Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.535
Kpu Andrew Kebei, Mbong Grace Annih, Agyingi Lucy Ambang
Diseases of fungi origin are important diseases of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) in the main growing areas of the leafy vegetable in Cameroon. A study was conducted between March and June in the cropping seasons of 2019 and 2020 in Dschang to determine the influence of sowing date and removal of diseased leaves on the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease caused by Phoma sorghina. There were four sowing dates, with no variation in planting distance in the two cropping seasons. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replication had three experimental units with similar sowing dates. Seeds were sown at the rate of 1 m × 1 m, with four seeds per experimental unit. Data for disease incidence and severity was recorded every fortnight, commencing three weeks after emergence (WAE) and for a period of eight weeks for each sowing date. Disease incidence and severity was determined using Microsoft Excel and the data was subjected to statistical analysis and the means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 95% confidence interval. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in leaf spot disease incidence between sowing date two and sowing dates one, three and four. Sowing date four recorded a very high leaf spot disease incidence (22.464 ± 16.718) and severity (1.625 ± 0.836). The first cropping season registered a higher and significant (p ≤ 0.05) leaf spot disease incidence and severity compared to the second cropping season. In order to enhance production of leaves, and reduced disease incidence and severity of Telfairia occidentalis, sowing date two (corresponding to the first week of April) besides removal of diseased leaves every fortnight could well manage leaf spot disease compared to sowing dates one three and four.
真菌源性病害是喀麦隆叶菜类蔬菜主要种植区西槽南瓜的重要病害。本研究于2019年和2020年种植季的3 - 6月在昌进行，旨在确定播期和病叶去除对高粱叶斑病发病率和严重程度的影响。4个播期，两季播距无变化。试验采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)， 3个重复。每个重复有三个播期相近的试验单元。播种速率为1 m × 1 m，每个试验单元4粒种子。每两周记录一次疾病发病率和严重程度的数据，从出苗后三周开始，每个播种日期持续八周。采用Microsoft Excel软件确定疾病发病率和严重程度，对数据进行统计分析，并采用Duncan多元极差检验(DMRT)进行均值分离，置信区间为95%。方差分析表明，播期2与播期1、播期3、播期4的叶斑病发病率差异显著(p≤0.05)。播期4的叶斑病发病率最高(22.464±16.718)，严重程度最高(1.625±0.836)。第一季叶斑病发病率和严重程度显著高于第二季(p≤0.05)。为了提高叶片产量，降低西部飞虱的发病率和严重程度，播期2(对应于4月的第一周)与播期1、3和4相比，每隔两周除去病叶可以很好地控制叶斑病。
{"title":"Influence of Sowing Date and Removal of Disease Leaves on the Incidence and Severity of lLeaf Spot Disease in Telfairia occidentalis","authors":"Kpu Andrew Kebei, Mbong Grace Annih, Agyingi Lucy Ambang","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.535","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases of fungi origin are important diseases of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) in the main growing areas of the leafy vegetable in Cameroon. A study was conducted between March and June in the cropping seasons of 2019 and 2020 in Dschang to determine the influence of sowing date and removal of diseased leaves on the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease caused by Phoma sorghina. There were four sowing dates, with no variation in planting distance in the two cropping seasons. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replication had three experimental units with similar sowing dates. Seeds were sown at the rate of 1 m × 1 m, with four seeds per experimental unit. Data for disease incidence and severity was recorded every fortnight, commencing three weeks after emergence (WAE) and for a period of eight weeks for each sowing date. Disease incidence and severity was determined using Microsoft Excel and the data was subjected to statistical analysis and the means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 95% confidence interval. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in leaf spot disease incidence between sowing date two and sowing dates one, three and four. Sowing date four recorded a very high leaf spot disease incidence (22.464 ± 16.718) and severity (1.625 ± 0.836). The first cropping season registered a higher and significant (p ≤ 0.05) leaf spot disease incidence and severity compared to the second cropping season. In order to enhance production of leaves, and reduced disease incidence and severity of Telfairia occidentalis, sowing date two (corresponding to the first week of April) besides removal of diseased leaves every fortnight could well manage leaf spot disease compared to sowing dates one three and four.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86699931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.542
Merga Jibat, Shamil Alo
Ethiopia is one of the largest producers of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Africa, but the production of this crop is in the decline, because of the foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of the Phytophthora capsici the causal agent of foot rot disease of black pepper in southwestern Ethiopia. Thirteen major black pepper growing areas were surveyed and confirmed for the incidence of foot rot disease. Gizmeret farmers field had the highest disease incidence (75%) followed by Bebeka coffee state farm (70%) and the lowest incidence at Shosha (5%). The highest disease severity was at Gizmeret (70%) followed by Bebeka (62%) and the lowest at Shosha (4%). Based on morphological characterization, the foot rot pathogen exhibited globose oogonia with paragynous antheridia, chlamydospore, torulose hyphae and lemon shaped sporangia with long pedicel confirmed that the causal agent of foot rot disease of black pepper in southwestern Ethiopia was Phytophthora capsici.
{"title":"Characterization of Phytophthora capsici Foot Rot Disease of Black Pepper in Ethiopia","authors":"Merga Jibat, Shamil Alo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.21.12.542","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is one of the largest producers of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Africa, but the production of this crop is in the decline, because of the foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of the Phytophthora capsici the causal agent of foot rot disease of black pepper in southwestern Ethiopia. Thirteen major black pepper growing areas were surveyed and confirmed for the incidence of foot rot disease. Gizmeret farmers field had the highest disease incidence (75%) followed by Bebeka coffee state farm (70%) and the lowest incidence at Shosha (5%). The highest disease severity was at Gizmeret (70%) followed by Bebeka (62%) and the lowest at Shosha (4%). Based on morphological characterization, the foot rot pathogen exhibited globose oogonia with paragynous antheridia, chlamydospore, torulose hyphae and lemon shaped sporangia with long pedicel confirmed that the causal agent of foot rot disease of black pepper in southwestern Ethiopia was Phytophthora capsici.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89190449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.491
Youmma Douksouna, A. Kwallah, A. Nyerere, S. Runo
Aflatoxigenic fungi are most common filamentous fungi that synthesis aflatoxins and represent the major fungal pathogens to agricultural products. Aflatoxins remain a major threat to global food security, these molecules could be resisted into food during processing and in additional may remain within the food chain. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, can inhibit numerous metabolic systems and immunosuppressive properties. Studies of aflatoxigenic strains can help to enhance strategies control and prevent aflatoxigenic fungi contamination and aflatoxins production in foodstuffs. In this study, isolation of Aspergillus species was based on morphological characteristics including the mycelium growth pattern, color, and properties of fruiting bodies of the fungi. The innovated technique loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was applied to amplify Norsolorinic Acid gene. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification have been optimized by combination of the rapidity, simplicity and specificity to detect the target genomic DNA in the reactions. The amplification curves monitored by Loopamp realtime Turbidimeter were analyzed in order to distinguish aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains. Overall, the results showed that the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method was effective in detecting aflatoxigenic strains with high specificity of 71.5% and sensitivity under lower concentrations of DNA. In additional, it was faster than the conventional polymerase chain reaction. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay described in this study might be a promising tool for prediction potential threats by aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins risk in food and commodities.
{"title":"Application and Evaluation of the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification assay for the Detection of Aflatoxigenic Fungi Contaminants of Rice Grains in Kenya","authors":"Youmma Douksouna, A. Kwallah, A. Nyerere, S. Runo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.491","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxigenic fungi are most common filamentous fungi that synthesis aflatoxins and represent the major fungal pathogens to agricultural products. Aflatoxins remain a major threat to global food security, these molecules could be resisted into food during processing and in additional may remain within the food chain. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, can inhibit numerous metabolic systems and immunosuppressive properties. Studies of aflatoxigenic strains can help to enhance strategies control and prevent aflatoxigenic fungi contamination and aflatoxins production in foodstuffs. In this study, isolation of Aspergillus species was based on morphological characteristics including the mycelium growth pattern, color, and properties of fruiting bodies of the fungi. The innovated technique loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was applied to amplify Norsolorinic Acid gene. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification have been optimized by combination of the rapidity, simplicity and specificity to detect the target genomic DNA in the reactions. The amplification curves monitored by Loopamp realtime Turbidimeter were analyzed in order to distinguish aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains. Overall, the results showed that the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method was effective in detecting aflatoxigenic strains with high specificity of 71.5% and sensitivity under lower concentrations of DNA. In additional, it was faster than the conventional polymerase chain reaction. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay described in this study might be a promising tool for prediction potential threats by aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins risk in food and commodities.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83700102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.499
Endriyas Gabrekiristos, D. Teshome, G. Ayana
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (FOC) is one of the major pathogens that constrained productivity of hot pepper in Ethiopia. The present study was conducted to characterize FOC isolates and evaluate the pathogenic variability of FOC isolates from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Collection of diseased Fusarium wilt samples were carried out in Alaba, Adama, Adami Tullu Jiddo Kombolcha, Dugda, Mareko and Meskan districts, during the 2018 main cropping season. FOC isolates were characterized based on morphological features and pathogenicity test under greenhouse conditions. Regarding the characterization of FOC isolates, from the collected 70 root and stem samples, 49 were identified as F. oxysporum based on macroscopic (colony color, shape and margin) as well as microscopic characteristics (production of microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores). Of these, except 4AA2 (isolated from Alaba district), all were found pathogenic to the susceptible Mareko Fana variety, confirming the identity of the 48 isolates as FOC. However, Isolate 4DGK was identified as the most virulent isolate with 100% wilt incidence and 4.89 vascular discoloration index. Therefore 4DGk were identified as the master isolate for further study. The macroscopic and microscopic features of 4DGK isolate on potato dextrose agar are pink (color), filamentous (shape and margin), flat (elevation) and produce macroconidia with 1, 3 and 5 cell, microconidia and chlamydospore. However, 4AA2 was white (color), round (shape), raised (elevation) and entire (margin) macroscopically and produce macroconidia with single cell, microconidia and chlamydospore. Therefore, for the effective development of pepper variety resistant to Fusarium wilt should using virulent isolates like 4DKG together with other mixed isolates, in order to test a disease interaction and select for durable resistant genotypes.
由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, FOC)引起的枯萎病(Fusarium wilt)是制约埃塞俄比亚辣椒产量的主要病原菌之一。本研究旨在对埃塞俄比亚中部裂谷的FOC分离株进行特征鉴定，并评估其致病变异性。2018年主要种植季，在Alaba、Adama、Adami Tullu、Jiddo Kombolcha、Dugda、Mareko和Meskan地区采集了枯萎病样本。通过形态特征和温室条件下的致病性试验对FOC分离株进行了鉴定。在鉴定方面，从采集的70份根和茎样品中，根据宏观特征(菌落颜色、形状和边缘)和微观特征(微分生孢子、大分生孢子和衣原孢子的产生)鉴定出49株为尖孢镰刀菌。其中，除4AA2(分离自Alaba地区)外，其余均对易感的Mareko Fana菌株致病，证实48株分离株为FOC。分离物4DGK毒性最强，青枯病发生率为100%，血管变色指数为4.89。因此，4DGk被确定为主分离物，可供进一步研究。马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂上4DGK分离物的宏观和微观特征为粉红色(颜色)、丝状(形状和边缘)、扁平(高度)，产生1、3、5细胞的大分生孢子、小分生孢子和衣孢子。4AA2在宏观上呈白色(颜色)、圆形(形状)、凸起(隆起)和全缘(边缘)，产生大孢子、单细胞、小孢子和衣孢子。因此，为了有效开发抗枯萎病辣椒品种，应将4DKG等强毒分离株与其他混合分离株结合使用，以测试病害相互作用并选择持久的抗性基因型。
{"title":"Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Variability among Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici Causing Wilt of Hot Pepper in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia","authors":"Endriyas Gabrekiristos, D. Teshome, G. Ayana","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.499","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (FOC) is one of the major pathogens that constrained productivity of hot pepper in Ethiopia. The present study was conducted to characterize FOC isolates and evaluate the pathogenic variability of FOC isolates from Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Collection of diseased Fusarium wilt samples were carried out in Alaba, Adama, Adami Tullu Jiddo Kombolcha, Dugda, Mareko and Meskan districts, during the 2018 main cropping season. FOC isolates were characterized based on morphological features and pathogenicity test under greenhouse conditions. Regarding the characterization of FOC isolates, from the collected 70 root and stem samples, 49 were identified as F. oxysporum based on macroscopic (colony color, shape and margin) as well as microscopic characteristics (production of microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores). Of these, except 4AA2 (isolated from Alaba district), all were found pathogenic to the susceptible Mareko Fana variety, confirming the identity of the 48 isolates as FOC. However, Isolate 4DGK was identified as the most virulent isolate with 100% wilt incidence and 4.89 vascular discoloration index. Therefore 4DGk were identified as the master isolate for further study. The macroscopic and microscopic features of 4DGK isolate on potato dextrose agar are pink (color), filamentous (shape and margin), flat (elevation) and produce macroconidia with 1, 3 and 5 cell, microconidia and chlamydospore. However, 4AA2 was white (color), round (shape), raised (elevation) and entire (margin) macroscopically and produce macroconidia with single cell, microconidia and chlamydospore. Therefore, for the effective development of pepper variety resistant to Fusarium wilt should using virulent isolates like 4DKG together with other mixed isolates, in order to test a disease interaction and select for durable resistant genotypes.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75335540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.517
S. Hussien, N. Hailu, E. Belete
Common bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume consumed as source of protein and cash crop in Ethiopia. The production of the crops is constrained by biotic and abiotic factors. Common bean anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major production constraint in common bean growing regions of Ethiopia. Field experiment was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural research center during 2017/18 main cropping season to evaluate reactions of common bean varieties to the disease. The experiment consisted of twenty two common bean varieties evaluated for the reaction to anthracnose under natural infestation conditions. The highest disease severity (58%) was recorded from Awash-1 variety while the lowest disease severity (45%), was recorded from Awash Melka variety at final assessment day. The highest (3.03 t ha-1) yield was recorded from Awash Melka variety while the lowest (0.97 t ha-1) yield was recorded from KAT-B1 variety. From the present study, it is possible to conclude that, the advantage of screening resistant verities increases the opportunity to select for a broad range of anthracnose resistance and help to know the variability of the common bean anthracnose disease.
普通豆(Phaseolous vulgaris L.)是埃塞俄比亚最重要的食用豆类，是蛋白质和经济作物的来源。农作物的生产受到生物和非生物因素的制约。由真菌炭疽菌引起的普通豆炭疽病是埃塞俄比亚普通豆种植区生产的主要制约因素。2017/18季，在Sirinka农业研究中心进行了田间试验，以评价普通豆类品种对病害的反应。本试验以22个普通豆品种为研究对象，在自然侵染条件下评价其对炭疽病的反应。在最后评估日，Awash-1品种的疾病严重程度最高(58%)，而Awash Melka品种的疾病严重程度最低(45%)。Awash Melka品种产量最高(3.03 t ha-1)， KAT-B1品种产量最低(0.97 t ha-1)。从目前的研究中，我们可以得出这样的结论:筛选抗性品种的优势增加了选择广泛的炭疽病抗性的机会，并有助于了解普通豆炭疽病的变异性。
{"title":"Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) Varieties for the Reaction of Common Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) at Sirinka, Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia","authors":"S. Hussien, N. Hailu, E. Belete","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.517","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume consumed as source of protein and cash crop in Ethiopia. The production of the crops is constrained by biotic and abiotic factors. Common bean anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major production constraint in common bean growing regions of Ethiopia. Field experiment was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural research center during 2017/18 main cropping season to evaluate reactions of common bean varieties to the disease. The experiment consisted of twenty two common bean varieties evaluated for the reaction to anthracnose under natural infestation conditions. The highest disease severity (58%) was recorded from Awash-1 variety while the lowest disease severity (45%), was recorded from Awash Melka variety at final assessment day. The highest (3.03 t ha-1) yield was recorded from Awash Melka variety while the lowest (0.97 t ha-1) yield was recorded from KAT-B1 variety. From the present study, it is possible to conclude that, the advantage of screening resistant verities increases the opportunity to select for a broad range of anthracnose resistance and help to know the variability of the common bean anthracnose disease.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75605722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.502
G. Eman, Dewidar Aaa
Field experiments were carried out under natural infection of basil downy mildew in the Experimental Farm of Sids Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Beni-Sweif governorate in 2016 and 2017 for screening a number of local varieties of basil and French basil grown in Beni-Sweif governorate, Egypt for susceptibility to basil downy mildew. Generally, all varieties tested varied in their response to downy mildew infection. The five basil varieties tested were divided into five groups based on the resistance reaction screened under field condition into: resistant variety (Lv 1), moderately resistant (Lv 2), moderately susceptible (Lv 3), susceptible (French basil) and highly susceptible (Lv 4) and classified to three chemotypes due to their content of the dominant component as follows, methyl cinnamate chemotypes (Lv 1 and Lv 3), linalool chemotypes (Lv 4 and French basil cultivar) and methyl chavicol chemotype (Lv 2). However, phenols, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were found higher in resistant varieties as compared to susceptible varieties.
{"title":"Determining the susceptibility of different basil varieties to downy mildew caused by Peronospora belbahrii. Plant Pathol Microbiol","authors":"G. Eman, Dewidar Aaa","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.502","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were carried out under natural infection of basil downy mildew in the Experimental Farm of Sids Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Beni-Sweif governorate in 2016 and 2017 for screening a number of local varieties of basil and French basil grown in Beni-Sweif governorate, Egypt for susceptibility to basil downy mildew. Generally, all varieties tested varied in their response to downy mildew infection. The five basil varieties tested were divided into five groups based on the resistance reaction screened under field condition into: resistant variety (Lv 1), moderately resistant (Lv 2), moderately susceptible (Lv 3), susceptible (French basil) and highly susceptible (Lv 4) and classified to three chemotypes due to their content of the dominant component as follows, methyl cinnamate chemotypes (Lv 1 and Lv 3), linalool chemotypes (Lv 4 and French basil cultivar) and methyl chavicol chemotype (Lv 2). However, phenols, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were found higher in resistant varieties as compared to susceptible varieties.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83720144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.518
D. Fetene, Muluadam Birhan, Tekalign Zeleke
Sheath rot, caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) is one of the major diseases of rice. The pathogen mainly infects the upper most flag leaf sheaths that enclose the emerging young panicle during the boot stage. The lesions are oblong or irregular oval spot and usually expressed as a reddish-brown discoloration of the flag-leaf sheath. Early or severe infection affects the panicle so that it only partially emerges. The unmerged portion of the panicle rots, turning florets red-brown to dark brown. Grains from damaged panicles are discolored reddish-brown to dark brown and may not fill the affected grains, are known as chaffy grains and the disease is appropriately known as “empty head” and is familiar as “rice abortion” [1]. Moreover, the pathogen is mostly observed on the entire seed (about 46%) and on the lemma and/or palea (about 31%) [2]. Sheath rot is one of the most serious and devastating rice diseases in wetland rice growing regions [3]. The pathogen attacks flag leaf sheaths and grains and yield losses result mainly from poor panicle formation and exertion, spikelet sterility (80-100%), reduced grain filling, and losses in milling [4]. Quality is also affected as severe attacks lead to chaffy, discolored grains and affect viability and nutritional value of the grains followed by a decrease in the protein and starch contents of infected seeds [5]. Seeds from infected panicles become discolored and sterile, thereby reducing grain yield and quality significantly. Since the pathogen attacks the crop at maturity starting from panicle initiation stages; its impact is direct to minimize the crop yields. There was a yield loss report ranging from 20% to 85% in Taiwan and 30 to 80% in Vietnam, the Philippines and India [6]. Variability in yield loss depends upon prevailing favorable conditions under which rice is grown and the level of susceptibility of the grown cultivar [7]. In Ethiopia, diseases of rice in general, and sheath rot in particular is not well studied. This is because rice cultivation in the country is at infant stage, and that associated production constraints are not well known along with the fact that importance of diseases of newly introduced crops are expanding and manifesting them gradually with the time. However, now a day sheath rot becomes major rice disease especially in Fogera plains with prevalence, incidence and severity of 100, 47 and 44%, respectively (unpublished). Therefore, unless effective management measure is taken, the disease will cause high yield loss with the consequence that leads the rice crop to be out of production in the area. Thus, there is a need to establish
{"title":"Screening of Rice Germplasms for Their Resistance against Sheath Rot Disease (Sarocladium oryzae) at Fogera, Ethiopia","authors":"D. Fetene, Muluadam Birhan, Tekalign Zeleke","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.518","url":null,"abstract":"Sheath rot, caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) is one of the major diseases of rice. The pathogen mainly infects the upper most flag leaf sheaths that enclose the emerging young panicle during the boot stage. The lesions are oblong or irregular oval spot and usually expressed as a reddish-brown discoloration of the flag-leaf sheath. Early or severe infection affects the panicle so that it only partially emerges. The unmerged portion of the panicle rots, turning florets red-brown to dark brown. Grains from damaged panicles are discolored reddish-brown to dark brown and may not fill the affected grains, are known as chaffy grains and the disease is appropriately known as “empty head” and is familiar as “rice abortion” [1]. Moreover, the pathogen is mostly observed on the entire seed (about 46%) and on the lemma and/or palea (about 31%) [2]. Sheath rot is one of the most serious and devastating rice diseases in wetland rice growing regions [3]. The pathogen attacks flag leaf sheaths and grains and yield losses result mainly from poor panicle formation and exertion, spikelet sterility (80-100%), reduced grain filling, and losses in milling [4]. Quality is also affected as severe attacks lead to chaffy, discolored grains and affect viability and nutritional value of the grains followed by a decrease in the protein and starch contents of infected seeds [5]. Seeds from infected panicles become discolored and sterile, thereby reducing grain yield and quality significantly. Since the pathogen attacks the crop at maturity starting from panicle initiation stages; its impact is direct to minimize the crop yields. There was a yield loss report ranging from 20% to 85% in Taiwan and 30 to 80% in Vietnam, the Philippines and India [6]. Variability in yield loss depends upon prevailing favorable conditions under which rice is grown and the level of susceptibility of the grown cultivar [7]. In Ethiopia, diseases of rice in general, and sheath rot in particular is not well studied. This is because rice cultivation in the country is at infant stage, and that associated production constraints are not well known along with the fact that importance of diseases of newly introduced crops are expanding and manifesting them gradually with the time. However, now a day sheath rot becomes major rice disease especially in Fogera plains with prevalence, incidence and severity of 100, 47 and 44%, respectively (unpublished). Therefore, unless effective management measure is taken, the disease will cause high yield loss with the consequence that leads the rice crop to be out of production in the area. Thus, there is a need to establish","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"86 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83411106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.487
N. Beyene, Amsalu Abera
Barley ranks fourth among the cereals in both yield and hectare coverage at global level next to wheat, rice and maize. Net blotch is one of the most important barley diseases which reduce both quality and quantity of barley grain. Currently, the disease can be controlled using different approaches. The aim of this work is to test the effectiveness of different fungicides. Progress 250 EC, Rexdou, Tilt 250 EC, Skyway Xpro EC 275 and Zantara EC 216 against net blotch of barley disease compared to unsprayed control. The experiment was conducted in west Showa Zone at the site which is well known as net blotch disease hot spot. The experiment was conducted on plots of 25 m2. The results showed that, significant (P<0.05) difference among treatments. Skyway Xpro EC 275 fungicide reduced the incidence, severity, grain yield loss, by 79.78, 88.98 and 49.97%, over fungicide unsprayed treatments, respectively. Zantara EC 216 was second most effective fungicide to reduced disease incidence, severity, grain yield loss, and dry biomass loss by 57.33, 75.58, 36.21, and 38.11%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference among Progress 250 EC, Rex dou and Tilt250 EC fungicides. The Effectiveness of Skyway Xpro EC 275 and Zantara EC 216 for the control of barley net blotch disease revealed 18.88 q/ha and 10.73 q/ha, respectively, compared to fungicide unsprayed treatment. The grain yield and dry biomass obtained from plots treated by the fungicides were higher compare to fungicide unsprayed plot. It is evident that, the newly introduced fungicides (Skyway XproEC 275 and Zantara EC216) control the net blotch disease of barley effectively compared to the previously used fungicides under Ethiopian condition. Therefore, those fungicides recommended for barley net blotch disease management practices as foliar application.
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Fungicides for the Control of Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) Disease on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at West Showa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"N. Beyene, Amsalu Abera","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.487","url":null,"abstract":"Barley ranks fourth among the cereals in both yield and hectare coverage at global level next to wheat, rice and maize. Net blotch is one of the most important barley diseases which reduce both quality and quantity of barley grain. Currently, the disease can be controlled using different approaches. The aim of this work is to test the effectiveness of different fungicides. Progress 250 EC, Rexdou, Tilt 250 EC, Skyway Xpro EC 275 and Zantara EC 216 against net blotch of barley disease compared to unsprayed control. The experiment was conducted in west Showa Zone at the site which is well known as net blotch disease hot spot. The experiment was conducted on plots of 25 m2. The results showed that, significant (P<0.05) difference among treatments. Skyway Xpro EC 275 fungicide reduced the incidence, severity, grain yield loss, by 79.78, 88.98 and 49.97%, over fungicide unsprayed treatments, respectively. Zantara EC 216 was second most effective fungicide to reduced disease incidence, severity, grain yield loss, and dry biomass loss by 57.33, 75.58, 36.21, and 38.11%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference among Progress 250 EC, Rex dou and Tilt250 EC fungicides. The Effectiveness of Skyway Xpro EC 275 and Zantara EC 216 for the control of barley net blotch disease revealed 18.88 q/ha and 10.73 q/ha, respectively, compared to fungicide unsprayed treatment. The grain yield and dry biomass obtained from plots treated by the fungicides were higher compare to fungicide unsprayed plot. It is evident that, the newly introduced fungicides (Skyway XproEC 275 and Zantara EC216) control the net blotch disease of barley effectively compared to the previously used fungicides under Ethiopian condition. Therefore, those fungicides recommended for barley net blotch disease management practices as foliar application.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"59 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90981625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.526
A. Sudha, M. Rajesh, M. Senthilkumar
S9 Ramnad red mundu chilli is a round shaped chilli, grown in Ramnad district in Tamil Nadu, India. Shot hole symptom with inter tissue damage without any sunken necrotic spot on the outer layer of the fruit. Expression of symptoms in the matured fruit shows that the larvae act a predisposing factor and it would pave way for the secondary fungal infection in the field.
Ramnad red mundu辣椒是一种圆形辣椒，生长在印度泰米尔纳德邦Ramnad地区。弹孔症状，组织间损伤，果实外层无凹陷坏死斑。成熟果实的症状表现表明，幼虫是诱发因素，为田间真菌继发侵染铺平了道路。
{"title":"First Report of Morphology and Expression of Symptom in S9 Ramnad Red Mundu Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"A. Sudha, M. Rajesh, M. Senthilkumar","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.526","url":null,"abstract":"S9 Ramnad red mundu chilli is a round shaped chilli, grown in Ramnad district in Tamil Nadu, India. Shot hole symptom with inter tissue damage without any sunken necrotic spot on the outer layer of the fruit. Expression of symptoms in the matured fruit shows that the larvae act a predisposing factor and it would pave way for the secondary fungal infection in the field.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88307262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.515
Zenebu Shewakena, N. Hailu, Buzayehu Desta
Garlic is one of the most important crops widely cultivated throughout the world including Ethiopia. It is the second most widely cultivated Allium species next to onion. The production of the crop is majorly threatened by fungal diseases. White rot of garlic caused by Sclerotium cepivorum, is the most devastating constraint in Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicide types on incidence and severity of garlic white rot, yield and yield components of garlic and to identify the effective method of fungicides application under rain fed supplemented with irrigation at Debre Berhan University Research site in 2017/18 .The experiment was consisted of three types of fungicides (Apron star, MORE 720 WP and Mancozeb) with three methods of application (clove, clove plus foliar and foliar). The experiment was laid out as RCBD in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Fungicide types and methods of application significantly affected disease incidence, percentage of disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), yield and yield components. Clove and clove plus foliar applied Apron star was the most effective in reducing the disease epidemics and gave better yield advantage. Clove applied Apron star has reduced the initial severity, final severity and incidence by 64.7%, 70.9% and 80.6% respectively, as compared to the untreated plots. About 63.6% and 51.9% increment of average bulb weight and yield were recorded in clove applied Apron star respectively, as compared to the untreated plots. The highest net return (35,350 birr) was obtained from clove applied Apron star plots, while the lowest net return (2350 birr) was obtained from foliar applied Apron star plots. Hence, it could be concluded that clove applied with Apron star needs to use for the disease management in the study area
{"title":"Evaluation of Fungicides for the Management of Garlic White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) at Debre Berhan, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Zenebu Shewakena, N. Hailu, Buzayehu Desta","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.20.11.515","url":null,"abstract":"Garlic is one of the most important crops widely cultivated throughout the world including Ethiopia. It is the second most widely cultivated Allium species next to onion. The production of the crop is majorly threatened by fungal diseases. White rot of garlic caused by Sclerotium cepivorum, is the most devastating constraint in Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicide types on incidence and severity of garlic white rot, yield and yield components of garlic and to identify the effective method of fungicides application under rain fed supplemented with irrigation at Debre Berhan University Research site in 2017/18 .The experiment was consisted of three types of fungicides (Apron star, MORE 720 WP and Mancozeb) with three methods of application (clove, clove plus foliar and foliar). The experiment was laid out as RCBD in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Fungicide types and methods of application significantly affected disease incidence, percentage of disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), yield and yield components. Clove and clove plus foliar applied Apron star was the most effective in reducing the disease epidemics and gave better yield advantage. Clove applied Apron star has reduced the initial severity, final severity and incidence by 64.7%, 70.9% and 80.6% respectively, as compared to the untreated plots. About 63.6% and 51.9% increment of average bulb weight and yield were recorded in clove applied Apron star respectively, as compared to the untreated plots. The highest net return (35,350 birr) was obtained from clove applied Apron star plots, while the lowest net return (2350 birr) was obtained from foliar applied Apron star plots. Hence, it could be concluded that clove applied with Apron star needs to use for the disease management in the study area","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84855128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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