Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.546
Upayan Ghosh
{"title":"Golden Rice: A Boon of Biotechnology","authors":"Upayan Ghosh","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.546","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"116 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91320999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.567
Gull-e-laala Khan, G. Irshad, F. Naz, Ashfaq Ahmed Hafiz
Post-harvest fungal pathogens are major threat to food industry, deteriorating the quality of perishable fruits from handling, transportation and distribution to consumption. Half of the production of peaches lost annually due to the prevalence of post-harvest fungal diseases worldwide. The present study was intensively designed to investigate the post-harvest fungi associated with peach. The most common spoilage fungi isolated and identified were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera and Penicillium expansum. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in fruits with street sellers, local fruit shops and the smallest one was recorded in storage houses after harvesting. In-vitro experiment against post-harvest spoilage fungi was directed by using plant essential oils extracted from native herbs by Clevenger type apparatus. Essential oils are natural biocide against postharvest rotting of fresh produce. The antifungal activity of oils was increased with an increase in the concentrations of oil. Amongst the plant essential oils used, Trigonella foenum-gracum at highest concentration (0.10%) caused maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer followed by the essential oils (Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus globulus) at (10%). Essential oils as natural compounds are highly degradable with no accumulation in plants and can replace hazardous environmental deteriorating artificial fungicides. These findings strengthen the possibility of using plant essential oils as an eco-friendly alternative component to chemicals for enhancing shelf-life of peach fruit.
{"title":"Plant Essential Oils Were Used to Characterize and Control Post-Harvest Fungal Infections in Peaches","authors":"Gull-e-laala Khan, G. Irshad, F. Naz, Ashfaq Ahmed Hafiz","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.567","url":null,"abstract":"Post-harvest fungal pathogens are major threat to food industry, deteriorating the quality of perishable fruits from handling, transportation and distribution to consumption. Half of the production of peaches lost annually due to the prevalence of post-harvest fungal diseases worldwide. The present study was intensively designed to investigate the post-harvest fungi associated with peach. The most common spoilage fungi isolated and identified were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera and Penicillium expansum. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in fruits with street sellers, local fruit shops and the smallest one was recorded in storage houses after harvesting. In-vitro experiment against post-harvest spoilage fungi was directed by using plant essential oils extracted from native herbs by Clevenger type apparatus. Essential oils are natural biocide against postharvest rotting of fresh produce. The antifungal activity of oils was increased with an increase in the concentrations of oil. Amongst the plant essential oils used, Trigonella foenum-gracum at highest concentration (0.10%) caused maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer followed by the essential oils (Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus globulus) at (10%). Essential oils as natural compounds are highly degradable with no accumulation in plants and can replace hazardous environmental deteriorating artificial fungicides. These findings strengthen the possibility of using plant essential oils as an eco-friendly alternative component to chemicals for enhancing shelf-life of peach fruit.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82692171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.561
Belay Feyisa
A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant parasitic nematode genera associated with the soils and roots from the rhizosphere of faba bean, during the growing season of 2018-2019. One hundred twenty composite soil samples were randomly collected where a modified Baermann technique for plant parasitic nematode extraction was applied. Faba bean crop grown within two regions i.e., Oromia and Amhara revealed the presence of six nematode genera i.e., Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchoryhnchus, Xiphinema, Ditylenchus and Tylenchus were detected. The most dominant nematode genera were xiphinema followed by Ditylenchus with 12% and 7% of occurrence respectively. Xiphinema was considered as the widely distributed pest of the faba bean crop as it was associated within all survey regions. The study encourages more research work to establish the economic importance and the management of the reported nematode pests.
{"title":"Survey and Identification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes on Faba bean Crop in Ethiopia","authors":"Belay Feyisa","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.561","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant parasitic nematode genera associated with the soils and roots from the rhizosphere of faba bean, during the growing season of 2018-2019. One hundred twenty composite soil samples were randomly collected where a modified Baermann technique for plant parasitic nematode extraction was applied. Faba bean crop grown within two regions i.e., Oromia and Amhara revealed the presence of six nematode genera i.e., Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchoryhnchus, Xiphinema, Ditylenchus and Tylenchus were detected. The most dominant nematode genera were xiphinema followed by Ditylenchus with 12% and 7% of occurrence respectively. Xiphinema was considered as the widely distributed pest of the faba bean crop as it was associated within all survey regions. The study encourages more research work to establish the economic importance and the management of the reported nematode pests.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88563392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.534
T. Belete
Better understanding of plant defense mechanism is crucial for improving crop health and yield. Plant defense against bacterial pathogens results from a complex combination of structural plant characteristics and induced biochemical reactions. In addition to the constitutive defense, plants may perceive directly or indirectly the presence of a bacterium and subsequently induce plant defense responses. These inducible biochemical reactions tend to create protective physiological conditions to limit bacterial growth and invasion in the host tissues. The inducible plant defense starts when a particular bacterial molecule or its structural feature is recognized by trans-membrane protein recognition receptors (PRRs) on plant cell surface. The recognition is based on conserved features of molecules of bacterial origin, namely pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This induces PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and the expression of defense genes, what prevents pathogenesis. However, some pathogens may release effector molecules and surpass PTI what leads to effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). Subsequently, plants possess resistance (R) proteins usually containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains which trigger signaling cascade by recognizing specific effectors. This leads to the activation of downstream genes in order to create a robust and fast defense response preventing the spread of bacteria. Generally, these actions against invading bacterial pathogen are controlled directly or indirectly by genetic materials (gene) of the host plants. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss and summarize how the receptors are thought to activate defenses, how bacterial pathogens surpass this basal defense system and how plants have evolved a second defense layer, with an emphasis on the future research priorities.
了解植物防御机制对提高作物健康和产量至关重要。植物对细菌病原体的防御是植物结构特征和诱导的生化反应的复杂结合。除了本构性防御外，植物还可以直接或间接地感知细菌的存在，并随后诱导植物防御反应。这些可诱导的生化反应倾向于创造保护性的生理条件，以限制细菌在宿主组织中的生长和入侵。当植物细胞表面的跨膜蛋白识别受体(trans-membrane protein recognition receptor, PRRs)识别特定的细菌分子或其结构特征时，诱导型植物防御就开始了。这种识别是基于细菌起源分子的保守特征，即病原体相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)。这诱导了pamp触发的免疫(PTI)和防御基因的表达，从而防止发病。然而，一些病原体可能会释放效应分子并超过PTI，从而导致效应触发易感性(ETS)。随后，植物具有抗性(R)蛋白，通常含有核苷酸结合(NB)和富亮氨酸重复(LRR)结构域，通过识别特定的效应物触发信号级联。这导致下游基因的激活，以创造一个强大而快速的防御反应，防止细菌的传播。一般来说，这些抵抗入侵细菌病原体的作用是由寄主植物的遗传物质(基因)直接或间接控制的。因此，本文的目的是讨论和总结受体是如何激活防御的，细菌病原体是如何超越这一基础防御系统的，以及植物是如何进化出第二层防御系统的，并重点讨论未来的研究重点。
{"title":"A Critical Review on Defense Mechanisms of Plants against Bacterial Pathogens: From Morphological to Molecular Levels","authors":"T. Belete","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.534","url":null,"abstract":"Better understanding of plant defense mechanism is crucial for improving crop health and yield. Plant defense against bacterial pathogens results from a complex combination of structural plant characteristics and induced biochemical reactions. In addition to the constitutive defense, plants may perceive directly or indirectly the presence of a bacterium and subsequently induce plant defense responses. These inducible biochemical reactions tend to create protective physiological conditions to limit bacterial growth and invasion in the host tissues. The inducible plant defense starts when a particular bacterial molecule or its structural feature is recognized by trans-membrane protein recognition receptors (PRRs) on plant cell surface. The recognition is based on conserved features of molecules of bacterial origin, namely pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This induces PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and the expression of defense genes, what prevents pathogenesis. However, some pathogens may release effector molecules and surpass PTI what leads to effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). Subsequently, plants possess resistance (R) proteins usually containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains which trigger signaling cascade by recognizing specific effectors. This leads to the activation of downstream genes in order to create a robust and fast defense response preventing the spread of bacteria. Generally, these actions against invading bacterial pathogen are controlled directly or indirectly by genetic materials (gene) of the host plants. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss and summarize how the receptors are thought to activate defenses, how bacterial pathogens surpass this basal defense system and how plants have evolved a second defense layer, with an emphasis on the future research priorities.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81699409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.571
Hope Takudzwa Mazungunye, E. Ngadze
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an important crop which provides people with essential nutrients e.g. potassium and phosphorus as well as anti-oxidants important in fighting cancers. Its production is threatened by the wilts caused by a fungus called Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Lycopersici which can cause yield losses of 50-100%. The disease is mainly controlled by use of synthetic chemicals which can pose a threat to human health and the environment. This study evaluated the use of Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Lycopersici. In-vitro experiment was a dual culture experiment with six treatments arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The results showed Trichoderma strains (T. harzianum, T. asperellum – CA, C9, NY) reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The Trichoderma strains also showed a significantly high percentage inhibition of the pathogen (p ≤ 0.05). The in- vivo experiment of tomato variety Tengeru evaluating two factors (2 methods of application and 3 biocontrol spp. .) and was arranged in completely randomized block design with six treatment combinations and three blocks. The experiment showed that Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma asperellum CA significantly (p<0.05) reduced the effects of the pathogen when compared with the control and improved the growth parameters of the tomato plants as well as chlorophyll content. The Trichoderma strains did not influence chlorophyll florescence (p ≤ 0.05). Disease severity was significantly lower in Trichoderma inoculated treatments at (p<0.05) and lower in the control. Soil drenching proved to be a more effective method of application than seed treatment as shown in this study on many parameters.
{"title":"Evaluation of Trichoderma Strains as Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum F. sp lycopersici in Tomato","authors":"Hope Takudzwa Mazungunye, E. Ngadze","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.571","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an important crop which provides people with essential nutrients e.g. potassium and phosphorus as well as anti-oxidants important in fighting cancers. Its production is threatened by the wilts caused by a fungus called Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Lycopersici which can cause yield losses of 50-100%. The disease is mainly controlled by use of synthetic chemicals which can pose a threat to human health and the environment. This study evaluated the use of Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Lycopersici. In-vitro experiment was a dual culture experiment with six treatments arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The results showed Trichoderma strains (T. harzianum, T. asperellum – CA, C9, NY) reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The Trichoderma strains also showed a significantly high percentage inhibition of the pathogen (p ≤ 0.05). The in- vivo experiment of tomato variety Tengeru evaluating two factors (2 methods of application and 3 biocontrol spp. .) and was arranged in completely randomized block design with six treatment combinations and three blocks. The experiment showed that Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma asperellum CA significantly (p<0.05) reduced the effects of the pathogen when compared with the control and improved the growth parameters of the tomato plants as well as chlorophyll content. The Trichoderma strains did not influence chlorophyll florescence (p ≤ 0.05). Disease severity was significantly lower in Trichoderma inoculated treatments at (p<0.05) and lower in the control. Soil drenching proved to be a more effective method of application than seed treatment as shown in this study on many parameters.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"4 2 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81968312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.532
Dereje Amare, Beira Hailu, Gerba Daba
Arabica Coffee is an important crop in the national economy of Ethiopia. Coffee berry disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum kahawae Waller and Bridge is the most devastating threat to Coffea arabica L. production in Africa at high altitude. Hence, this study was carried out for Variation of a representative Colletotrichum isolates of Gurage zone of major coffee producing areas using cultural, morphological and pathological criteria. Out of 33 sample 13 representative C. kahawae isolates from the study area and one Gera isolate were isolated from infected green coffee berry which showed significant variations in their cultural, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. Mean radial colony growth rate of isolate showed significant variation (p<0.001) with the range of 2.67 to 4.08 mm/24hrs on PDA in EZA and CA1 isolates, respectively. Conidial size also showed significant difference (p<0.001) in the range of 5 to 6.04 and 9.24 to 10.0 µm in width and length, respectively. Similarly, conidia production varied from 182.25 to 432.92 × 104 conidia/ml of isolate EK1 and EZD, respectively. All isolates were found to be pathogenic to Arabica coffee with highly significant variation (P < 0.01) and infection percentage in the ranges of 45.83 to 68.06%. Aggressive isolate EZD should be used for screening of coffee variety for CBD resistance evaluations.
{"title":"Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Variability of Colletorichuma kahawae Isolate of Gurage Zone","authors":"Dereje Amare, Beira Hailu, Gerba Daba","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.532","url":null,"abstract":"Arabica Coffee is an important crop in the national economy of Ethiopia. Coffee berry disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum kahawae Waller and Bridge is the most devastating threat to Coffea arabica L. production in Africa at high altitude. Hence, this study was carried out for Variation of a representative Colletotrichum isolates of Gurage zone of major coffee producing areas using cultural, morphological and pathological criteria. Out of 33 sample 13 representative C. kahawae isolates from the study area and one Gera isolate were isolated from infected green coffee berry which showed significant variations in their cultural, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. Mean radial colony growth rate of isolate showed significant variation (p<0.001) with the range of 2.67 to 4.08 mm/24hrs on PDA in EZA and CA1 isolates, respectively. Conidial size also showed significant difference (p<0.001) in the range of 5 to 6.04 and 9.24 to 10.0 µm in width and length, respectively. Similarly, conidia production varied from 182.25 to 432.92 × 104 conidia/ml of isolate EK1 and EZD, respectively. All isolates were found to be pathogenic to Arabica coffee with highly significant variation (P < 0.01) and infection percentage in the ranges of 45.83 to 68.06%. Aggressive isolate EZD should be used for screening of coffee variety for CBD resistance evaluations.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"119 42","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91408123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.547
Belay Feyisa
Plant-parasitic nematodes are costly burdens of crop production and productivity. Phytoparasitic nematodes are associated with nearly every important agricultural crop and represent a significant constraint on global food security. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) rank at the top of list of the most economically and scientifically important species due to its intricate relationship with the host plants, wide host range, and the level of damage ensued by infection. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are recognized as the most economically important genus of plant parasitic nematodes worldwide. The nematode causes severe damage and yield loss to a large number of cultivated plants and especially on vegetable crops in the tropics and subtropics. The direct and indirect damage caused by various Meloidogyne species results in delayed maturity, toppling, reduced yields and quality of crop produce, high costs of production and therefore loss of income. In addition, emergence of resistance-breaking Meloidogyne species has partly rendered various pest management programs already in place ineffective, therefore putting food security of the continent at risk.
{"title":"Review on Root Knot Nematodes (Rkns): Impact and Methods For Control","authors":"Belay Feyisa","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.547","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-parasitic nematodes are costly burdens of crop production and productivity. Phytoparasitic nematodes are associated with nearly every important agricultural crop and represent a significant constraint on global food security. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) rank at the top of list of the most economically and scientifically important species due to its intricate relationship with the host plants, wide host range, and the level of damage ensued by infection. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are recognized as the most economically important genus of plant parasitic nematodes worldwide. The nematode causes severe damage and yield loss to a large number of cultivated plants and especially on vegetable crops in the tropics and subtropics. The direct and indirect damage caused by various Meloidogyne species results in delayed maturity, toppling, reduced yields and quality of crop produce, high costs of production and therefore loss of income. In addition, emergence of resistance-breaking Meloidogyne species has partly rendered various pest management programs already in place ineffective, therefore putting food security of the continent at risk.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78540862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.565
A. Asaiya, Diwyansh Raj, Chokhelal Prajapati
Medicinal plants play an important role in the discovery of novel drugs used in modern medicine. The medicinal plant Pongamia pinnata leaf possesses the wide range of medicinal properties which were confirmed through literature reviews. The leaves of the Pongamia pinnata have been used for the medicinal purposes since ancient time research has suggested that Pongamia pinnata leaf extracts have antimicrobial properties. The present study was to determine its leaves have any antibacterial activity leaf aqueous extract were screened for against different species of human pathogens, Chromobacterim violaceum, Citrobacter frendii, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. The activity of leaf aqueous extracts was measured by agar well diffusion method. Nutrient Agar Media (NAM) was prepared for growth of bacteria strains; leaf aqueous extract was obtained by mixing the pulverized leaf materials with ethanol, filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and concentrated to dryness. The collected extracts were tested for antibacterial activities, after that plates placed in incubator for incubation at 37 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Measure the zones of inhibition obtained. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by using standard deviation and standard error. The highest zone of inhibition of P. pinnata ethanolic leaf aqeous extract was measured against gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus (38 mm) and smallest was measured against Citrobacter freundii (17.6 mm). In this present study we have evaluated the efficacy of P. pinnata leaf extract against four different human pathogenic bacteria.
{"title":"Antibacterial Effect of Pongamia pinnata Leaf Extract against Some Human Pathogenic Bacteria","authors":"A. Asaiya, Diwyansh Raj, Chokhelal Prajapati","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.565","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants play an important role in the discovery of novel drugs used in modern medicine. The medicinal plant Pongamia pinnata leaf possesses the wide range of medicinal properties which were confirmed through literature reviews. The leaves of the Pongamia pinnata have been used for the medicinal purposes since ancient time research has suggested that Pongamia pinnata leaf extracts have antimicrobial properties. The present study was to determine its leaves have any antibacterial activity leaf aqueous extract were screened for against different species of human pathogens, Chromobacterim violaceum, Citrobacter frendii, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. The activity of leaf aqueous extracts was measured by agar well diffusion method. Nutrient Agar Media (NAM) was prepared for growth of bacteria strains; leaf aqueous extract was obtained by mixing the pulverized leaf materials with ethanol, filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and concentrated to dryness. The collected extracts were tested for antibacterial activities, after that plates placed in incubator for incubation at 37 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Measure the zones of inhibition obtained. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by using standard deviation and standard error. The highest zone of inhibition of P. pinnata ethanolic leaf aqeous extract was measured against gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus (38 mm) and smallest was measured against Citrobacter freundii (17.6 mm). In this present study we have evaluated the efficacy of P. pinnata leaf extract against four different human pathogenic bacteria.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72588879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.569
A. G. Degete
Tef leaf rust disease caused by Uromyces eragrostis is the widely distributed tef disease. Currently, an evaluation of different fungicides for the control of tef leaf rust is very crucial to tackle and minimize yield loss caused by this pathogen. Therefore, the activity aimed to identify effective fungicide(s) for the control of tef leaf rust disease in the country. The experiment was conducted at Minjar substation and Debre Zeit on station from 2019 to 2020 main cropping seasons to test Rex Duo, Tilt, Nativo and Natura 250 EW fungicides against the disease. Due to heterogeneity of disease parameters data combined analysis was not done for the two locations. The application of different fungicides created significantly different levels of terminal tef leaf rust severity on tef variety Quncho. Quncho is susceptible to tef leaf rust and enabled the assessment of the effects of tef leaf rust disease on tef grain yield, shoot biomass and lodging index during the cropping seasons. The analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference among Rex Duo and Tilt fungicides at Minjar site for tef yield but the highest grain yield was obtained through the application of Rex Duo (3.9tha-1). At this location application of Rex Duo (18.8tha- 1) was significantly different from Tilt application for shoot biomass and lodging index 74.3%. At Debre Zeit; the maximum tef yield of 2.4tha-1 and shoot biomass of 14.5tha-1 were obtained from treated plots through the application of Rex Duo. Tilt 250EC application showed the mean value of 2.2tha-1 and 12.9tha-1 grain yields and shoot biomass of Quncho tef varieties, respectively. Generally, disease parameters resulted the lowest mean value under the plots treated by Rex Duo at Minjar and Debre Zeit locations. It is marked that, the fungicide Rex Duo control the leaf rust disease of tef effectively as compared to other fungicides used in this evaluation. It is therefore recommended that the application of fungicide Rex Duo is the best control option in controlling leaf rust disease of tef.
{"title":"Evaluation of Fungicides for the Management of Tef Leaf Rust (Uromyces eragrostidis) in Tef at East and North Shoa, Ethiopia","authors":"A. G. Degete","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.569","url":null,"abstract":"Tef leaf rust disease caused by Uromyces eragrostis is the widely distributed tef disease. Currently, an evaluation of different fungicides for the control of tef leaf rust is very crucial to tackle and minimize yield loss caused by this pathogen. Therefore, the activity aimed to identify effective fungicide(s) for the control of tef leaf rust disease in the country. The experiment was conducted at Minjar substation and Debre Zeit on station from 2019 to 2020 main cropping seasons to test Rex Duo, Tilt, Nativo and Natura 250 EW fungicides against the disease. Due to heterogeneity of disease parameters data combined analysis was not done for the two locations. The application of different fungicides created significantly different levels of terminal tef leaf rust severity on tef variety Quncho. Quncho is susceptible to tef leaf rust and enabled the assessment of the effects of tef leaf rust disease on tef grain yield, shoot biomass and lodging index during the cropping seasons. The analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference among Rex Duo and Tilt fungicides at Minjar site for tef yield but the highest grain yield was obtained through the application of Rex Duo (3.9tha-1). At this location application of Rex Duo (18.8tha- 1) was significantly different from Tilt application for shoot biomass and lodging index 74.3%. At Debre Zeit; the maximum tef yield of 2.4tha-1 and shoot biomass of 14.5tha-1 were obtained from treated plots through the application of Rex Duo. Tilt 250EC application showed the mean value of 2.2tha-1 and 12.9tha-1 grain yields and shoot biomass of Quncho tef varieties, respectively. Generally, disease parameters resulted the lowest mean value under the plots treated by Rex Duo at Minjar and Debre Zeit locations. It is marked that, the fungicide Rex Duo control the leaf rust disease of tef effectively as compared to other fungicides used in this evaluation. It is therefore recommended that the application of fungicide Rex Duo is the best control option in controlling leaf rust disease of tef.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"172 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73842903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.554
W. Abebe
Leaf rust is one of the three wheat rusts and is economically important disease of wheat worldwide. It is a devastating disease that can cause significant yield losses especially in wheat growing regions of the world where environmental conditions are conducive. In Ethiopia, wheat leaf rust is one of the most important diseases in most wheat growing areas of the country where the yield loss due to its impact is reaching up to 75% in susceptible wheat varieties at hot spot areas. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, geographic distribution, life cycle, host range of wheat leaf rust disease as well as its management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance cultivars. Under the use of host resistance method, information on the types of resistance and sources of resistance has been presented.
{"title":"Wheat Leaf Rust Disease Management: A Review","authors":"W. Abebe","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.554","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf rust is one of the three wheat rusts and is economically important disease of wheat worldwide. It is a devastating disease that can cause significant yield losses especially in wheat growing regions of the world where environmental conditions are conducive. In Ethiopia, wheat leaf rust is one of the most important diseases in most wheat growing areas of the country where the yield loss due to its impact is reaching up to 75% in susceptible wheat varieties at hot spot areas. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, geographic distribution, life cycle, host range of wheat leaf rust disease as well as its management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance cultivars. Under the use of host resistance method, information on the types of resistance and sources of resistance has been presented.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"107 49","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91408235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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