Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.556
Sowmya Vennam
Plant breeding is the science of modifying plant traits to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the nutritional quality of human and animal products. Plant breeding is the science of modifying plant traits to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the nutritional quality of human and animal products. Plant breeding aims to create crop varieties with unique and superior traits that can be used in a variety of agricultural applications. The most commonly studied traits include biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibres), and processing ease (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.). Plant breeding can be done in a variety of ways, from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation to methods that rely on genetics and chromosome knowledge to more complex molecular techniques (see cultigen and cultivar). The type of qualitative or quantitative traits a plant will have is determined by its genes. Plant breeders strive to create specific plant outcomes and, in some cases, new plant varieties. Individuals such as gardeners and farmers, as well as professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations, and research centres, practise it all over the world. to
{"title":"Editorial Note on Plant Breeding","authors":"Sowmya Vennam","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.556","url":null,"abstract":"Plant breeding is the science of modifying plant traits to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the nutritional quality of human and animal products. Plant breeding is the science of modifying plant traits to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the nutritional quality of human and animal products. Plant breeding aims to create crop varieties with unique and superior traits that can be used in a variety of agricultural applications. The most commonly studied traits include biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibres), and processing ease (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.). Plant breeding can be done in a variety of ways, from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation to methods that rely on genetics and chromosome knowledge to more complex molecular techniques (see cultigen and cultivar). The type of qualitative or quantitative traits a plant will have is determined by its genes. Plant breeders strive to create specific plant outcomes and, in some cases, new plant varieties. Individuals such as gardeners and farmers, as well as professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations, and research centres, practise it all over the world. to","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90403617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.549
Leta Melaku
Plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases throughout the history of human beings and this practice continues to date. In traditional methods, plant materials are tested for pharmaceutical purposes. Natural products from plants remain vital in drug discovery where they can be used directly as drugs or serve as leads to new drugs by providing chemical entities. Hypertension (HTN) is a progressive cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated systemic blood pressure. If left uncontrolled, HTN will become the major cause of human suffering as well as imposing severe economic and service burdens on health systems. Today on the market there are large armamentaria of conventional antihypertensive drugs, however, the major concerns that often delay treatment allude to higher costs, unavailability and inaccessibility, undesired side effects of antihypertensive drugs and reduced patient compliance to consume more than a pill per day. The search for natural, cheaper, and nontoxic compounds is becoming necessary. In the past, the drug discovery of the biological compounds from plant materials and the process of identifying the structures of active compounds from the extracts were problematic. In Ethiopia, the long history of using traditional medicinal plants for combating various ailments can be confirmed by referring to the medico-religious manuscripts in the country. Herbal medicines have been also commonly used and remain. Symptoms of HTN can be also resolved by herbals.
{"title":"The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Value of Conventional Antihypertensive Drugs in the Management of Hypertension: An Ethno-Botanical Review of Commonly Used Antihypertensive Medicinal Plants in Arsi Zone, South-East Ethiopia","authors":"Leta Melaku","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.549","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases throughout the history of human beings and this practice continues to date. In traditional methods, plant materials are tested for pharmaceutical purposes. Natural products from plants remain vital in drug discovery where they can be used directly as drugs or serve as leads to new drugs by providing chemical entities. Hypertension (HTN) is a progressive cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated systemic blood pressure. If left uncontrolled, HTN will become the major cause of human suffering as well as imposing severe economic and service burdens on health systems. Today on the market there are large armamentaria of conventional antihypertensive drugs, however, the major concerns that often delay treatment allude to higher costs, unavailability and inaccessibility, undesired side effects of antihypertensive drugs and reduced patient compliance to consume more than a pill per day. The search for natural, cheaper, and nontoxic compounds is becoming necessary. In the past, the drug discovery of the biological compounds from plant materials and the process of identifying the structures of active compounds from the extracts were problematic. In Ethiopia, the long history of using traditional medicinal plants for combating various ailments can be confirmed by referring to the medico-religious manuscripts in the country. Herbal medicines have been also commonly used and remain. Symptoms of HTN can be also resolved by herbals.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91070445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.566
F. Yirga, A. Badebo
Stripe rust is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is threatening wheat production in Ethiopia. Wheat varieties succumb to new Pst race (s) soon after their release from research centers. The objective of this study was to determine stripe rust resistance in selected Ethiopian wheat landraces obtained from the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity (IBCE). In 2017, a total of 197 accessions (152 bread and 45 durum wheat land-races) were exposed to the prevailing stripe rust races in hot spot areas (Kulumsa and Meraro) in Arsi zone of Oromia region. In the second year 2018, only promising landraces 103 (69 bread and 34 durum)) were evaluated both at seedling and adult plant growth stages. The seedling test was conducted in the greenhouse at Kulumsa research center using three Pstraces. In field evaluations, terminal severity (TRS), coefficient of infection (CI), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), disease progress rate (DPR) and spike infection (SI) were considered. High disease pressure was noted with 100% severity on susceptible entries at both locations and seasons. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences were noted among the landraces for all disease parameters indicated above. Of the 103 landraces, 57 (55%) exhibited lower or equal disease reaction compared to the resistant check (Enkoy) across locations and seasons. Thirty two landraces showed both adult plant and seedling resistance. The 103 Ethiopian wheat landraces that showed field resistance further exposed to three Pst races at seedling stage and 61 exhibited seedling resistance to all races. This study has identified potential sources of seedling and adult plant resistance in the Ethiopian wheat landraces to the prevailing Pst races. Future wheat improvement should focus on utilization of these genetic resources to minimize the re-current outbreak of rust diseases.
{"title":"Identification of Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis F. sp. Tritici) Resistance in the Ethiopian Wheat Landraces","authors":"F. Yirga, A. Badebo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.566","url":null,"abstract":"Stripe rust is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is threatening wheat production in Ethiopia. Wheat varieties succumb to new Pst race (s) soon after their release from research centers. The objective of this study was to determine stripe rust resistance in selected Ethiopian wheat landraces obtained from the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity (IBCE). In 2017, a total of 197 accessions (152 bread and 45 durum wheat land-races) were exposed to the prevailing stripe rust races in hot spot areas (Kulumsa and Meraro) in Arsi zone of Oromia region. In the second year 2018, only promising landraces 103 (69 bread and 34 durum)) were evaluated both at seedling and adult plant growth stages. The seedling test was conducted in the greenhouse at Kulumsa research center using three Pstraces. In field evaluations, terminal severity (TRS), coefficient of infection (CI), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), disease progress rate (DPR) and spike infection (SI) were considered. High disease pressure was noted with 100% severity on susceptible entries at both locations and seasons. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences were noted among the landraces for all disease parameters indicated above. Of the 103 landraces, 57 (55%) exhibited lower or equal disease reaction compared to the resistant check (Enkoy) across locations and seasons. Thirty two landraces showed both adult plant and seedling resistance. The 103 Ethiopian wheat landraces that showed field resistance further exposed to three Pst races at seedling stage and 61 exhibited seedling resistance to all races. This study has identified potential sources of seedling and adult plant resistance in the Ethiopian wheat landraces to the prevailing Pst races. Future wheat improvement should focus on utilization of these genetic resources to minimize the re-current outbreak of rust diseases.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74035709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.574
Tajudin Aliyi, A. Hailu, Bayoush Birke, Gudisa Hailu
Among biotic factors that attributed for low yield of faba bea, faba bean gall caused by Olpidium viciae was the newly emerged constraints of production in most faba bean growing in the country. This study was intended: to determine growth requirement, to research out survival and infectivity of faba bean gall through time. The enquiry was carried out for two consecutive years 2018 and 2019. Soil and stubble samples were collected from heavily faba bean gall infected field. Soil sample was stored dry at 4°C and residue samples was stored dry at room temperature after pulverized until the experiment has been started. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were evaluated to estimate the infectivity of soil and stubble infected with faba bean gall at 4 months intervals in greenhouse with the period of 4, 8,12,16,20 and 24 months after inoculum collection. Results showed that the significant variation observed between treatments and control check along with experimental time. Significantly (p≤0.05) mean maximum incidence and severity 76.67% and 23.33 recorded on infected debris followed by infected soil 40% and 20%, respectively while minimum was noted on sterilized soil with disease free seeds (control) in the first experimental time, four months after inoculum collection. In the last experimental time, 24 months after inoculum collection, the mean maximum 26.7 observed on faba bean stubble whereas the lowest 0% severity was recorded on the control. Faba bean gall might survived in infected soil and stubble up to two years. The extension of this work to know the exact pathogen remaining time in the soil, inquiry that would be answered the question whether this pathogen is air borne or not and development of management option in major growing areas were suggested.
{"title":"Study on Survival and Infectivity of Faba Bean Gall (Olpidium Viciae Kusano)in Ethiopia","authors":"Tajudin Aliyi, A. Hailu, Bayoush Birke, Gudisa Hailu","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.574","url":null,"abstract":"Among biotic factors that attributed for low yield of faba bea, faba bean gall caused by Olpidium viciae was the newly emerged constraints of production in most faba bean growing in the country. This study was intended: to determine growth requirement, to research out survival and infectivity of faba bean gall through time. The enquiry was carried out for two consecutive years 2018 and 2019. Soil and stubble samples were collected from heavily faba bean gall infected field. Soil sample was stored dry at 4°C and residue samples was stored dry at room temperature after pulverized until the experiment has been started. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were evaluated to estimate the infectivity of soil and stubble infected with faba bean gall at 4 months intervals in greenhouse with the period of 4, 8,12,16,20 and 24 months after inoculum collection. Results showed that the significant variation observed between treatments and control check along with experimental time. Significantly (p≤0.05) mean maximum incidence and severity 76.67% and 23.33 recorded on infected debris followed by infected soil 40% and 20%, respectively while minimum was noted on sterilized soil with disease free seeds (control) in the first experimental time, four months after inoculum collection. In the last experimental time, 24 months after inoculum collection, the mean maximum 26.7 observed on faba bean stubble whereas the lowest 0% severity was recorded on the control. Faba bean gall might survived in infected soil and stubble up to two years. The extension of this work to know the exact pathogen remaining time in the soil, inquiry that would be answered the question whether this pathogen is air borne or not and development of management option in major growing areas were suggested.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78892175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.550
H. Ahmed
The science and practice of cultivating plants is Agriculture. Agriculture was the essential development in the rise of human civilization, whereby farming of acclimatize species produced food oversupply that enabled people to reside in cities. The historical backdrop of farming started ago. Plants were independently in at least 11 regions of the large-scale agricultural though about 2 billion people still depended on maintaining
{"title":"Overview on Agriculture and Plant Diseases","authors":"H. Ahmed","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.550","url":null,"abstract":"The science and practice of cultivating plants is Agriculture. Agriculture was the essential development in the rise of human civilization, whereby farming of acclimatize species produced food oversupply that enabled people to reside in cities. The historical backdrop of farming started ago. Plants were independently in at least 11 regions of the large-scale agricultural though about 2 billion people still depended on maintaining","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"67 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76981381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.564
Shashitu Aleling
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt of tomato and limits the crop production, and antagonistic microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria are used to suppress the disease, of which Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are the most effective agents to control bacterial wilt of various horticultural and other crops. In the present study, attempt was made to isolate these two microorganisms to evaluate their effectiveness to control R. solanacearum the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of tomato under greenhouse conditions. Thus R. solanacearum, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from wilted and healthy tomato plants grown from farmer's field in Ziway and Meki. The virulence of the pathogen and the antagonistic effect of the bacteria and fungi were evaluated against R. solanacearum in vitro and in vivo condition. Based on the in vitro results the best two isolates were selected to show their antagonistic effect under greenhouse condition in single and combined designs. The result showed the pathogenicity test of the isolates were evaluated under greenhouse condition, and isolate AAURS1 showed highest virulence (75%) followed by isolate APPRCRS2 with pathogenicity of 50%. With regard to antagonism test, isolates AAURB20 and AAUTR23 showed the highest inhibition against R. solanacearum with inhibition zone of 16 mm and 15 mm, respectively. Among the treatments co-inoculation (AAURB20+AAUTR23) was more effective and reduced disease incidence by 13.33% and increased the bio-control efficacy by 72.22% when compared with individual treatment and negative control (Un inoculated treatment). The isolates significantly increased the plant height and dry weight by 72.33 cm, and 12.18 g, respectively. Thus, the combined use of the biocontrol agents significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt disease. However, their performance should be evaluated using other yield parameters under field conditions to produce healthy tomato seedling to minimize the use of chemicals and reduce environmental pollution.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas Species against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia Isolates) of Tomato (Lycopersicum Spp.)","authors":"Shashitu Aleling","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.564","url":null,"abstract":"Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt of tomato and limits the crop production, and antagonistic microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria are used to suppress the disease, of which Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are the most effective agents to control bacterial wilt of various horticultural and other crops. In the present study, attempt was made to isolate these two microorganisms to evaluate their effectiveness to control R. solanacearum the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of tomato under greenhouse conditions. Thus R. solanacearum, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from wilted and healthy tomato plants grown from farmer's field in Ziway and Meki. The virulence of the pathogen and the antagonistic effect of the bacteria and fungi were evaluated against R. solanacearum in vitro and in vivo condition. Based on the in vitro results the best two isolates were selected to show their antagonistic effect under greenhouse condition in single and combined designs. The result showed the pathogenicity test of the isolates were evaluated under greenhouse condition, and isolate AAURS1 showed highest virulence (75%) followed by isolate APPRCRS2 with pathogenicity of 50%. With regard to antagonism test, isolates AAURB20 and AAUTR23 showed the highest inhibition against R. solanacearum with inhibition zone of 16 mm and 15 mm, respectively. Among the treatments co-inoculation (AAURB20+AAUTR23) was more effective and reduced disease incidence by 13.33% and increased the bio-control efficacy by 72.22% when compared with individual treatment and negative control (Un inoculated treatment). The isolates significantly increased the plant height and dry weight by 72.33 cm, and 12.18 g, respectively. Thus, the combined use of the biocontrol agents significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt disease. However, their performance should be evaluated using other yield parameters under field conditions to produce healthy tomato seedling to minimize the use of chemicals and reduce environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"92 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89078305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.537
S. Kumar
Crop Science is the field managing the Selection, Breeding, Crop profitability, Seed creation, Organic yields, Crop innovation happening, Field crops examination, and Crop and Irrigation innovation. Harvest Science manages food, feed, turf, and fiber crops and their administration. It is a far reaching field contains hereditary qualities, reproducing, creation, and the executives of yields and creature feed. Yield Science likewise participates in protection and maintainable utilization of hereditary assets of plants, spineless creatures and different creepy crawlies, and microorganisms. Farming is the study of creation and usage of plants for multidisciplinary use alongside soil, yield and Water the board. Farming identified with work in the regions of plant hereditary qualities, plant physiology, Agrometeorology, and soil science. Agribusiness is the use of joined sciences like science, science, financial aspects, nature, geology, and hereditary qualities. Horticulture is currently a significant examination field for researchers to contemplate the conduct of plant in various natural conditions including environment, soil type and water system, treatment and so on. Crop protection is the science and routine of managing plant illness, weeds and different vermin (both vertebrate and invertebrate) that wickedness agrarian yields and official advantage. Agrarian yields join field crops (maize, wheat, rice, and so forth), vegetable harvests (potatoes, cabbages, and so forth) and ordinary things. The yields in a field are shown to different parts. The yield plants might be harmed by shocking little creatures, fowls, rodents, minute animals, and whatnot. Yield security is the assessment and routine of coordinating irritations, plant afflictions, weeds and other risky living animals that naughtiness agrarian things and official advantage and along these lines, sway financial quality and Agri-feature. Plant security is the act of overseeing climate, weeds, vermin and sicknesses that hurt or repress the development of natural product, vegetable and other green yields. Plant Protection keeps on assuming a significant part in accomplishing focuses of harvests creation. Plant cell divider is utilized explicitly as paper, materials, strands (cotton, flax, hemp, and others), charcoal, blunder, and other wood items. And furthermore other significant utilization of plant cell dividers is as extricated polysaccharides that have been changed to make plastics, films, coatings, glues, gels, and thickeners in a tremendous assortment of items. Economical agribusiness is generally identified with characteristic or natural cultivating, and it is additionally identified with those cultivating frameworks.
{"title":"Editorial on Crop Science and Agriculture field Present Days","authors":"S. Kumar","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.537","url":null,"abstract":"Crop Science is the field managing the Selection, Breeding, Crop profitability, Seed creation, Organic yields, Crop innovation happening, Field crops examination, and Crop and Irrigation innovation. Harvest Science manages food, feed, turf, and fiber crops and their administration. It is a far reaching field contains hereditary qualities, reproducing, creation, and the executives of yields and creature feed. Yield Science likewise participates in protection and maintainable utilization of hereditary assets of plants, spineless creatures and different creepy crawlies, and microorganisms. Farming is the study of creation and usage of plants for multidisciplinary use alongside soil, yield and Water the board. Farming identified with work in the regions of plant hereditary qualities, plant physiology, Agrometeorology, and soil science. Agribusiness is the use of joined sciences like science, science, financial aspects, nature, geology, and hereditary qualities. Horticulture is currently a significant examination field for researchers to contemplate the conduct of plant in various natural conditions including environment, soil type and water system, treatment and so on. Crop protection is the science and routine of managing plant illness, weeds and different vermin (both vertebrate and invertebrate) that wickedness agrarian yields and official advantage. Agrarian yields join field crops (maize, wheat, rice, and so forth), vegetable harvests (potatoes, cabbages, and so forth) and ordinary things. The yields in a field are shown to different parts. The yield plants might be harmed by shocking little creatures, fowls, rodents, minute animals, and whatnot. Yield security is the assessment and routine of coordinating irritations, plant afflictions, weeds and other risky living animals that naughtiness agrarian things and official advantage and along these lines, sway financial quality and Agri-feature. Plant security is the act of overseeing climate, weeds, vermin and sicknesses that hurt or repress the development of natural product, vegetable and other green yields. Plant Protection keeps on assuming a significant part in accomplishing focuses of harvests creation. Plant cell divider is utilized explicitly as paper, materials, strands (cotton, flax, hemp, and others), charcoal, blunder, and other wood items. And furthermore other significant utilization of plant cell dividers is as extricated polysaccharides that have been changed to make plastics, films, coatings, glues, gels, and thickeners in a tremendous assortment of items. Economical agribusiness is generally identified with characteristic or natural cultivating, and it is additionally identified with those cultivating frameworks.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87072273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.545
Upayan Ghosh
Plants, much like all the living beings on the earth are affected by some kind of external agents that interferes with their biochemical pathways in the body resulting in physiological impairments. The whole kingdom of plant diseases is subdivided mainly into two subgroups infectious and non-infectious disease. The occurrence of infectious disease occurs when plants are affected by pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungus, mycoplasma, viroid, parasitic and nematoid. Non-infectious diseases of the plant are mainly caused due to unsuitable climate and weather, improper soil for plant growth, absence of required minerals, and imbalance of moisture and oxygen in the atmosphere. The only major difference between both modes of disease is the capacity to transmit the disease. Infectious diseases are caused by living organisms and hence they can transmit easily and are termed as infectious whereas non-infectious diseases do not possess such capability maybe because they are caused by the harshness of natural conditions and not through any living organism.
{"title":"Plant Diseases: A Major Threat to Plant Life","authors":"Upayan Ghosh","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.545","url":null,"abstract":"Plants, much like all the living beings on the earth are affected by some kind of external agents that interferes with their biochemical pathways in the body resulting in physiological impairments. The whole kingdom of plant diseases is subdivided mainly into two subgroups infectious and non-infectious disease. The occurrence of infectious disease occurs when plants are affected by pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungus, mycoplasma, viroid, parasitic and nematoid. Non-infectious diseases of the plant are mainly caused due to unsuitable climate and weather, improper soil for plant growth, absence of required minerals, and imbalance of moisture and oxygen in the atmosphere. The only major difference between both modes of disease is the capacity to transmit the disease. Infectious diseases are caused by living organisms and hence they can transmit easily and are termed as infectious whereas non-infectious diseases do not possess such capability maybe because they are caused by the harshness of natural conditions and not through any living organism.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85413016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.557
Kitessa Gutu, G. Adugna, N. Bacha
Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. However, its production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic production constraints; wheat stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici) is the most important one. This study was (i) to assess the importance of wheat stem rust in North and East Shoa zones of central Ethiopia and (ii) to identify physiological races. Purposive multistage sampling was used to select major wheat growing districts and farmers associations from each zone. Wheat stem rust race identification was carried out via inoculation of isolates on susceptible line (McNair); single pustule isolation; inoculation on standard differential sets and infection type evaluation of each line fourteen days after inoculation. One hundred fifty wheat fields (75 from each zone) were assessed. Wheat stem rust was observed in 71 (94.7%) and 52 (73.3%) of wheat fields in East and North Shoa zones, respectively. Disease incidence and severity were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between the two zones. Six physiological races of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici (pgt) namely; TKTTF, TTTTF, TKKTF, TTKTT, TTKTF and TTTTT were identified. TKKTF was the dominant race which was detected from 40 (48.2%) samples followed by TKTTF (Digelu race) which was identified from 28 (33.7%) samples. But, TTTTT, TTKTT and TTTTF were less frequent races. They were identified from 1 (1.2%), 2 (2.4%) and 4 (4.8%) samples, respectively. The majority of resistance genes in differential host lines (80-100%) were defeated with the races. Resistance genes Sr24 and Sr31 were effective to majority of races identified. Hence, they can be used as source of resistance in breeding program.
{"title":"Distribution and Physiological Races of Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis F. Sp tritici) in North and East Shoa Zones of Ethiopia","authors":"Kitessa Gutu, G. Adugna, N. Bacha","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.557","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. However, its production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic production constraints; wheat stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici) is the most important one. This study was (i) to assess the importance of wheat stem rust in North and East Shoa zones of central Ethiopia and (ii) to identify physiological races. Purposive multistage sampling was used to select major wheat growing districts and farmers associations from each zone. Wheat stem rust race identification was carried out via inoculation of isolates on susceptible line (McNair); single pustule isolation; inoculation on standard differential sets and infection type evaluation of each line fourteen days after inoculation. One hundred fifty wheat fields (75 from each zone) were assessed. Wheat stem rust was observed in 71 (94.7%) and 52 (73.3%) of wheat fields in East and North Shoa zones, respectively. Disease incidence and severity were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between the two zones. Six physiological races of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici (pgt) namely; TKTTF, TTTTF, TKKTF, TTKTT, TTKTF and TTTTT were identified. TKKTF was the dominant race which was detected from 40 (48.2%) samples followed by TKTTF (Digelu race) which was identified from 28 (33.7%) samples. But, TTTTT, TTKTT and TTTTF were less frequent races. They were identified from 1 (1.2%), 2 (2.4%) and 4 (4.8%) samples, respectively. The majority of resistance genes in differential host lines (80-100%) were defeated with the races. Resistance genes Sr24 and Sr31 were effective to majority of races identified. Hence, they can be used as source of resistance in breeding program.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90915659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.559
Yitagesu Tadesse, Dereje Amare, Asela Kesho
Potato is the world’s number one non-grain food commodity, with production reaching 325 million tons. Some inherent qualities give potato a competitive edge over the leading food crops. It is able to produce more protein and carbohydrates per unit area than cereals. Among all the crops grown worldwide, is known to suffer the greatest losses from disease attack. Among those diseases late blight and bacterial wilt are the most economical diseases which incurred 100% yield loss. The main Objective of this review was to understand very well the recent advances on potato late blight disease management up to gene for gene level and incorporate these recent molecular advances with the conventional one for mitigating the virulence spectrum of the pathogen. The population of P. infestans characterized using molecular markers has led to better understanding of pathogen at molecular level. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of P. infestans has revealed that mt Ia is displacing the other haplotypes globally at a faster rate.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Potato Late Blight Disease Management Strategies","authors":"Yitagesu Tadesse, Dereje Amare, Asela Kesho","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.559","url":null,"abstract":"Potato is the world’s number one non-grain food commodity, with production reaching 325 million tons. Some inherent qualities give potato a competitive edge over the leading food crops. It is able to produce more protein and carbohydrates per unit area than cereals. Among all the crops grown worldwide, is known to suffer the greatest losses from disease attack. Among those diseases late blight and bacterial wilt are the most economical diseases which incurred 100% yield loss. The main Objective of this review was to understand very well the recent advances on potato late blight disease management up to gene for gene level and incorporate these recent molecular advances with the conventional one for mitigating the virulence spectrum of the pathogen. The population of P. infestans characterized using molecular markers has led to better understanding of pathogen at molecular level. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of P. infestans has revealed that mt Ia is displacing the other haplotypes globally at a faster rate.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91238157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：