Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.230
B. Bekele, Habtewold Kifelw
A study was conducted to investigate the virulence and diversity of blackleg in major brassica growing areas of Ethiopia. The highest blackleg severity was recorded at Holeta on station canola type cultivar with severity range of 3.5% to 25.6%. The rest visited fields were free from black leg disease. Most of the fields were found covered with Brassica carinata which is under species has BB genome which confers resistance to blackleg. A total of 48 fungal isolates were recovered from leaves and steam of Brassica species. 52% of the isolate goes to L. biglobusa followed by L. maculans 31.25%. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied on a PDA medium at 25 ± 1°C: Colonies were found circular in shape after 5 days, and were observed in isolates: BLHH-1, BLHH-2, BLHH-3, BHLL-4, LM-1, LM-2, LB-1, and LB-2. Mycelia were loose, colored white to white smoke. Some of them form colonies with irregular round shape and lobular edges. The pycnidia of the fungus were black, globose to subglobose in shape, the single-celled conidia, hyaline and fusiform with diameters of 4–5 × 1.5–2 μm. From the result slow growth was observed on L. maculans isolate with high sporulation, whereas faster growth rate was observed on L. biglobosa with low sporulation. For the purpose of isolates separation, based on pigment formation on liquid Czapek agar, it was observed that after 30 days isolates LM-1, LM-2, LB-1 and LB-2 where produce yellow-brown pigment which indicate places isolates in a group of non-aggressive strains in conformity with the L. biglobosa. Isolate BLHH-1, BLHH-2, BLHH-3 and BLHH-4 which did not produce pigment; the situation indicates the aggressiveness of the isolate and which is under group L. maculans. Blackleg were found less distributed in major growing areas of Ethiopia, however L. maculans and L. biglobosa were confirmed their presence based on morphological and cultural characteristics. So in line with resistance variety development other management options need to be address to make rapeseed return to production.
{"title":"Distribution, Virulence and Diversity of Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptoshaeria biglobusa at Major Brassica Growing Areas of Ethiopia","authors":"B. Bekele, Habtewold Kifelw","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.230","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to investigate the virulence and diversity of blackleg in major brassica growing areas of Ethiopia. The highest blackleg severity was recorded at Holeta on station canola type cultivar with severity range of 3.5% to 25.6%. The rest visited fields were free from black leg disease. Most of the fields were found covered with Brassica carinata which is under species has BB genome which confers resistance to blackleg. A total of 48 fungal isolates were recovered from leaves and steam of Brassica species. 52% of the isolate goes to L. biglobusa followed by L. maculans 31.25%. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied on a PDA medium at 25 ± 1°C: Colonies were found circular in shape after 5 days, and were observed in isolates: BLHH-1, BLHH-2, BLHH-3, BHLL-4, LM-1, LM-2, LB-1, and LB-2. Mycelia were loose, colored white to white smoke. Some of them form colonies with irregular round shape and lobular edges. The pycnidia of the fungus were black, globose to subglobose in shape, the single-celled conidia, hyaline and fusiform with diameters of 4–5 × 1.5–2 μm. From the result slow growth was observed on L. maculans isolate with high sporulation, whereas faster growth rate was observed on L. biglobosa with low sporulation. For the purpose of isolates separation, based on pigment formation on liquid Czapek agar, it was observed that after 30 days isolates LM-1, LM-2, LB-1 and LB-2 where produce yellow-brown pigment which indicate places isolates in a group of non-aggressive strains in conformity with the L. biglobosa. Isolate BLHH-1, BLHH-2, BLHH-3 and BLHH-4 which did not produce pigment; the situation indicates the aggressiveness of the isolate and which is under group L. maculans. Blackleg were found less distributed in major growing areas of Ethiopia, however L. maculans and L. biglobosa were confirmed their presence based on morphological and cultural characteristics. So in line with resistance variety development other management options need to be address to make rapeseed return to production.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80837378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.228
N. Neupane, K. Bhusal
Blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe grisea (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) firstly reported in 1637 from China. In Nepal it was firstly reported from Thimi, Bhaktapur in 1964. Symptoms of this disease appear in all stages from seedling in nursery to heading in main field, however, the most devastating stages are seedling stage, tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. Typical symptoms of blast appear on leaves, node, neck, collar, panicles, rachis and even the glumes are also affected. Globally, blast of rice is responsible for 10-30% of yield losses every year. In susceptible varieties the disease causes 10-20% yield reduction but in severe condition it went upto 80% in Nepal. Cloudy weather, high relative humidity (93-99%), low night temperature between 15-20°C, longer duration of dew are the most favorable condition for the outbreak of blast fungus. The most usual approaches for the management of rice blast disease are management in fertilizers and irrigations, plantation of resistant varieties and application of fungicides. Higher dose of nitrogen increase susceptibility so, it should be applied in split doses. Use of resistant cultivars such as Khumal-1, Khumal-2, Khumal-3, Radha-12, Chandannath-1, Chandannath-3, Sabitri and Palung-2 for the management of rice blast is sustainable and ecofriendly approach. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae at 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens at 10 g/kg help to inhibit growth of blast fungus. Use of chemical named Kasugamycin used to control blast fungus is most commonly used and popular among Nepalese farmers.
{"title":"A Review of Blast Disease of Rice in Nepal","authors":"N. Neupane, K. Bhusal","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.228","url":null,"abstract":"Blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe grisea (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) firstly reported in 1637 from China. In Nepal it was firstly reported from Thimi, Bhaktapur in 1964. Symptoms of this disease appear in all stages from seedling in nursery to heading in main field, however, the most devastating stages are seedling stage, tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. Typical symptoms of blast appear on leaves, node, neck, collar, panicles, rachis and even the glumes are also affected. Globally, blast of rice is responsible for 10-30% of yield losses every year. In susceptible varieties the disease causes 10-20% yield reduction but in severe condition it went upto 80% in Nepal. Cloudy weather, high relative humidity (93-99%), low night temperature between 15-20°C, longer duration of dew are the most favorable condition for the outbreak of blast fungus. The most usual approaches for the management of rice blast disease are management in fertilizers and irrigations, plantation of resistant varieties and application of fungicides. Higher dose of nitrogen increase susceptibility so, it should be applied in split doses. Use of resistant cultivars such as Khumal-1, Khumal-2, Khumal-3, Radha-12, Chandannath-1, Chandannath-3, Sabitri and Palung-2 for the management of rice blast is sustainable and ecofriendly approach. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae at 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens at 10 g/kg help to inhibit growth of blast fungus. Use of chemical named Kasugamycin used to control blast fungus is most commonly used and popular among Nepalese farmers.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80226286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.231
Geray Hagos, Kiros Meles, H. Tsehaye
Diseases like late blight are among the major constraints that limit tomato production in most tomato growing regions. Field experiment was conducted in North Western Tigray in 2018 main season with objectives: to investigate the effect of varieties and fungicide application frequencies on late blight disease development and tomato fruit yield. The treatments consisted of four tomato varieties (Melkashola, Melkasalsa, Sirinka-1 and Gelilema) and five application frequencies of the fungicide Matco 72% WP including the control. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Results indicated that integration of varieties and fungicide spray frequencies significantly reduced late blight disease development and maximizes tomato fruit yield. Melkasalsa variety is found better with lowest disease incidence (36.87%), disease severity (26.83%), AUDPC (587.5% days), DPR (0.0604unit per days) and highest marketable (50.05 tha-1) and highest total fruit yield (54.63 t ha-1) when sprayed four times. The highest percent disease incidence (81.50%), disease severity (74.60%), AUDPC (1558.3% days) and Disease Progress Rate (DPR) (0.1074 units per day) were obtained from untreated Gelilema variety. The lowest fruit yield (35.02 tha- 1) was harvested from none sprayed Gelilema variety. Highest MRR of 3058% was obtained on Melkasalsa variety treated thrice. Thus it is recommended to use 3 sprayings of the fungicide Matco 72% WP at 10 days interval where the variety Melkasalsa is to be used in the study area. However, other management practices should be employed to this variety to confirm its resistance ability and to maximize its fruit yield in the presence of the disease in main season.
{"title":"Effect of Varieties and Fungicide Application Frequencies on Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) Disease Development and Fruit Yield of Tomato in North Western Tigray, Ethiopia","authors":"Geray Hagos, Kiros Meles, H. Tsehaye","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.12.231","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases like late blight are among the major constraints that limit tomato production in most tomato growing regions. Field experiment was conducted in North Western Tigray in 2018 main season with objectives: to investigate the effect of varieties and fungicide application frequencies on late blight disease development and tomato fruit yield. The treatments consisted of four tomato varieties (Melkashola, Melkasalsa, Sirinka-1 and Gelilema) and five application frequencies of the fungicide Matco 72% WP including the control. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Results indicated that integration of varieties and fungicide spray frequencies significantly reduced late blight disease development and maximizes tomato fruit yield. Melkasalsa variety is found better with lowest disease incidence (36.87%), disease severity (26.83%), AUDPC (587.5% days), DPR (0.0604unit per days) and highest marketable (50.05 tha-1) and highest total fruit yield (54.63 t ha-1) when sprayed four times. The highest percent disease incidence (81.50%), disease severity (74.60%), AUDPC (1558.3% days) and Disease Progress Rate (DPR) (0.1074 units per day) were obtained from untreated Gelilema variety. The lowest fruit yield (35.02 tha- 1) was harvested from none sprayed Gelilema variety. Highest MRR of 3058% was obtained on Melkasalsa variety treated thrice. Thus it is recommended to use 3 sprayings of the fungicide Matco 72% WP at 10 days interval where the variety Melkasalsa is to be used in the study area. However, other management practices should be employed to this variety to confirm its resistance ability and to maximize its fruit yield in the presence of the disease in main season.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90365558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.492
S. K. Snehi, S. Srivastava, Parihar Ss, B. Jain
Severe witches’-broom disease of Ziziphus oenoplia was observed with significant disease incidence in Bhopal, India, during 2019. Phytoplasma was detected from symptomatic leaf samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene specific primers which revealed positive amplification of expected size ~1.2 kb DNA band. The positive amplicons of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA (1.2 kb) were sequence and sequenced data was submitted in GenBank database (Accession no. MK975463 and MK975462). On the basis of highest 99% sequence identities, closest phylogenetic relationships and In silico of the under study both the phytoplasma isolates associated with witches'-broom disease of Ziziphus oenoplia identified as a species of Jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma as a member of Elm yellows group (16SrV ). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of Jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma species of Elm yellows group (16SrV) with witches'-broom disease of Z. oenoplia in India.
{"title":"Molecular identification of Jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma (16SrV) associated with witches'-broom disease of Ziziphus oenoplia in India","authors":"S. K. Snehi, S. Srivastava, Parihar Ss, B. Jain","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.492","url":null,"abstract":"Severe witches’-broom disease of Ziziphus oenoplia was observed with significant disease incidence in Bhopal, India, during 2019. Phytoplasma was detected from symptomatic leaf samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene specific primers which revealed positive amplification of expected size ~1.2 kb DNA band. The positive amplicons of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA (1.2 kb) were sequence and sequenced data was submitted in GenBank database (Accession no. MK975463 and MK975462). On the basis of highest 99% sequence identities, closest phylogenetic relationships and In silico of the under study both the phytoplasma isolates associated with witches'-broom disease of Ziziphus oenoplia identified as a species of Jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma as a member of Elm yellows group (16SrV ). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of Jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma species of Elm yellows group (16SrV) with witches'-broom disease of Z. oenoplia in India.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79240342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.497
L. Tessema, Ebrahim Seid, G. Woldegiorgis, K. Sharma
On-site assessment and detection of plant diseases is a prerequisite to inspect the health status of seed potatoes and to make cost-effective disease management decisions. The present study was conducted in 60 major seed potato producing cooperatives of Ethiopia to assess the extent of potato bacterial wilt disease and to generate information on current status of R. solanacearum. The field assessment and inspection survey was conducted during 2015/16 for 3 seasons in 140 potato fields covering 123.30 hectares of seed potato. Symptomatic plants were confirmed for R. solanacearum by Agri Strip kit, potassium hydroxide (KOH) test and vascular flow (VF) techniques. The results of the study indicated that out of 140 seed potato fields assessed, 26 (equivalent to 18.57%) or some 33.3% of seed cooperatives were infested by bacterial wilt. The highest disease incidence (82.5%) was recorded in Jeldu district followed by Wonchi district (60%) where most of seed potato is being distributed to the country. Based on the results of three disease confirmation tools (Agri Strip, KOH and VF) implemented, 34.75 (28.18%) hectares of the fields showed positive results. Disease prevalence ranged from 0 to 100%. In some districts like Cheha, Doyo-gena and Shashamane, the disease prevalence was 100%, whereas 50% disease prevalence was recorded in Arsi-Negelle and Kofole districts. This study describes the current infestation level of bacterial wilt in major seed producing cooperatives of Ethiopia and potato production is highly threatened by Ralstonia solanacearum in most of the areas addressed by this survey
{"title":"Current status of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) disease in major seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing areas of Ethiopia","authors":"L. Tessema, Ebrahim Seid, G. Woldegiorgis, K. Sharma","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.497","url":null,"abstract":"On-site assessment and detection of plant diseases is a prerequisite to inspect the health status of seed potatoes and to make cost-effective disease management decisions. The present study was conducted in 60 major seed potato producing cooperatives of Ethiopia to assess the extent of potato bacterial wilt disease and to generate information on current status of R. solanacearum. The field assessment and inspection survey was conducted during 2015/16 for 3 seasons in 140 potato fields covering 123.30 hectares of seed potato. Symptomatic plants were confirmed for R. solanacearum by Agri Strip kit, potassium hydroxide (KOH) test and vascular flow (VF) techniques. The results of the study indicated that out of 140 seed potato fields assessed, 26 (equivalent to 18.57%) or some 33.3% of seed cooperatives were infested by bacterial wilt. The highest disease incidence (82.5%) was recorded in Jeldu district followed by Wonchi district (60%) where most of seed potato is being distributed to the country. Based on the results of three disease confirmation tools (Agri Strip, KOH and VF) implemented, 34.75 (28.18%) hectares of the fields showed positive results. Disease prevalence ranged from 0 to 100%. In some districts like Cheha, Doyo-gena and Shashamane, the disease prevalence was 100%, whereas 50% disease prevalence was recorded in Arsi-Negelle and Kofole districts. This study describes the current infestation level of bacterial wilt in major seed producing cooperatives of Ethiopia and potato production is highly threatened by Ralstonia solanacearum in most of the areas addressed by this survey","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83185482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.489
H. Yparraguirre, Juan Jose Siguas-Guerrero, Vladimir Prado-Flores, Claudia Luciana Galliani-Pinillos, Soria Juan J
The vine is a crop affected by various pests and diseases. Being the oidium produced by Erysiphe necator one of the most important. Generally the farmer, due to lack of knowledge makes an inappropriate use of fungicides, which is harmful, since the intensive use (and sometimes excessive) of chemical products has had negative effects on the environment and the quality of life of human populations. That is why the present investigation set out to develop a clean technology with the use of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride for the control of E. necator in the Italian vine variety in field conditions. Two treatments were performed in parallel. The first consisted of the exclusive use of T. viride, and the second of the exclusive use of chemical products. Sanitary applications were given once a week, from the phenological stage of inflorescence until berry ripening. By the other hand the chemical treatment consisted of five applications with fungicides of different active ingredients. The variables evaluated were incidence and severity of oidium in leaves and clusters. The treatment with exclusive use of T. viride presented an average efficiency of 92% in the leaves and 81% in clusters. This data is very useful for farmers, since the possibility of using a biological controller as another less invasive and harmful alternative in the control of E. necator. Therefore, T. viride can be a good strategy if it is applicator in the first phenological stages. So to ensure its functioning, a correct application dose, good maintenance of the backpack sprayer, and proper handling of the canopy must be taken into account. Also is suggested to extend the study using native Trichoderma strains as well as to implement other beneficial microorganisms.
{"title":"Antagonism Potential of Trichoderma viride against Erysiphe necator in the Culture of Grapevine under Field Conditions","authors":"H. Yparraguirre, Juan Jose Siguas-Guerrero, Vladimir Prado-Flores, Claudia Luciana Galliani-Pinillos, Soria Juan J","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.489","url":null,"abstract":"The vine is a crop affected by various pests and diseases. Being the oidium produced by Erysiphe necator one of the most important. Generally the farmer, due to lack of knowledge makes an inappropriate use of fungicides, which is harmful, since the intensive use (and sometimes excessive) of chemical products has had negative effects on the environment and the quality of life of human populations. That is why the present investigation set out to develop a clean technology with the use of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride for the control of E. necator in the Italian vine variety in field conditions. Two treatments were performed in parallel. The first consisted of the exclusive use of T. viride, and the second of the exclusive use of chemical products. Sanitary applications were given once a week, from the phenological stage of inflorescence until berry ripening. By the other hand the chemical treatment consisted of five applications with fungicides of different active ingredients. The variables evaluated were incidence and severity of oidium in leaves and clusters. The treatment with exclusive use of T. viride presented an average efficiency of 92% in the leaves and 81% in clusters. This data is very useful for farmers, since the possibility of using a biological controller as another less invasive and harmful alternative in the control of E. necator. Therefore, T. viride can be a good strategy if it is applicator in the first phenological stages. So to ensure its functioning, a correct application dose, good maintenance of the backpack sprayer, and proper handling of the canopy must be taken into account. Also is suggested to extend the study using native Trichoderma strains as well as to implement other beneficial microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90774897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.486
A. Abbas, M. A. Sohail, M. Mubeen, M. Alami, Muhammad Umer, S. Khan
Potato is becoming the most economically important crop in GB because its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other crops primarily because it generates hugh incomes to the farming community. The disease resistant potato cultivars were replaced by the high yielding varieties, consequently the potato crops has become vulnerable to numerous diseases. Among the diseases viral diseases may play a major role in reducing the yield of potato crops. There are no proper regulatory policies intended to prevent introduction of plant viruses, introduction has still occurred through the potato tubers from the other provinces of Pakistan. Furthermore, the vectors such as aphid’s population have increased. These plant viruses have considerable effects on potato crops range from mere curling and chlorosis of leaves to demise of entire potato crops from the fields. These plant viruses may be major yield limiting factor and therefore there is need to identify the viruses on farms and to determine the severity as well as their impacts on potato yield. Theses plant viruses are major future threats to GB’s food security. There are no wellestablished plant pathology laboratories as a result their identification and estimation of losses to potato crops, they pose still remain a challenge. In conclusion, the viruses are the future constraints to food security in GB, this review paper uses some plant viruses as a case study to illustrate their key influences on the yield of potato crop.
{"title":"Plant Viruses in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) Pakistan: Potential Future Research Direction","authors":"A. Abbas, M. A. Sohail, M. Mubeen, M. Alami, Muhammad Umer, S. Khan","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.486","url":null,"abstract":"Potato is becoming the most economically important crop in GB because its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other crops primarily because it generates hugh incomes to the farming community. The disease resistant potato cultivars were replaced by the high yielding varieties, consequently the potato crops has become vulnerable to numerous diseases. Among the diseases viral diseases may play a major role in reducing the yield of potato crops. There are no proper regulatory policies intended to prevent introduction of plant viruses, introduction has still occurred through the potato tubers from the other provinces of Pakistan. Furthermore, the vectors such as aphid’s population have increased. These plant viruses have considerable effects on potato crops range from mere curling and chlorosis of leaves to demise of entire potato crops from the fields. These plant viruses may be major yield limiting factor and therefore there is need to identify the viruses on farms and to determine the severity as well as their impacts on potato yield. Theses plant viruses are major future threats to GB’s food security. There are no wellestablished plant pathology laboratories as a result their identification and estimation of losses to potato crops, they pose still remain a challenge. In conclusion, the viruses are the future constraints to food security in GB, this review paper uses some plant viruses as a case study to illustrate their key influences on the yield of potato crop.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90678133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.507
O. Mohamed, A. Mohamed
Fusarium wilt is the main biotic stress that limited chickpea production in Sudan. Twenty chickpea genotypes were screened for resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea. The study was done in pot experiment at Gezira Research Station greenhouse. The genotypes were screened against three identified races of Foc in Sudan namely race 0, 2 and unidentified race to know their reaction against the pathogen.Race 0 is the most prevalent and widely spread in Sudan, while the unidentified race is limited to Gezira State. The variety Hawta (Iccv-92318) showed resistant reaction to the three tested Foc races while Shendi (ILC-1335) and Jabel Marra (ILC-915) varieties showed susceptible reaction to race 0 and highly susceptible reaction to the other two races. The other genotypes showed susceptible reactions to the unidentified race and variable reactions to races 2 and 0. This evaluation has helped to identify new sources of resistance to wilt disease for use in chickpea breeding program and for proper chickpea cultivation in the different areas of Sudan. It also will be useful in preventing the spread of the pathogen from infested areas to uninfected ones.
枯萎病是限制苏丹鹰嘴豆生产的主要生物胁迫。筛选了20个鹰嘴豆基因型对鹰嘴豆枯萎病病原镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, Foc)的抗性。在格齐拉研究站温室进行盆栽试验。对苏丹3个已确定的Foc小种(0、2和未确定的小种)进行基因型筛选，了解它们对病原菌的反应。种族0在苏丹最为普遍和广泛传播，而身份不明的种族仅限于Gezira州。品种Hawta (Iccv-92318)对3个Foc小种表现出抗性反应，而品种Shendi (ILC-1335)和Jabel Marra (ILC-915)对0小种表现出敏感反应，对其他2个小种表现出高度敏感反应。其他基因型对未知小种反应敏感，对2、0小种反应可变。这一评价有助于确定抗枯萎病的新来源，用于鹰嘴豆育种计划和苏丹不同地区鹰嘴豆的适当种植。它还将有助于防止病原体从受感染地区向未受感染地区传播。
{"title":"Screening of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Genotypes to Three Identified Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in Sudan","authors":"O. Mohamed, A. Mohamed","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.507","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt is the main biotic stress that limited chickpea production in Sudan. Twenty chickpea genotypes were screened for resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea. The study was done in pot experiment at Gezira Research Station greenhouse. The genotypes were screened against three identified races of Foc in Sudan namely race 0, 2 and unidentified race to know their reaction against the pathogen.Race 0 is the most prevalent and widely spread in Sudan, while the unidentified race is limited to Gezira State. The variety Hawta (Iccv-92318) showed resistant reaction to the three tested Foc races while Shendi (ILC-1335) and Jabel Marra (ILC-915) varieties showed susceptible reaction to race 0 and highly susceptible reaction to the other two races. The other genotypes showed susceptible reactions to the unidentified race and variable reactions to races 2 and 0. This evaluation has helped to identify new sources of resistance to wilt disease for use in chickpea breeding program and for proper chickpea cultivation in the different areas of Sudan. It also will be useful in preventing the spread of the pathogen from infested areas to uninfected ones.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82572086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.494
Tizazu Degu, Wasihun Yaregal, Tesfaye Gudisa
Common bean has versatile benefits such as nutritional, environmental and economic benefits for the producers and consumers. However, its production has been affected and threatened by a number of biotic factors. Survey was conducted in 2018/19 cropping season within three woredas of Metekel Zone, Benshangul-Gumz region, Ethiopia, with the objective of identifying and prioritizing haricot bean diseases.The result revealed that haricot bean production in the Zone is affected by eleven diseases which are caused by fungi, bacteria and virus. Based on the disease severity, incidence and prevalence scores, the diseases are categorized in to Major, intermediate and Minor disease. Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudocercospora griseola), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), Floury leaf spot (Mycovellosiella phaseoli), and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cruenta are grouped in to major diseases. Rust (i), Web blight Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk), Ascochyta blight (Phomaexigua var. exigua/Ascochyta phaseolorum acc) and Bean common mosaic virus (potyvirus) are categorized as Intermediate and the remaining three diseases: Halo blight (Pseudomonas syringaepv. phaseolicola), Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv phaseoli) and Downy Mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt) are grouped under minor diseases. The survey revealed, the common bean production and disease management practices and variety development efforts for the Zone, onwards, should focus on those major disease (such as Angular Leaf Spot, Anthracnose, Floury leaf spot, and Frog Eye leaf spot) in order to sustain production and productivity of common bean cultivars.
普通豆对生产者和消费者具有营养、环境和经济效益等多方面的好处。然而，它的生产受到许多生物因素的影响和威胁。调查于2018/19种植季在埃塞俄比亚本尚古勒-古姆兹地区Metekel区的三个农田内进行，目的是确定和优先处理扁豆病害。结果表明，该区小红豆生产受到真菌、细菌和病毒等11种病害的影响。根据疾病的严重程度、发病率和患病率得分，将疾病分为大病、中病和小病。角状叶斑病(Pseudocercospora grisiseola)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)、粉状叶斑病(Mycovellosiella phaseoli)和尾孢叶斑病(Cercospora cruenta)被归为主要病害。锈病(ⅰ)、黄瓜根枯病(株)、青叶枯病(Phomaexigua var. exigua/Ascochyta phaseolorum acc)和豆花叶病毒(potyvirus)被归为中间病，其余三种病:光晕枯病(Pseudomonas syringaepv.;普通细菌性白叶枯病(黄单胞菌)和霜霉病(疫霉霉)被归为轻微疾病。调查结果表明，今后该区蚕豆生产和病害管理工作和品种开发工作应以主要病害(如角斑病、炭疽病、粉斑病和蛙眼斑病)为重点，以维持蚕豆品种的产量和生产力。
{"title":"Status of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Diseases in Metekel Zone, North West Ethiopia","authors":"Tizazu Degu, Wasihun Yaregal, Tesfaye Gudisa","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.494","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean has versatile benefits such as nutritional, environmental and economic benefits for the producers and consumers. However, its production has been affected and threatened by a number of biotic factors. Survey was conducted in 2018/19 cropping season within three woredas of Metekel Zone, Benshangul-Gumz region, Ethiopia, with the objective of identifying and prioritizing haricot bean diseases.The result revealed that haricot bean production in the Zone is affected by eleven diseases which are caused by fungi, bacteria and virus. Based on the disease severity, incidence and prevalence scores, the diseases are categorized in to Major, intermediate and Minor disease. Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudocercospora griseola), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), Floury leaf spot (Mycovellosiella phaseoli), and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cruenta are grouped in to major diseases. Rust (i), Web blight Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk), Ascochyta blight (Phomaexigua var. exigua/Ascochyta phaseolorum acc) and Bean common mosaic virus (potyvirus) are categorized as Intermediate and the remaining three diseases: Halo blight (Pseudomonas syringaepv. phaseolicola), Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv phaseoli) and Downy Mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt) are grouped under minor diseases. The survey revealed, the common bean production and disease management practices and variety development efforts for the Zone, onwards, should focus on those major disease (such as Angular Leaf Spot, Anthracnose, Floury leaf spot, and Frog Eye leaf spot) in order to sustain production and productivity of common bean cultivars.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89465971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.498
F. Aa, Fathi Sh
Grapevine is one of the oldest and most economically fruit crops. Grapes are a rich source of vitamins A, C, B6, as well as essential minerals, such as potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and selenium. Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium vitis) is an economical disease in most vine yards. Since the bacterium remains in soil for a long time control of Agrobacterium is very difficult. Use of resistant rootstocks is the most effective methods for control of soil-borne pathogens, especially this bacterium. In this study, the reaction of the eight grape varieties (Shahani, Askari, Rish baba, Sefid-e-yaghuti, Qazvin Sefid-e-Keshmeshi, Qazvin Ghermez-e-Keshmeshi, Mehre and Rotabi) to crown gall was studied. In the first experiment, the rooted cuttings of different varieties inoculated in four sections with 20 ml of 108 cfu A. vitis and distillated water were compared as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in green house. In the second set, inoculations were made by adding 40 ml of the suspension of two strains of bacteria (with the same concentration) around the root. Evaluations were made by growth and pathogenicity indices after five months. The callus formation on shoots was also studied in MS medium with and without bacterium. The results indicated that no varieties were immune to crown gall. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons of growth, physiological and pathogenicity indices showed the significant reduction in dry and wet weight of shoots and photosynthetic pigments in Shahni, sefid-e-yaquti and Rotabi. The soluble carbohydrate and anthocyanin also increased in these varieties. The highest necrosis, callus and gall formation were observed in Sefid-e-Yaghuti. It can be concluded that the Shahani, Rotabi and Sefid-e-Yaghuti varieties are most susceptible to causal agent of crown gall.
{"title":"A Study on the Reaction of Some Grapevine Varieties to Crown Gall Agent (Agrobacterium vitis)","authors":"F. Aa, Fathi Sh","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.498","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine is one of the oldest and most economically fruit crops. Grapes are a rich source of vitamins A, C, B6, as well as essential minerals, such as potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and selenium. Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium vitis) is an economical disease in most vine yards. Since the bacterium remains in soil for a long time control of Agrobacterium is very difficult. Use of resistant rootstocks is the most effective methods for control of soil-borne pathogens, especially this bacterium. In this study, the reaction of the eight grape varieties (Shahani, Askari, Rish baba, Sefid-e-yaghuti, Qazvin Sefid-e-Keshmeshi, Qazvin Ghermez-e-Keshmeshi, Mehre and Rotabi) to crown gall was studied. In the first experiment, the rooted cuttings of different varieties inoculated in four sections with 20 ml of 108 cfu A. vitis and distillated water were compared as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in green house. In the second set, inoculations were made by adding 40 ml of the suspension of two strains of bacteria (with the same concentration) around the root. Evaluations were made by growth and pathogenicity indices after five months. The callus formation on shoots was also studied in MS medium with and without bacterium. The results indicated that no varieties were immune to crown gall. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons of growth, physiological and pathogenicity indices showed the significant reduction in dry and wet weight of shoots and photosynthetic pigments in Shahni, sefid-e-yaquti and Rotabi. The soluble carbohydrate and anthocyanin also increased in these varieties. The highest necrosis, callus and gall formation were observed in Sefid-e-Yaghuti. It can be concluded that the Shahani, Rotabi and Sefid-e-Yaghuti varieties are most susceptible to causal agent of crown gall.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76121791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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