干预措施和转诊可以挽救生命。本研究的目的是探讨社区药房顾客的心血管风险评估，并确定心血管高危因素患者的比例。研究对象(140)从Warri Metropolis的5个社区药房招募。在符合纳入标准的受试者中进行心血管风险评估。血压、总胆固醇水平、糖尿病状况、年龄和性别记录在数据收集表中。采用世界卫生组织/国际高血压学会WHO/ISH风险评估表进行风险分层。数据分析采用SPSS version 20。对符合纳入标准的116名受试者进行筛选。大约一半(50.9%)是中度饮酒者。大多数(81.9%)患者身体活动。少数受试者(2.6%)是吸烟者。总胆固醇值和空腹血糖值异常分别为12.9%和4.3%。心血管风险高的受试者比例为6%。在社区药房环境下进行心血管风险评估是可行的。只有6%的受试者有心血管疾病的高风险。
{"title":"Cardiovascular risk assessment in Community Pharmacies in Warri, Nigeria","authors":"D. Adje, A. C. Oparah, Timothy Megbolu","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Many apparently healthy persons have multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease without being aware. Assessing cardiovascular risks and initiating appropriate interventions and referrals at the community pharmacy level could be lifesaving. The objective of this study was to explore cardiovascular risk assessment on community pharmacy clientele and to determine the proportion of patients with high cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects (140) were recruited from 5 community pharmacies in Warri Metropolis. Cardiovascular risks assessment was done among subjects that met the inclusion criteria. Blood pressure, total cholesterol levels, Diabetes status, age and gender were documented in a data collection form. Risk stratification was done using World Health Organization/ International Society of Hypertension WHO/ISH risk assessment chart. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Subjects (116) who met the inclusion criteria were screened. About half (50.9%) were moderate users of alcohol. Majority (81.9%) of patients were physically active. Few subjects (2.6%) were tobacco users. Total cholesterol values and fasting blood sugar levels were abnormal for 12.9% and 4.3% of subjects respectively. The proportion of subjects with high cardiovascular risk was 6%. Cardiovascular risk assessment is feasible in community pharmacy setting. Only 6% of subjects were at high cardiovascular risk.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"40 1","pages":"105-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78087902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sheidu, A. Zezi, Abubakar Ahmed, B. Chindo, G. Magaji
Ficus platyphylla (Fp) has been used in Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of pain, ulcer, wound, epilepsy and inflammation. The efficacy of its gum from the stem bark for the management of wound has been widely acclaimed among the Hausa communities of Northern Nigeria and therefore, this study was aimed at examining the antimicrobial and wound healing potential of methanol extract of F. platyphylla stem bark (MEFpSB) in order to provide scientific basis for its antimicrobial and wound healing properties. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and antimicrobial activity using some pathogenic micro-organisms were evaluated following its wound healing effectiveness in Wistar rats using the model of superficial skin excision wound. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet’s t-test. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, alkaloids with anthraquinones absent. The extract showed antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi and significant (p< 0.05, p< 0.001) decrease in wound measurement for 11 days. This study demonstrated that MEFpSB possesses antimicrobial activity with wound healing properties that justifies the ethno-medicinal use of the plant in wound/ulcer healings.
{"title":"Antimicrobial and wound healing properties of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla Del. (Moraceae) stem bark","authors":"A. Sheidu, A. Zezi, Abubakar Ahmed, B. Chindo, G. Magaji","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Ficus platyphylla (Fp) has been used in Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of pain, ulcer, wound, epilepsy and inflammation. The efficacy of its gum from the stem bark for the management of wound has been widely acclaimed among the Hausa communities of Northern Nigeria and therefore, this study was aimed at examining the antimicrobial and wound healing potential of methanol extract of F. platyphylla stem bark (MEFpSB) in order to provide scientific basis for its antimicrobial and wound healing properties. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and antimicrobial activity using some pathogenic micro-organisms were evaluated following its wound healing effectiveness in Wistar rats using the model of superficial skin excision wound. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet’s t-test. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, alkaloids with anthraquinones absent. The extract showed antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi and significant (p< 0.05, p< 0.001) decrease in wound measurement for 11 days. This study demonstrated that MEFpSB possesses antimicrobial activity with wound healing properties that justifies the ethno-medicinal use of the plant in wound/ulcer healings.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"248 1","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76779058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ilomuanya, U. Ubani-Ukoma, A. Sowemimo, Gbemisola W. Akande, Pal Kunal
The rationale for this study was to increase the absorption of model drug metronidazole by formulating an organogel using detarium oil in place of conventional oils used in drug formulation such as liquid paraffin. The organogels were prepared by fluid-filled mechanism using metronidazole as the model drug. The drug-surfactant mixtures were dissolved in oil followed by the addition of water which led to the formation of organogels at specific compositions. The formulations were analyzed by microscopy, rheology, in vitro drug release and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microscopic studies revealed the gels contained clusters of water-filled spherical structures. FTIR study showed compatibility of components of the organogels. DSC result showed all the organogels released heat during formation. The viscosity of the organogels showed an elastic flow followed by a non-elastic phase. The cumulative percentage release of metronidazole was found to be between 63% and 85% at the end of 10 h, with OGM 9 having the highest release. XRD result indicated the crystalline nature of the organogels. Metronidazole release from the organogels indicated dissolution, shape, size, and surface area dependent release. The results also showed good compatibility of all the excipients. Sustained release metronidazole organogel was successfully developed using detarium oil.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of detarium oil based organogel for sustained release of metronidazole via topical delivery","authors":"M. Ilomuanya, U. Ubani-Ukoma, A. Sowemimo, Gbemisola W. Akande, Pal Kunal","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The rationale for this study was to increase the absorption of model drug metronidazole by formulating an organogel using detarium oil in place of conventional oils used in drug formulation such as liquid paraffin. The organogels were prepared by fluid-filled mechanism using metronidazole as the model drug. The drug-surfactant mixtures were dissolved in oil followed by the addition of water which led to the formation of organogels at specific compositions. The formulations were analyzed by microscopy, rheology, in vitro drug release and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microscopic studies revealed the gels contained clusters of water-filled spherical structures. FTIR study showed compatibility of components of the organogels. DSC result showed all the organogels released heat during formation. The viscosity of the organogels showed an elastic flow followed by a non-elastic phase. The cumulative percentage release of metronidazole was found to be between 63% and 85% at the end of 10 h, with OGM 9 having the highest release. XRD result indicated the crystalline nature of the organogels. Metronidazole release from the organogels indicated dissolution, shape, size, and surface area dependent release. The results also showed good compatibility of all the excipients. Sustained release metronidazole organogel was successfully developed using detarium oil.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"22 1","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77665293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigated the ameliorative and fecundity potentials of Azanza garckeana on formalin-induced toxicity in mice testes. Male albino mice were divided into eight groups of five mice each. Group I was administered normal saline (1 ml/kg per oral); Group II received formalin (10 mg/kg) alone; Groups III, IV and V received formalin (10 mg/kg IP) plus extract (orally) at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively for 40 days; Groups VI, VII and VIII received extract alone at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Gonadotropin assays and sperm analysis were carried out using standard methods. Animals in groups III to VIII showed significant body weight increase compared to baseline value (p<0.05) from day 20 to 40. Co-administration of the extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg with formalin caused a significant increase in weight of the epididymis compared to control (p<0.05). Extract at 125 and 500 mg/kg induced significant increase in LH, FSH and testosterone compared to control (p<0.05). Extract alone at 250 and 500 mg/kg caused significant increase in FSH compared with control (p<0.05). Extract at 250 mg/kg demonstrated highest fecundity potential of 8.49. These results imply that Azanza garckeana possesses ameliorative and pro-fertility properties.
{"title":"Ameliorative and fecundity potentials of aqueous extract of Azanza garckeana (T. Hoffm) fruit pulp in formalin-induced toxicity on male albino mice","authors":"B. Bukar, Naomi E. Tsokwa, Omolola D.G. Orshi","doi":"10.4314/JPB.V17I2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JPB.V17I2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated the ameliorative and fecundity potentials of Azanza garckeana on formalin-induced toxicity in mice testes. Male albino mice were divided into eight groups of five mice each. Group I was administered normal saline (1 ml/kg per oral); Group II received formalin (10 mg/kg) alone; Groups III, IV and V received formalin (10 mg/kg IP) plus extract (orally) at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively for 40 days; Groups VI, VII and VIII received extract alone at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Gonadotropin assays and sperm analysis were carried out using standard methods. Animals in groups III to VIII showed significant body weight increase compared to baseline value (p<0.05) from day 20 to 40. Co-administration of the extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg with formalin caused a significant increase in weight of the epididymis compared to control (p<0.05). Extract at 125 and 500 mg/kg induced significant increase in LH, FSH and testosterone compared to control (p<0.05). Extract alone at 250 and 500 mg/kg caused significant increase in FSH compared with control (p<0.05). Extract at 250 mg/kg demonstrated highest fecundity potential of 8.49. These results imply that Azanza garckeana possesses ameliorative and pro-fertility properties.","PeriodicalId":16803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources","volume":"95 1","pages":"164-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80401808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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