Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00926-w
Mira Vojvodić, Dejan Lazić, Brankica Pešić, Petar Mitrović, Ivana Vico, Aleksandra Bulajić
Waiteacircinata var. zeae, a pathogen with a relatively narrow host range, has recently been detected in cabbage and oilseed rape in Europe and worldwide. In this study, we developed specific conventional and real-time PCR protocols for direct detection of W.circinata var. zeae from mycelium and diseased plant tissue. The newly developed primer pair zeaefor1/zeaerew1, used in PCR protocols, specifically amplified only target isolates of W.circinata var. zeae when tested against isolates of 11 different binucleate and multinucleate anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia spp. including AG-A, AG-G, AG-F, AG-U, AG-2-1, AG-2-2, AG-3, AG-4 HGI, AG-4 HGII, AG-4 HGIII, and AG-6 and common soil-borne pathogens. Total of nine previously published primer pairs designed for the detection of various Rhizoctonia spp. were also tested and did not amplify target isolates of W.circinata var. zeae. The detection limit of conventional and real-time PCR protocols was 10–2 and 10–5 (with starting concentration 9.5 ng/µl), respectively, and both methods are the first available tools for direct detection and identification of W.circinata var. zeae from mycelium and diseased oilseed rape seedlings. Both conventional and SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR protocols are cost-effective and provide a solid basis for further investigations of W.circinata var. zeae, particularly in relation to distribution, host range, and epidemiology.
Waitea circinata var. zeae 是一种寄主范围相对较窄的病原体,最近在欧洲和世界各地的甘蓝和油菜中被发现。在这项研究中,我们开发了特定的常规和实时 PCR 方案,用于从菌丝体和病株组织中直接检测 W. circinata var.新开发的引物对 zeaefor1/zeaerew1 用于 PCR 方案,在与 11 种不同的根瘤菌属双核和多核吻合组(包括 AG-A、AG-G、AG-F、AG-U、AG-2-1、AG-2-2、AG-3、AG-4 HGI、AG-4 HGII、AG-4 HGIII 和 AG-6 以及常见土传病原体)的分离物进行检测时,仅能特异性扩增 W. circinata var.此外,还测试了以前发表的用于检测各种根瘤菌属的 9 对引物,结果显示这些引物均未扩增出 W. circinata var.传统 PCR 和实时 PCR 方法的检测限分别为 10-2 和 10-5(起始浓度为 9.5 纳克/微升),这两种方法都是首次从油菜菌丝体和病苗中直接检测和鉴定 W. circinata var.传统 PCR 方法和基于 SYBR-Green 的实时 PCR 方法都具有成本效益,为进一步研究 W. circinata var.
{"title":"Specific detection of Waitea circinata var. zeae using conventional and real-time PCR","authors":"Mira Vojvodić, Dejan Lazić, Brankica Pešić, Petar Mitrović, Ivana Vico, Aleksandra Bulajić","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00926-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00926-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Waitea</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae,</i> a pathogen with a relatively narrow host range, has recently been detected in cabbage and oilseed rape in Europe and worldwide. In this study, we developed specific conventional and real-time PCR protocols for direct detection of <i>W.</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae</i> from mycelium and diseased plant tissue. The newly developed primer pair zeaefor1/zeaerew1, used in PCR protocols, specifically amplified only target isolates of <i>W.</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae</i> when tested against isolates of 11 different binucleate and multinucleate anastomosis groups of <i>Rhizoctonia</i> spp. including AG-A, AG-G, AG-F, AG-U, AG-2-1, AG-2-2, AG-3, AG-4 HGI, AG-4 HGII, AG-4 HGIII, and AG-6 and common soil-borne pathogens. Total of nine previously published primer pairs designed for the detection of various <i>Rhizoctonia</i> spp. were also tested and did not amplify target isolates of <i>W.</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae</i>. The detection limit of conventional and real-time PCR protocols was 10<sup>–2</sup> and 10<sup>–5</sup> (with starting concentration 9.5 ng/µl), respectively, and both methods are the first available tools for direct detection and identification of <i>W.</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae</i> from mycelium and diseased oilseed rape seedlings. Both conventional and SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR protocols are cost-effective and provide a solid basis for further investigations of <i>W.</i> <i>circinata</i> var. <i>zeae</i>, particularly in relation to distribution, host range, and epidemiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-05DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00928-8
Gustavo Braga Babilônia, Maria Luiza Araújo Londe, Willian César Terra, Sônia Maria de Lima Salgado, Bruno Sérgio Vieira, Cláudio Marcelo Gonçalves de Oliveira, Juliana Magrinelli Osório Rosa, Everaldo Antônio Lopes
Brazil is the largest coffee-producing nation in the world. Over 50% of the national production comes from the Minas Gerais state, with relevant contribution of the region covered by the Cerrado biome. Given the threat posed by root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) to coffee production, we collected plant and soil samples from infested plantations across 16 counties and identified the species of this pathogen. Based on the female perineal patterns, male morphology, esterase phenotypes and SCAR markers, the species found were Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne paranaensis, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne arenaria. The most prevalent species was M. exigua, occurring in 83.8% of the sampled sites, followed by M. paranaensis (19%) and M. incognita (4.9%). Mixed populations of RKN were observed in 7.7% of the sites, with the highest prevalence of M. exigua + M. paranaensis and M. paranaensis + M. incognita, followed by M. exigua + M. incognita. Meloidogyne arenaria was found in one site, in a mixed population with M. paranaensis + M. exigua. Strategies to prevent the spread of these nematodes to non-infested areas are highly recommended, particularly focusing on the most aggressive species such as M. paranaensis and M. incognita.
巴西是世界上最大的咖啡生产国。全国 50% 以上的咖啡产量来自米纳斯吉拉斯州,该地区的咖啡产量主要来自塞拉多生物群落。鉴于根结线虫(RKN,Meloidogyne spp.)对咖啡生产造成的威胁,我们收集了 16 个县受侵染种植园的植物和土壤样本,并确定了这种病原体的种类。根据雌虫会阴部形态、雄虫形态、酯酶表型和 SCAR 标记,我们发现的病原体种类为 Meloidogyne exigua、Meloidogyne paranaensis、Meloidogyne incognita 和 Meloidogyne arenaria。最普遍的物种是 M. exigua,在 83.8%的采样点出现,其次是 M. paranaensis(19%)和 M. incognita(4.9%)。在 7.7% 的地点观察到 RKN 的混合种群,其中 M. exigua + M. paranaensis 和 M. paranaensis + M. incognita 的发生率最高,其次是 M. exigua + M. incognita。在一个地点发现了与 M. paranaensis + M. exigua 混合种群中的 Meloidogyne arenaria。强烈建议采取策略防止这些线虫扩散到未受感染的地区,尤其要重点关注最具攻击性的物种,如 M. paranaensis 和 M. incognita。
{"title":"Distribution of root-knot nematode on coffee production in the Cerrado region of Minas Gerais state in Brazil","authors":"Gustavo Braga Babilônia, Maria Luiza Araújo Londe, Willian César Terra, Sônia Maria de Lima Salgado, Bruno Sérgio Vieira, Cláudio Marcelo Gonçalves de Oliveira, Juliana Magrinelli Osório Rosa, Everaldo Antônio Lopes","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00928-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00928-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brazil is the largest coffee-producing nation in the world. Over 50% of the national production comes from the Minas Gerais state, with relevant contribution of the region covered by the Cerrado biome. Given the threat posed by root-knot nematodes (RKN, <i>Meloidogyne</i> spp.) to coffee production, we collected plant and soil samples from infested plantations across 16 counties and identified the species of this pathogen. Based on the female perineal patterns, male morphology, esterase phenotypes and SCAR markers, the species found were <i>Meloidogyne exigua</i>, <i>Meloidogyne paranaensis</i>, <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i>. The most prevalent species was <i>M. exigua</i>, occurring in 83.8% of the sampled sites, followed by <i>M. paranaensis</i> (19%) and <i>M. incognita</i> (4.9%). Mixed populations of RKN were observed in 7.7% of the sites, with the highest prevalence of <i>M. exigua</i> + <i>M. paranaensis</i> and <i>M. paranaensis</i> + <i>M. incognita</i>, followed by <i>M. exigua</i> + <i>M. incognita</i>. <i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> was found in one site, in a mixed population with <i>M. paranaensis</i> + <i>M. exigua</i>. Strategies to prevent the spread of these nematodes to non-infested areas are highly recommended, particularly focusing on the most aggressive species such as <i>M. paranaensis</i> and <i>M. incognita</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00925-x
Y. L. Hao, L. T. Zhou, J. Guo, C. Z. Jin, K. F. Guo
Camellia oleifera is an important edible oil woody plant in China. Anthracnose is a serious disease of C. oleifera, causing severe economic losses and posing a huge threat to the C. oleifera industry. The fungi Colletotrichum siamense is one of the main pathogens causing anthracnose of C. oleifera. In this study, antifungal activity of microorganisms isolated from garbage enzyme against C. siamense were investigated for the first time. 8 strains were isolated and purified from garbage enzyme. By morphological observation, gene sequence analysis, among the strains, 4 isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum and 4 isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis. The result showed that 8 isolates displayed a relatively good potential on inhibiting the mycelial growth in C. siamense, but T. harzianum was more effective than B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent, with the best efficiency of 76.5%. In the vitro treatments, the combination of T. harzianum and B. subtilis were the most effective treatments in reducing the incidence and severity of anthracnose in C.oleifera, with the highest control efficiency of 77.56%. It can be concluded that T. harzianum and B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents to manage anthracnose. These promising results provided valuable information on using garbage enzyme of wastes as a new source of antagonists to control fungi disease.
油茶是中国重要的食用油木本植物。炭疽病是油茶的一种严重病害,造成严重的经济损失,对油茶产业构成巨大威胁。油桐炭疽病的主要病原菌之一是褐环孢霉(Colletotrichum siamense)。本研究首次调查了从垃圾酵素中分离出的微生物对 C. siamense 的抗真菌活性。研究人员从垃圾酵素中分离纯化了 8 株菌株。通过形态观察和基因序列分析,在这些菌株中,4 株被鉴定为毛霉,4 株被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。结果表明,8 个分离菌株在抑制暹罗鲑菌丝生长方面表现出较好的潜力,但作为一种生物防治剂,T. harzianum 比 B. subtilis 更有效,最佳效率为 76.5%。在体外处理中,T. harzianum 和 B. subtilis 的组合是降低油茶炭疽病发病率和严重程度的最有效处理,防治效率最高,达到 77.56%。由此可以得出结论,T. harzianum 和 B. subtilis 是很有希望防治炭疽病的生物防治剂。这些有前景的结果为利用废物中的垃圾酶作为新的拮抗剂来源来控制真菌病害提供了宝贵的信息。
{"title":"Antifungal activity of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis isolated from garbage enzyme against anthracnose on Camellia oleifera","authors":"Y. L. Hao, L. T. Zhou, J. Guo, C. Z. Jin, K. F. Guo","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00925-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00925-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Camellia oleifera</i> is an important edible oil woody plant in China. Anthracnose is a serious disease of <i>C. oleifera</i>, causing severe economic losses and posing a huge threat to the <i>C. oleifera</i> industry. The fungi <i>Colletotrichum siamense</i> is one of the main pathogens causing anthracnose of <i>C. oleifera</i>. In this study, antifungal activity of microorganisms isolated from garbage enzyme against <i>C. siamense</i> were investigated for the first time. 8 strains were isolated and purified from garbage enzyme. By morphological observation, gene sequence analysis, among the strains, 4 isolates were identified as <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and 4 isolates were identified as <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. The result showed that 8 isolates displayed a relatively good potential on inhibiting the mycelial growth in <i>C. siamense</i>, but <i>T. harzianum</i> was more effective than <i>B. subtilis</i> as a biocontrol agent, with the best efficiency of 76.5%. In the vitro treatments, the combination of <i>T. harzianum</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> were the most effective treatments in reducing the incidence and severity of anthracnose in <i>C.oleifera</i>, with the highest control efficiency of 77.56%. It can be concluded that <i>T. harzianum</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> are promising biocontrol agents to manage anthracnose. These promising results provided valuable information on using garbage enzyme of wastes as a new source of antagonists to control fungi disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00923-z
Ludmila Lysenko, Erik Griem, Patrick Wagener, Ewald Johannes Langer
The decline of European ash by dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus together with stem collar necroses and rots caused by various fungi has been investigated intensively during the last years. Nevertheless, hitherto nearly nothing is known about the species diversity of the fungal rhizobiome of ash trees. Here we investigated the fine roots of affected ash trees on 15 sampling sites in 6 federal countries of Germany. Fine-root samples have been treated in three different sample regimes each as root-adhering soil, unsterilized fine roots and sterilized fine roots. The samples of trees in sampling sites were pooled to get an overview of the species-richness in the area. The next-generation sequencing platform Oxford Nanopore MinION was used to sequence the entire ITS of pooled probes. Most abundant phyla in all samples were the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Species richness in sterilized roots was significantly different from unsterilized roots and root-adhering soil. Surprisingly most abundant genera in sterilized roots were the genera Mycena, Mycenella and Delicatula, all of them agaricoids with saprophytic lifestyle. Eleven genera of Glomeromycota have been detected in various abundances, whereas the detection of H. fraxineus was neglectable.
过去几年,人们一直在深入研究欧洲白蜡树的衰退问题,这种衰退是由白蜡蓑蛾(Hymenoscyphus fraxineus)引起的枯萎病以及由各种真菌引起的茎领坏死和腐烂病造成的。然而,迄今为止,人们对白蜡树真菌根生物群的物种多样性几乎一无所知。在这里,我们在德国 6 个联邦国家的 15 个采样点调查了受影响白蜡树的细根。细根样本分别按照根系附着土壤、未灭菌细根和灭菌细根三种不同的取样方法进行处理。采样点的树木样本被集中起来,以了解该地区物种丰富程度的总体情况。使用牛津纳米孔 MinION 下一代测序平台对汇集探针的整个 ITS 进行测序。所有样本中最丰富的门类是基生菌纲(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌纲(Ascomycota)。灭菌根中的物种丰富度与未灭菌根和根附着土壤中的物种丰富度有显著差异。令人惊讶的是,灭菌根中最丰富的菌属是真菌属、真菌属和 Delicatula 属,它们都是姬松茸类,具有吸食性生活方式。共检测到 11 个不同数量的团菌属,而 H. fraxineus 的检出率很低。
{"title":"Fungi associated with fine roots of Fraxinus excelsior affected by ash dieback detected by next-generation sequencing","authors":"Ludmila Lysenko, Erik Griem, Patrick Wagener, Ewald Johannes Langer","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00923-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00923-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The decline of European ash by dieback caused by <i>Hymenoscyphus fraxineus</i> together with stem collar necroses and rots caused by various fungi has been investigated intensively during the last years. Nevertheless, hitherto nearly nothing is known about the species diversity of the fungal rhizobiome of ash trees. Here we investigated the fine roots of affected ash trees on 15 sampling sites in 6 federal countries of Germany. Fine-root samples have been treated in three different sample regimes each as root-adhering soil, unsterilized fine roots and sterilized fine roots. The samples of trees in sampling sites were pooled to get an overview of the species-richness in the area. The next-generation sequencing platform Oxford Nanopore MinION was used to sequence the entire ITS of pooled probes. Most abundant phyla in all samples were the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Species richness in sterilized roots was significantly different from unsterilized roots and root-adhering soil. Surprisingly most abundant genera in sterilized roots were the genera <i>Mycena</i>, <i>Mycenella</i> and <i>Delicatula,</i> all of them agaricoids with saprophytic lifestyle. Eleven genera of Glomeromycota have been detected in various abundances, whereas the detection of <i>H. fraxineus</i> was neglectable.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-28DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00919-9
Katamssadan H. Tofel, Dringalt Gaza, Gabriel T. Fotso, Wini J. Goudoungou, Cornel Adler, Elias N. Nukenine
The weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most important pest of stored maize worldwide. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Allophylus africanus P. Beauv (Sapindaceae) leaf extracts and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) seed oil against S. zeamais under farmer storage conditions at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g/kg of maize. Each concentration is divided into two sets and wrapped in cotton then placed at two different places in 1 kg bag of maize. Maize bags were placed in 5 L containers and 40 adult insects were released inside and covered with a muslin cloth. Adult mortality, progeny inhibition and damage reduction were assessed. The obtained results showed that these tested extracts caused significant mortality to S. zeamais adults. Mortality % recorded 3.33%, 00.00%, 00.00% and 5.88% with neem oil, the methanol, acetone, and hexane extract of A. africanus at the concentration of 10 g/kg after one day post-infestation. Within 12 days of exposure, at the lowest concentration (2.5 g/kg), neem oil, methanol, acetone, and hexane extract caused 76.92%, 100%, 100% and 100% mortality, respectively. At the concentration of 10 g/kg, all the tested extracts completely inhibited F1 progeny production, respectively. Moreover, these extracts reduced the grain damage and weight losses caused by weevils on maize. Considering the wide availability of A. africanus and neem trees, the application of extracts from both plants could be recommended as phytopesticides against maize weevils under storage conditions.
象鼻虫,Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky(鞘翅目:卷须科)是全世界储存玉米的最重要害虫。实验评估了 Allophylus africanus P. Beauv(无患子科)叶提取物和 Azadirachta indica A. Juss(甜菜科)种子油在农户贮藏条件下以每公斤玉米 2.5、5、7.5 和 10 克的浓度防治玉米象鼻虫的效果。每种浓度分为两组,用棉花包裹后分别放在 1 公斤玉米袋的两个不同位置。将玉米袋放入 5 L 的容器中,在容器内释放 40 只成虫,并用薄纱覆盖。对成虫死亡率、后代抑制率和危害降低率进行了评估。结果表明,这些测试提取物对玉米螟成虫有显著的杀伤作用。楝树油、甲醇、丙酮和正己烷提取物的浓度为 10 克/千克,感染后一天,死亡率分别为 3.33%、00.00%、00.00% 和 5.88%。暴露 12 天内,在最低浓度(2.5 克/千克)下,印楝油、甲醇、丙酮和正己烷提取物分别导致 76.92%、100%、100% 和 100%的死亡率。浓度为 10 克/千克时,所有测试提取物分别完全抑制了 F1 后代的产生。此外,这些提取物还减少了象鼻虫对玉米造成的谷粒损害和重量损失。考虑到非洲象鼻虫和印楝树的广泛存在,建议在贮藏条件下应用这两种植物的提取物作为植物杀虫剂来防治玉米象鼻虫。
{"title":"Ability of Allophylus africanus (Sapindaceae) extracts and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) seed oil to protect maize against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) simulating farmer storage condition","authors":"Katamssadan H. Tofel, Dringalt Gaza, Gabriel T. Fotso, Wini J. Goudoungou, Cornel Adler, Elias N. Nukenine","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00919-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00919-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The weevil, <i>Sitophilus zeamais</i> Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most important pest of stored maize worldwide. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of <i>Allophylus africanus</i> P. Beauv (Sapindaceae) leaf extracts and <i>Azadirachta indica</i> A. Juss (Meliaceae) seed oil against <i>S. zeamais</i> under farmer storage conditions at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g/kg of maize. Each concentration is divided into two sets and wrapped in cotton then placed at two different places in 1 kg bag of maize. Maize bags were placed in 5 L containers and 40 adult insects were released inside and covered with a muslin cloth. Adult mortality, progeny inhibition and damage reduction were assessed. The obtained results showed that these tested extracts caused significant mortality to <i>S. zeamais</i> adults. Mortality % recorded 3.33%, 00.00%, 00.00% and 5.88% with neem oil, the methanol, acetone, and hexane extract of <i>A. africanus</i> at the concentration of 10 g/kg after one day post-infestation. Within 12 days of exposure, at the lowest concentration (2.5 g/kg), neem oil, methanol, acetone, and hexane extract caused 76.92%, 100%, 100% and 100% mortality, respectively. At the concentration of 10 g/kg, all the tested extracts completely inhibited F<sub>1</sub> progeny production, respectively. Moreover, these extracts reduced the grain damage and weight losses caused by weevils on maize. Considering the wide availability of <i>A. africanus</i> and neem trees, the application of extracts from both plants could be recommended as phytopesticides against maize weevils under storage conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-27DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00902-4
D. Rizzo, C. G. Zubieta, M. Carli, A. Marrucci, C. Ranaldi, B. Palmigiano, L. Bartolini, F. Pennacchio, M. Bracalini, A. P. Garonna, T. Panzavolta, M. Moriconi
A molecular tool has been developed for the molecular identification of Ips sexdentatus (Börner 1776) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytidae), the well-known six thooted bark beetle, widely distributed in Eurasia, where it infests several species of the genus Pinus and occasionally a few conifer species of the genera Abies, Larix and Picea. The developed test can be useful both in countries where I. sexdentatus is handled as a quarantine species and, to greater reason, in Europe to discriminate biological traces of this commonly found beetle from those produced by regulated pests. The protocol is based on real-time PCR with TaqMan probe technology and has been developed on whole insect bodies (adults) as well as on artificial frass contaminated by DNA of the beetle. The molecular test developed here for both direct and indirect identification of I. sexdentatus has proven effective in terms of analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity, reliability and reproducibility. The recommended protocol is a practical diagnostic tool allowing a rapid identification of the six toothed bark beetle in the presence of any biological trace of other xylophagous pests collected at points of entry during phytosanitary surveys.
我们开发了一种分子鉴定工具,用于鉴定 Ips sexdentatus (Börner 1776) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytidae) 这种著名的六齿树皮甲虫。所开发的检测方法既适用于将 I. sexdentatus 作为检疫物种处理的国家,也适用于欧洲国家,以区分这种常见甲虫的生物痕迹和受管制害虫的生物痕迹。该方案基于采用 TaqMan 探针技术的实时 PCR,并已在整个昆虫尸体(成虫)和受甲虫 DNA 污染的人工碎屑上进行了开发。这里开发的直接和间接鉴定 I. sexdentatus 的分子检测方法在分析特异性、分析灵敏度、可靠性和重现性方面都被证明是有效的。推荐的方案是一种实用的诊断工具,可在植物检疫调查期间,在入境点收集到其他食木质害虫的生物痕迹时,快速鉴定六齿树皮甲虫。
{"title":"Rapid identification of Ips sexdentatus (Boerner, 1766) (Curculionidae) from adults and frass with real-time PCR based on probe technology","authors":"D. Rizzo, C. G. Zubieta, M. Carli, A. Marrucci, C. Ranaldi, B. Palmigiano, L. Bartolini, F. Pennacchio, M. Bracalini, A. P. Garonna, T. Panzavolta, M. Moriconi","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00902-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00902-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A molecular tool has been developed for the molecular identification of <i>Ips sexdentatus</i> (Börner 1776) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytidae), the well-known six thooted bark beetle, widely distributed in Eurasia, where it infests several species of the genus <i>Pinus</i> and occasionally a few conifer species of the genera <i>Abies</i>, <i>Larix</i> and <i>Picea</i>. The developed test can be useful both in countries where <i>I. sexdentatus</i> is handled as a quarantine species and, to greater reason, in Europe to discriminate biological traces of this commonly found beetle from those produced by regulated pests. The protocol is based on real-time PCR with TaqMan probe technology and has been developed on whole insect bodies (adults) as well as on artificial frass contaminated by DNA of the beetle. The molecular test developed here for both direct and indirect identification of <i>I. sexdentatus</i> has proven effective in terms of analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity, reliability and reproducibility. The recommended protocol is a practical diagnostic tool allowing a rapid identification of the six toothed bark beetle in the presence of any biological trace of other xylophagous pests collected at points of entry during phytosanitary surveys.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00918-w
Karama Hadj Taieb, Houda Gharsallah, Ines Ksentini, Andreas Leclerque, Ikram Medhioub, Haifa Ben Gharsa, Christina Schuster, Mohamed Ali Triki, Mohieddine Ksantini
Pistachio cultivations are damaged by many pests such as beetles including several species that had a wide expansion due to climate change. We investigated the biodiversity of pistachio beetles and their parasitoids based on a barcoding approach. The trapping and rearing of insects present in pistachio branches showed the presence of seven species. These insects were identified using two molecular markers, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the region (D2–D3) of the 28S gene of the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon. The obtained sequences allowed the identification of five species with an identity ≥ 97%. However, for the other two species, sequence identity did not exceed 93% and consequently their identification was limited to the genus level. Our results showed that pistachio trees are attacked by four species of beetles, namely Chaetoptelius vestitus (Mulsant & Rey, 1861) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), Carphoborus perrisi (Chapuis, 1869) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and Sinoxylon sp. (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae). These beetles are parasitized by three identified species: Doryctes leucogaster (Nees, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Cheiropachus quadrum (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) and Ecphylus sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). This study is the first to record the species C. perrisi and D. leucogaster in Tunisia.
{"title":"Investigation of pistachio beetle pests and their parasitoids in Tunisia based on molecular identification, with two new records for Tunisian entomofauna","authors":"Karama Hadj Taieb, Houda Gharsallah, Ines Ksentini, Andreas Leclerque, Ikram Medhioub, Haifa Ben Gharsa, Christina Schuster, Mohamed Ali Triki, Mohieddine Ksantini","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00918-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00918-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pistachio cultivations are damaged by many pests such as beetles including several species that had a wide expansion due to climate change. We investigated the biodiversity of pistachio beetles and their parasitoids based on a barcoding approach. The trapping and rearing of insects present in pistachio branches showed the presence of seven species. These insects were identified using two molecular markers, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the region (D2–D3) of the 28S gene of the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon. The obtained sequences allowed the identification of five species with an identity ≥ 97%. However, for the other two species, sequence identity did not exceed 93% and consequently their identification was limited to the genus level. Our results showed that pistachio trees are attacked by four species of beetles, namely <i>Chaetoptelius vestitus</i> (Mulsant & Rey, 1861) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), <i>Carphoborus perrisi</i> (Chapuis, 1869) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), <i>Phoracantha semipunctata</i> (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and <i>Sinoxylon</i> sp. (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae). These beetles are parasitized by three identified species: <i>Doryctes leucogaster</i> (Nees, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), <i>Cheiropachus quadrum</i> (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) and <i>Ecphylus</i> sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). This study is the first to record the species <i>C. perrisi</i> and <i>D. leucogaster</i> in Tunisia.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00917-x
Walter Arturo Rubio-Aragón, Jorge Alberto Edeza-Urías, Azareel Angulo-Castro, María Alejandra Payán-Arzapalo, Jesús Enrique Retes-Manjarrez, Guillermo Gómez-González, Edgardo Cortez-Mondaca, Carlos Alfonso López-Orona
Opportune detection of Anthonomus eugenii is a fundamental aspect of any management program to this pest. Yellow traps are the most common monitoring strategy, and its efficacy is related with the trap design and placement within crops. However, there’s limited information on this. Two outdoor experiments were performed to determine the efficiency of traps with six different shapes (circle, square, diamond, ellipse, rectangle, and triangle) and seven frame colors (yellow, dark green, black, red, white, purple, and blue); seven to the traps placement at four orientations (North, South, East and West), five aside distances from the bed center (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm aside to the inter-bed space) and six heights (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and100 cm) on A. eugenii adults. There wasn’t significant difference among shapes and orientations. Traps with yellow, dark green and black frames had the highest number of insects. For the aside distance, the plots were categorized according to their width as narrow (54–65 cm) and wide (71–81 cm), the highest insects caught was exhibited on traps at 0–20 and 0–40 cm, respectively. Regarding the traps height, they were classified according to their height as short (62–64 cm), medium (78–82 cm) and tall (90–92 cm), the highest insects caught was exhibited on traps at 20–40, 40–60, and 40–80 cm, respectively. Regression analyzes indicate that catches decrease as the traps are installed into the inter-bed space and above the canopy. This study provides novel information to improve outdoor programs to monitor A. eugenii.
{"title":"Comparison of yellow sticky trap traits and placement for monitoring Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults in outdoor peppers (Capsicum spp.)","authors":"Walter Arturo Rubio-Aragón, Jorge Alberto Edeza-Urías, Azareel Angulo-Castro, María Alejandra Payán-Arzapalo, Jesús Enrique Retes-Manjarrez, Guillermo Gómez-González, Edgardo Cortez-Mondaca, Carlos Alfonso López-Orona","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00917-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00917-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Opportune detection of <i>Anthonomus eugenii</i> is a fundamental aspect of any management program to this pest. Yellow traps are the most common monitoring strategy<i>,</i> and its efficacy is related with the trap design and placement within crops. However, there’s limited information on this. Two outdoor experiments were performed to determine the efficiency of traps with six different shapes (circle, square, diamond, ellipse, rectangle, and triangle) and seven frame colors (yellow, dark green, black, red, white, purple, and blue); seven to the traps placement at four orientations (North, South, East and West), five aside distances from the bed center (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm aside to the inter-bed space) and six heights (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and100 cm) on <i>A. eugenii</i> adults. There wasn’t significant difference among shapes and orientations. Traps with yellow, dark green and black frames had the highest number of insects. For the aside distance, the plots were categorized according to their width as narrow (54–65 cm) and wide (71–81 cm), the highest insects caught was exhibited on traps at 0–20 and 0–40 cm, respectively. Regarding the traps height, they were classified according to their height as short (62–64 cm), medium (78–82 cm) and tall (90–92 cm), the highest insects caught was exhibited on traps at 20–40, 40–60, and 40–80 cm, respectively. Regression analyzes indicate that catches decrease as the traps are installed into the inter-bed space and above the canopy. This study provides novel information to improve outdoor programs to monitor <i>A. eugenii</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00908-y
Stephane Peyrard, Luigi Di Vietro, Bernd Essigmann, Jochen Kleemann, Pierrick Gautier, Melissande Raphat, Benedicte Cirer, Sabine Jansen, Sarah Cosaert-Scherer, Daniela Portz, Andreas Mehl, Emilia Hilz
Fungicide resistance to crop protection products is a critical sustainability issue in modern agriculture that requires constant monitoring of the field situation considering different environmental conditions and agricultural practices. Regulation strategies based on resistance risk ranking of both pathogen and active compound, underpinned by fast and broad field monitoring, shall result in recommendations for suitable practices with the aim to stabilize or even to restore the sensitivity situation. Alternating and mixing various products according to their modes of action belong to the most common and the most efficient mitigation methods. Though, these resistance management measures can be implemented best when precise knowledge of both the molecular target and the cell biology of the pathogen as well as of the resistance mechanism is acknowledged. To this end, we have investigated the molecular target and cellular effects of fluopicolide, one of the most effective Oomyceticides in the market. By combining data of genomic analysis of resistant field isolates of Plasmopara viticola and Phytophthora infestans with UV-mutagenized strains of P. infestans, we identified the enzyme vacuolar H+-ATPase as the target protein. Biochemical assays confirmed that fluopicolide inhibits specifically Oomycetes targets and has no residual activity on true fungi or insect orthologs.
{"title":"Fluopicolide is a selective inhibitor of V-ATPase in oomycetes","authors":"Stephane Peyrard, Luigi Di Vietro, Bernd Essigmann, Jochen Kleemann, Pierrick Gautier, Melissande Raphat, Benedicte Cirer, Sabine Jansen, Sarah Cosaert-Scherer, Daniela Portz, Andreas Mehl, Emilia Hilz","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00908-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00908-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fungicide resistance to crop protection products is a critical sustainability issue in modern agriculture that requires constant monitoring of the field situation considering different environmental conditions and agricultural practices. Regulation strategies based on resistance risk ranking of both pathogen and active compound, underpinned by fast and broad field monitoring, shall result in recommendations for suitable practices with the aim to stabilize or even to restore the sensitivity situation. Alternating and mixing various products according to their modes of action belong to the most common and the most efficient mitigation methods. Though, these resistance management measures can be implemented best when precise knowledge of both the molecular target and the cell biology of the pathogen as well as of the resistance mechanism is acknowledged. To this end, we have investigated the molecular target and cellular effects of fluopicolide, one of the most effective Oomyceticides in the market. By combining data of genomic analysis of resistant field isolates of <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> and <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> with UV-mutagenized strains of <i>P. infestans,</i> we identified the enzyme vacuolar H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase as the target protein. Biochemical assays confirmed that fluopicolide inhibits specifically Oomycetes targets and has no residual activity on true fungi or insect orthologs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1007/s41348-024-00907-z
Max Wieners, Marco Thines, Markus Scholler
Phytophthora infestans (Peronosporaceae, Oomycota) is the causal agent of late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and a native to Central America. When introduced to Europe, it rapidly spread in 1845, triggering the Irish Potato Famine, which claimed millions of lives and led to an exodus of Europeans to North America. The spread of the species was recently traced using historical specimens from various herbaria. However, there are critical spatial and temporal gaps in the documentation of the early spread of the species. Within the framework of a digitalization and restoration project of the mid-nineteenth century fungus collections of the herbarium of the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, several specimens of Phytophthora infestans from North-East Germany collected in 1853, 1855 and 1856 were discovered. In addition, we revised already deposited material and identified a specimen of Ph. infestans that was collected no later than 1852. These specimens are among the oldest from Central Europe and are now available to the scientific public. Further, we searched for thus far overlooked specimens, using online catalogues. We found specimens from 23 European countries, with the oldest material from western Europe and almost no data from eastern Europe, south-eastern Europe and southern Europe. Our results emphasize the need for archiving and digitizing natural history collections in order to document the historical spread of agricultural and forest pathogens and to better understand current-day epidemic spreads.
{"title":"Hidden treasures—historical specimens from the late blight pandemic discovered in the Herbarium of the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe","authors":"Max Wieners, Marco Thines, Markus Scholler","doi":"10.1007/s41348-024-00907-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00907-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Phytophthora infestans</i> (Peronosporaceae, Oomycota) is the causal agent of late blight of potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) and a native to Central America. When introduced to Europe, it rapidly spread in 1845, triggering the Irish Potato Famine, which claimed millions of lives and led to an exodus of Europeans to North America. The spread of the species was recently traced using historical specimens from various herbaria. However, there are critical spatial and temporal gaps in the documentation of the early spread of the species. Within the framework of a digitalization and restoration project of the mid-nineteenth century fungus collections of the herbarium of the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, several specimens of <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> from North-East Germany collected in 1853, 1855 and 1856 were discovered. In addition, we revised already deposited material and identified a specimen of <i>Ph. infestans</i> that was collected no later than 1852. These specimens are among the oldest from Central Europe and are now available to the scientific public. Further, we searched for thus far overlooked specimens, using online catalogues. We found specimens from 23 European countries, with the oldest material from western Europe and almost no data from eastern Europe, south-eastern Europe and southern Europe. Our results emphasize the need for archiving and digitizing natural history collections in order to document the historical spread of agricultural and forest pathogens and to better understand current-day epidemic spreads.</p>","PeriodicalId":16838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}