Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.10.477
Merga Jibat, W. Getachew, Abukiya Getu, Habetewold Kifelew
In Ethiopia coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) are economically important seeds spices in the family of Apiaceae, Fabaceae and Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), respectively. They are highly suffering due to weed infestation especially competing for water and nutrient. However, before estimating yield losses due to weeds and devising weed control strategies, identification and quantification of weeds are very important. The weed survey was conducted in East showa, Arsi, Bale, North wollo and North Gondar zones during 2016 and 2018 in main cropping seasons to identify most common and prevalent weeds associated with seeds spice (coriander, fenugreek and black cumin). Weed species characteristics, density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency, summed dominant ratio over locations and seasons were calculated. The result shows that a total of 22, 37 and 21 weed species were identified in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin fields, respectively. The most important families according to the number of represented species were Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Primulaceae and Fabaceae in coriander, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae and Polygonaceae in fenugreek and Chlorideae and Scrophulariaceae in black cumin fields. The frequency of individual weed species in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin field ranged from 0.14% up to 1%, 0.13% up to 1% and 0.25% up to 5% while the dominance value ranged from 0.14 up to 49.1%, 0.25 up to 26.5% and 0.25 up to 4.5%, respectively. The most frequent and dominant weed was Chenopodium album in coriander field whereas, the most frequent weed was Chenopodium album and the most dominant weed was Drymaria cordata in fenugreek field. In black cumin field Cynadon dactylon and Solanum nigrum are most dominat and the most frequent weeds respectively. This survey has ranked the most abundant and troublesome weed species in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin growing areas of Ethiopia. Therefore this information is vital for setting research and developmental work priorities concerning coriander, fenugreek and black cumin weeds of the study area
{"title":"Survey and Identification of Major Weeds of Seeds Spice in Ethiopia","authors":"Merga Jibat, W. Getachew, Abukiya Getu, Habetewold Kifelew","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.10.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.10.477","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) are economically important seeds spices in the family of Apiaceae, Fabaceae and Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), respectively. They are highly suffering due to weed infestation especially competing for water and nutrient. However, before estimating yield losses due to weeds and devising weed control strategies, identification and quantification of weeds are very important. The weed survey was conducted in East showa, Arsi, Bale, North wollo and North Gondar zones during 2016 and 2018 in main cropping seasons to identify most common and prevalent weeds associated with seeds spice (coriander, fenugreek and black cumin). Weed species characteristics, density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency, summed dominant ratio over locations and seasons were calculated. The result shows that a total of 22, 37 and 21 weed species were identified in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin fields, respectively. The most important families according to the number of represented species were Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Primulaceae and Fabaceae in coriander, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae and Polygonaceae in fenugreek and Chlorideae and Scrophulariaceae in black cumin fields. The frequency of individual weed species in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin field ranged from 0.14% up to 1%, 0.13% up to 1% and 0.25% up to 5% while the dominance value ranged from 0.14 up to 49.1%, 0.25 up to 26.5% and 0.25 up to 4.5%, respectively. The most frequent and dominant weed was Chenopodium album in coriander field whereas, the most frequent weed was Chenopodium album and the most dominant weed was Drymaria cordata in fenugreek field. In black cumin field Cynadon dactylon and Solanum nigrum are most dominat and the most frequent weeds respectively. This survey has ranked the most abundant and troublesome weed species in coriander, fenugreek and black cumin growing areas of Ethiopia. Therefore this information is vital for setting research and developmental work priorities concerning coriander, fenugreek and black cumin weeds of the study area","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87193194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.481
P. M. Etaware, Elizabeth Ufuoma Etaware, O. Olaoluwa, Oyetunji Oj, O. Olapeju, Aiyelaagbe, A. Odebode
Tomato cultivation in Nigeria and around the world is seriously threatened by disease infection. Soilless cultivation and gene engineering are modern innovations used worldwide to ensure production of quality disease-free vegetables; yet annual crop loss still persists. In 2011, a commercial vegetable farm in Apao¹tao¹, Ibadan, Nigeria was totally ravaged by a fleet of disease infection. 36 infected tomato samples were annihilated from 6 cultivars for laboratory analysis. Crude plant extracts were employed as treatments. The test plants were arranged in 4 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 (experimental plots) and 4 × 3 × 3 (control plot) layouts. The tomato plants were basically infected by fungal diseases. The disease symptoms were totally eradicated by the applied botanicals (100% healthy tomato plants). There was an appreciable increase in plant heights of the treated tomato plants (30.9 cm, 30.2 cm, 27.5 cm and 26.5 cm respectively) compared to those in the control plots (24.1 cm, 22.3 cm, 23.3 cm and 18.6 cm, respectively). The results obtained so far showed that plant extracts was an effective alternative for the systemic and hazardous chemicals used in tomato plant disease management.
{"title":"The Impact Crude Plant Extracts: As Potential Biofertilizers and Treatment against Tomato Plant Infection","authors":"P. M. Etaware, Elizabeth Ufuoma Etaware, O. Olaoluwa, Oyetunji Oj, O. Olapeju, Aiyelaagbe, A. Odebode","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.481","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato cultivation in Nigeria and around the world is seriously threatened by disease infection. Soilless cultivation and gene engineering are modern innovations used worldwide to ensure production of quality disease-free vegetables; yet annual crop loss still persists. In 2011, a commercial vegetable farm in Apao¹tao¹, Ibadan, Nigeria was totally ravaged by a fleet of disease infection. 36 infected tomato samples were annihilated from 6 cultivars for laboratory analysis. Crude plant extracts were employed as treatments. The test plants were arranged in 4 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 (experimental plots) and 4 × 3 × 3 (control plot) layouts. The tomato plants were basically infected by fungal diseases. The disease symptoms were totally eradicated by the applied botanicals (100% healthy tomato plants). There was an appreciable increase in plant heights of the treated tomato plants (30.9 cm, 30.2 cm, 27.5 cm and 26.5 cm respectively) compared to those in the control plots (24.1 cm, 22.3 cm, 23.3 cm and 18.6 cm, respectively). The results obtained so far showed that plant extracts was an effective alternative for the systemic and hazardous chemicals used in tomato plant disease management.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75019713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.483
S. Alemu, A. Badebo, K. Tesfaye, C. Uauy
Stripe (Yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in the highlands of Ethiopia. Improved cultivars often lose their resistance due to occurrence of new virulent races which overcome the genes and make the cultivars out of production. Therefore, identification of new sources of resistance genes helps in battling yellow rust and maximizes wheat production in Ethiopia. In this study, 300 durum wheat lines (landraces & cultivars) were screened with three virulent isolates (Pst_Is1, Pst_Is4 and Pst_Is8) for seedling resistance using Infection Type (IT) scoring method. The lines were also screened with 16 KASP-based SNP markers linked to 7 Yr genes already identified in various studies. Highly resistant infection type (IT: 0 -3) to Pst_Is1, Pst_Is4, and Pst_Is8 was exhibited by 59.3%; 67.3%; and 46.3% of the lines, respectively. 124 lines constantly exhibited high level of resistance to all three isolates. The majority (96.8%) of the resistant lines are landraces while four (3.2%) are commercial cultivars (Cocorit/71, Yerer, Obsa and Dire). In the molecular screening 12 of the markers gave clear amplifications in the controls and the tested lines. Yr7, Yr15 and YrSp were detected in 81.7%, 88.3% and 0.7% of the lines respectively while Yr1, Yr17 and Yr36 were not detected. Detection frequency was higher in landraces (58.7%) than in cultivars (32.8%). Gene combinations frequency was the highest (72.7%) for Yr7+Yr15 followed by Yr15+YrSp (0.3%). Overall, this study has resulted in detection of genes Yr15 and YrSp, which are potential candidates for marker assisted breeding for Pst resistance in wheat. Besides, it has shown that resistant source identification and detection of genes can be facilitated through combined application of phenotyping and molecular screening.
{"title":"Identification of Stripe Rust Resistance in Ethiopian Durum Wheat by Phenotypic Screening and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) SNP Markers","authors":"S. Alemu, A. Badebo, K. Tesfaye, C. Uauy","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.483","url":null,"abstract":"Stripe (Yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in the highlands of Ethiopia. Improved cultivars often lose their resistance due to occurrence of new virulent races which overcome the genes and make the cultivars out of production. Therefore, identification of new sources of resistance genes helps in battling yellow rust and maximizes wheat production in Ethiopia. In this study, 300 durum wheat lines (landraces & cultivars) were screened with three virulent isolates (Pst_Is1, Pst_Is4 and Pst_Is8) for seedling resistance using Infection Type (IT) scoring method. The lines were also screened with 16 KASP-based SNP markers linked to 7 Yr genes already identified in various studies. Highly resistant infection type (IT: 0 -3) to Pst_Is1, Pst_Is4, and Pst_Is8 was exhibited by 59.3%; 67.3%; and 46.3% of the lines, respectively. 124 lines constantly exhibited high level of resistance to all three isolates. The majority (96.8%) of the resistant lines are landraces while four (3.2%) are commercial cultivars (Cocorit/71, Yerer, Obsa and Dire). In the molecular screening 12 of the markers gave clear amplifications in the controls and the tested lines. Yr7, Yr15 and YrSp were detected in 81.7%, 88.3% and 0.7% of the lines respectively while Yr1, Yr17 and Yr36 were not detected. Detection frequency was higher in landraces (58.7%) than in cultivars (32.8%). Gene combinations frequency was the highest (72.7%) for Yr7+Yr15 followed by Yr15+YrSp (0.3%). Overall, this study has resulted in detection of genes Yr15 and YrSp, which are potential candidates for marker assisted breeding for Pst resistance in wheat. Besides, it has shown that resistant source identification and detection of genes can be facilitated through combined application of phenotyping and molecular screening.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84947503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000473
H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine, R. A. Abdallah, M. Daami‐Remadi, A. Nefzi, F. Ayed
Soil borne fungal diseases are among the most damaging diseases of tomato in Tunisia. Among them, Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) races 1 and 2, Fusarium Crown and Root Rot (FCRR) incited by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici, and Verticillium wilt (VW) due to Verticillium dahliae (Vd) races 1 and 2 are of particular concern. In the current study, the grafting of three scion tomato cultivars (cvs. Kawthar, Amal and Malinche) onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock Maxifort was evaluated for diseases management and plant growth and yield improvement. Under artificial inoculation conditions, the present study demonstrates that the plant response to the tested pathogens (Vd races 1 and 2, FOL races 1 and 2 and FORL) used for inoculation differed according to the tomato cultivars used, the grafting treatment and their interactions. Overall, grafting was shown to be effective in significantly reducing disease severity, estimated via the relative vascular discoloration extent (RVDE), by 24%, and enhancing root and stem fresh weights and yield by 18%, 30% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-grafted controls. Under natural greenhouse conditions, disease severity was statistically comparable on grafted and non-grafted cvs. Kawthar and Malinche, plants. However, grafting cv. Amal plants have significantly reduced, by 61%, the RVDE as compared to non-grafted ones. Root fresh weight noted on Maxifort-grafted cvs. Kawthar, Amal and Malinche plants was significantly enhanced by 32, 59 and 55%, relative to non-grafted ones. Plants grafted onto Maxifort rootstock had produced 63% higher total yield than the non-grafted control. As assessed by comparative disease symptoms and plant growth and yield response, grafting tomato on the rootstock Maxifort have could be implemented in an integrated disease management with other soil disinfection methods for reducing soil borne populations in the soil.
土传真菌病是突尼斯番茄最具破坏性的病害之一。其中，番茄尖孢镰刀菌(FOL) 1、2种引起的枯萎病(FW)、番茄根茎尖孢镰刀菌(f. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)诱发的枯萎病(FCRR)和大黄黄萎病(Vd) 1、2种引起的枯萎病(VW)尤其值得关注。本研究对3个接穗番茄品种的嫁接进行了研究。对kathar、Amal和Malinche在种间杂交砧木Maxifort上的病害管理、植株生长和产量改善进行了评价。在人工接种条件下，植株对接种病原菌(Vd 1、2、FOL 1、2和FORL)的反应因番茄品种、嫁接处理及其相互作用的不同而不同。总体而言，通过相对血管变色程度(RVDE)估计，与未嫁接的对照相比，嫁接有效地显著降低了疾病严重程度24%，并使根和茎的鲜重和产量分别提高了18%、30%和17%。在自然温室条件下，嫁接和未嫁接的cvs的疾病严重程度具有统计学上的可比性。kathar和Malinche，植物。然而，嫁接cv。与未嫁接的植株相比，嫁接植株的RVDE显著降低了61%。根鲜重记录在马克西福特嫁接的cvs上。与未嫁接植株相比，kathar、Amal和Malinche植株的光合速率分别提高了32%、59%和55%。嫁接到马克西福特砧木上的植株比未嫁接的对照产量高出63%。通过比较病害症状和植株生长及产量反应，可以将嫁接番茄与其他土壤消毒方法进行综合病害管理，以减少土壤中的土传种群。
{"title":"Grafting Tomato Cultivars for Soil Borne Disease Suppression and Plant Growth and Yield Improvement","authors":"H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine, R. A. Abdallah, M. Daami‐Remadi, A. Nefzi, F. Ayed","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000473","url":null,"abstract":"Soil borne fungal diseases are among the most damaging diseases of tomato in Tunisia. Among them, Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) races 1 and 2, Fusarium Crown and Root Rot (FCRR) incited by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici, and Verticillium wilt (VW) due to Verticillium dahliae (Vd) races 1 and 2 are of particular concern. In the current study, the grafting of three scion tomato cultivars (cvs. Kawthar, Amal and Malinche) onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock Maxifort was evaluated for diseases management and plant growth and yield improvement. Under artificial inoculation conditions, the present study demonstrates that the plant response to the tested pathogens (Vd races 1 and 2, FOL races 1 and 2 and FORL) used for inoculation differed according to the tomato cultivars used, the grafting treatment and their interactions. Overall, grafting was shown to be effective in significantly reducing disease severity, estimated via the relative vascular discoloration extent (RVDE), by 24%, and enhancing root and stem fresh weights and yield by 18%, 30% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-grafted controls. Under natural greenhouse conditions, disease severity was statistically comparable on grafted and non-grafted cvs. Kawthar and Malinche, plants. However, grafting cv. Amal plants have significantly reduced, by 61%, the RVDE as compared to non-grafted ones. Root fresh weight noted on Maxifort-grafted cvs. Kawthar, Amal and Malinche plants was significantly enhanced by 32, 59 and 55%, relative to non-grafted ones. Plants grafted onto Maxifort rootstock had produced 63% higher total yield than the non-grafted control. As assessed by comparative disease symptoms and plant growth and yield response, grafting tomato on the rootstock Maxifort have could be implemented in an integrated disease management with other soil disinfection methods for reducing soil borne populations in the soil.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"186 3 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81077131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.485
Weres Negash Golla, K. Ayimut, Daniel Gebrekidan Abay
Yield reduction in sesame production in Ethiopia has been attributed to many biotic and abiotic factors. From among the biotic factors, bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami) disease is a major constraint across the major sesame growing areas. A study was conducted on farmers’ field at Dansha (northern Ethiopia), “hot spot area” for bacterial blight disease, to identify the level of resistance to bacterial blight disease in some sesame varieties and assess the corresponding productivity of the varieties under natural disease pressure. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Highly significant differences (p<0.01) were observed in days to 50% flowering and maturity, number of branches and capsules per plant, plant height, seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, yield (kg/ha), oil content (%) percentage severity index (%) and AUDPC values. The mean maximum yield (651.7 kg/ha) was obtained from variety Gida-Ayana whereas, the lowest mean grain yield (428.3 kg/ha) was obtained from variety Hirhr. Variety Gida-Ayana had the lowest disease development and had the highest seed yield and percent oil content than the rest of the varieties tested. Thus, variety Gida-Ayana is identified as the most promising variety to be produced in the bacterial blight problem areas of northern Ethiopia.
{"title":"Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Varieties for Seed Yield and Yield Components under Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami) Disease Pressure in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Weres Negash Golla, K. Ayimut, Daniel Gebrekidan Abay","doi":"10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7471.19.10.485","url":null,"abstract":"Yield reduction in sesame production in Ethiopia has been attributed to many biotic and abiotic factors. From among the biotic factors, bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami) disease is a major constraint across the major sesame growing areas. A study was conducted on farmers’ field at Dansha (northern Ethiopia), “hot spot area” for bacterial blight disease, to identify the level of resistance to bacterial blight disease in some sesame varieties and assess the corresponding productivity of the varieties under natural disease pressure. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Highly significant differences (p<0.01) were observed in days to 50% flowering and maturity, number of branches and capsules per plant, plant height, seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, yield (kg/ha), oil content (%) percentage severity index (%) and AUDPC values. The mean maximum yield (651.7 kg/ha) was obtained from variety Gida-Ayana whereas, the lowest mean grain yield (428.3 kg/ha) was obtained from variety Hirhr. Variety Gida-Ayana had the lowest disease development and had the highest seed yield and percent oil content than the rest of the varieties tested. Thus, variety Gida-Ayana is identified as the most promising variety to be produced in the bacterial blight problem areas of northern Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"72 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81715860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000472
M. Mukesh, P. Swapnil, T. Barupal, K. Sharma
The pathogen is a microorganism that is responsible for the infection. Specific pathogens cause specific infections with specific transmission cycles. Pathogens cause the diseases in humans as well as in animals. The life cycle of these pathogens includes growth phase, consolidation, and modification of structure, multiplication/ reproduction, spreading, and infection of a new host, which is called the development of the pathogen. The transmission of pathogens from present to future host follows a repeating cycle which can be simple or complex, where transmission occurs through multiple host/vectors which are known as a transmission cycle of disease. To prevent the infections, the transmission cycles of particular pathogen must be understood. In the present review, we focus on the pathogen development mechanisms in association with the host, symptoms and signs of infection of pathogens, and their transmission routes.
{"title":"A Review on Infectious Pathogens and Mode of Transmission","authors":"M. Mukesh, P. Swapnil, T. Barupal, K. Sharma","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000472","url":null,"abstract":"The pathogen is a microorganism that is responsible for the infection. Specific pathogens cause specific infections with specific transmission cycles. Pathogens cause the diseases in humans as well as in animals. The life cycle of these pathogens includes growth phase, consolidation, and modification of structure, multiplication/ reproduction, spreading, and infection of a new host, which is called the development of the pathogen. The transmission of pathogens from present to future host follows a repeating cycle which can be simple or complex, where transmission occurs through multiple host/vectors which are known as a transmission cycle of disease. To prevent the infections, the transmission cycles of particular pathogen must be understood. In the present review, we focus on the pathogen development mechanisms in association with the host, symptoms and signs of infection of pathogens, and their transmission routes.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88881944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-18DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000440
S. Olal, N. Olango, A. Kiggundu, Sylvester Ochwo, J. Adriko, A. Nanteza, E. Matovu, G. Lubega, G. Kagezi, G. Hakiza, Wagoire Ww, R. Ma, S. Opiyo
The present study presents the first report on the application of DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the specific detection and diagnosis of Fusarium xylarioides (anamorph: Gibberrela xylarioides). Fusarium xylarioides is the causative agent of Coffee wilt disease (Tracheomycosis), and the disease is the most important economic constraint in Robusta coffee production in Uganda. The pathogen has two races, one pathogenic to Robusta coffee and the other to Arabica coffee, and not vice versa. Its laboratory diagnosis has been mainly based on microscopy, which is slow, has poor discriminative power, requires high expertise, only applicable on host plants with symptoms, and has since failed to detect the pathogen from the soil. Translation Elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) gene from a F. xylarioides isolated from infected Robusta coffee plant was amplified by Fusarium genus specific primer then the PCR product sequenced. The sequence data was then used to design the specific primer. The primer-BLAST product was found to match only F. xylarioides sequences comprising 75% of the race pathogenic to Robusta and 25% to Arabica coffee. In vitro test by PCR showed the primer to be specific to only F. xylarioides amplifying a 284bp product and was able to differentiate F. xylarioides from all closely related species of Fusarium and other plant pathogens tested. More so it was able to amplify DNA from all the F. xylarioides isolates from different regions of Uganda, and amplified DNA concentrations as minute as 0.78 ng/μL.
{"title":"Using Translation Elongation Factor Gene to Specifically Detect and Diagnose Fusarium xylaroides , a Causative Agent of Coffee Wilt Disease in Ethiopia, East and Central Africa.","authors":"S. Olal, N. Olango, A. Kiggundu, Sylvester Ochwo, J. Adriko, A. Nanteza, E. Matovu, G. Lubega, G. Kagezi, G. Hakiza, Wagoire Ww, R. Ma, S. Opiyo","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000440","url":null,"abstract":"The present study presents the first report on the application of DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the specific detection and diagnosis of Fusarium xylarioides (anamorph: Gibberrela xylarioides). Fusarium xylarioides is the causative agent of Coffee wilt disease (Tracheomycosis), and the disease is the most important economic constraint in Robusta coffee production in Uganda. The pathogen has two races, one pathogenic to Robusta coffee and the other to Arabica coffee, and not vice versa. Its laboratory diagnosis has been mainly based on microscopy, which is slow, has poor discriminative power, requires high expertise, only applicable on host plants with symptoms, and has since failed to detect the pathogen from the soil. Translation Elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) gene from a F. xylarioides isolated from infected Robusta coffee plant was amplified by Fusarium genus specific primer then the PCR product sequenced. The sequence data was then used to design the specific primer. The primer-BLAST product was found to match only F. xylarioides sequences comprising 75% of the race pathogenic to Robusta and 25% to Arabica coffee. In vitro test by PCR showed the primer to be specific to only F. xylarioides amplifying a 284bp product and was able to differentiate F. xylarioides from all closely related species of Fusarium and other plant pathogens tested. More so it was able to amplify DNA from all the F. xylarioides isolates from different regions of Uganda, and amplified DNA concentrations as minute as 0.78 ng/μL.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"CE-29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84570041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000439
Gwa Vi, N. Ao
Potency of Piper guineense Linn., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Carica papaya Lam. and Nicotiana tabacum Linn. againt in vitro control of Curvularia eragrostide and in vivo inhibitions of rot-causing microorganisms in storage were studied. Rotted Ogoja and Ghini white yam tubers were picked from yam farmers at various locations at Lafia, Nigeria. Rot-causing organisms from Ghini and Ogoja that were isolated for a period of four months included Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Colletotrichum sp, F. oxysporum, C. eragrostide and Penicillium purpurogenum. Pathogenicity test confirmed all the isolated fungi as rot causing organisms. Result showed that Z. officinale, P. guineense, A. indica, C. papaya and N. tabacum exhibited more antifungal properties against C. eragrostide at 60 g/L and 90 g/L than at 30 g/L. Results further confirmed that Z. officinale, P. guineense, A. indica and mancozeb were more efficacious in vitro. In vivo test using the most potent extracts; Z. officinale, P. guineense and A. indica and mancozeb revealed that the selected plant extracts were effective against postharvest pathogens of yam. Mean decay reduction index (DRI) of more than 0.6 indicated that the extracts and the chemical inhibited the growth of the rot causing organisms by more than 60% throughout the five months storage period. It is therefore recommended that extracts from these plants could be formulated at appropriate concentrations and used to inhibit the growth of postharvest pathogens of yam tubers because of their cheapness, ease to purchase and environmental friendliness.
{"title":"In-vitro and In-vivo Antimicrobial Potency of Selected Plant Extracts Against Postharvest Rot-Causing Pathogens of Stored Yam Tubers","authors":"Gwa Vi, N. Ao","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000439","url":null,"abstract":"Potency of Piper guineense Linn., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Carica papaya Lam. and Nicotiana tabacum Linn. againt in vitro control of Curvularia eragrostide and in vivo inhibitions of rot-causing microorganisms in storage were studied. Rotted Ogoja and Ghini white yam tubers were picked from yam farmers at various locations at Lafia, Nigeria. Rot-causing organisms from Ghini and Ogoja that were isolated for a period of four months included Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Colletotrichum sp, F. oxysporum, C. eragrostide and Penicillium purpurogenum. Pathogenicity test confirmed all the isolated fungi as rot causing organisms. Result showed that Z. officinale, P. guineense, A. indica, C. papaya and N. tabacum exhibited more antifungal properties against C. eragrostide at 60 g/L and 90 g/L than at 30 g/L. Results further confirmed that Z. officinale, P. guineense, A. indica and mancozeb were more efficacious in vitro. In vivo test using the most potent extracts; Z. officinale, P. guineense and A. indica and mancozeb revealed that the selected plant extracts were effective against postharvest pathogens of yam. Mean decay reduction index (DRI) of more than 0.6 indicated that the extracts and the chemical inhibited the growth of the rot causing organisms by more than 60% throughout the five months storage period. It is therefore recommended that extracts from these plants could be formulated at appropriate concentrations and used to inhibit the growth of postharvest pathogens of yam tubers because of their cheapness, ease to purchase and environmental friendliness.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"2-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86530916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000436
Gad Sb, El-Sherif Ag, O. Ma
A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant parasitic nematode genera associated with the soils and roots from the rhizosphere of potato cultivars i.e. Spunta, Cilany, Cara and Shamcya, during the growing season of 2016. Three hundred composite soil samples were randomly collected where a modified Baermann technique for plant parasitic nematode extraction was applied. Potato crop grown within four counties belong to Dakahlia governorate i.e. Manzala, Gamalia, meet salsyel and Kordy revealed the presence of ten nematode genera i.e. Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, longidorus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchoryhnchus, Xiphinema and Tylenchus that were found to be the most prevalent nematode genera in the surveyed counties. The two soil types, sandy loam and loamy soils have the highest number of nematode genera (10) with total occurrence of 126 and 166 times, respectively. Meloidogyne (J2s) was considered as the widely distributed pest of the potato crop as it was associated with four potato cultivars within all survey regions.
{"title":"Survey of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genera Associated with Potato Plants at Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt","authors":"Gad Sb, El-Sherif Ag, O. Ma","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000436","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant parasitic nematode genera associated with the soils and roots from the rhizosphere of potato cultivars i.e. Spunta, Cilany, Cara and Shamcya, during the growing season of 2016. Three hundred composite soil samples were randomly collected where a modified Baermann technique for plant parasitic nematode extraction was applied. Potato crop grown within four counties belong to Dakahlia governorate i.e. Manzala, Gamalia, meet salsyel and Kordy revealed the presence of ten nematode genera i.e. Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, longidorus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchoryhnchus, Xiphinema and Tylenchus that were found to be the most prevalent nematode genera in the surveyed counties. The two soil types, sandy loam and loamy soils have the highest number of nematode genera (10) with total occurrence of 126 and 166 times, respectively. Meloidogyne (J2s) was considered as the widely distributed pest of the potato crop as it was associated with four potato cultivars within all survey regions.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83883154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-16DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000434
F. Khodadadi, M. Tohidfar, K. Vahdati, C. Leslie
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a well-recognized copper-containing enzyme which can catalyze oxidation of a great variety of phenolic compounds. PPO is found in diverse microorganisms, plants, and animals. To examine the anti-pathogenic role of PPO in walnut (Juglans regia L.), Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) explants. Recombinant binary vector pBI121, containing the walnut JrPPO gene and the nptII gene as a selectable marker, was incorporated into A. tumefaciens. MS medium supplemented with 50 mg/l of kanamycin and 200 mg/l of cefotaxime was used as a selection medium. Plantlets were regenerated from putatively transgenic calli and polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis were performed to confirm the integration of JrPPO into the genome. To evaluate the function of PPO in pathogen resistance, transgenic tobacco plants were exposed to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. According to symptom progress and quantitative analyses, although there was no significant difference in transgenic tobacco, but mean comparison showed that disease severity of transgenic tobacco was less than wild plants. Finally, it may be concluded that PPO has a notable function in the resistance process in walnut, but tobacco transgenic plants might not be a suitable test plant to examine the resistance role of PPO in walnut.
{"title":"Agrobacterium- Mediated Transformation of Tobacco Plants using Walnut Polyphenol Oxidase Gene","authors":"F. Khodadadi, M. Tohidfar, K. Vahdati, C. Leslie","doi":"10.4172/2157-7471.1000434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000434","url":null,"abstract":"Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a well-recognized copper-containing enzyme which can catalyze oxidation of a great variety of phenolic compounds. PPO is found in diverse microorganisms, plants, and animals. To examine the anti-pathogenic role of PPO in walnut (Juglans regia L.), Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) explants. Recombinant binary vector pBI121, containing the walnut JrPPO gene and the nptII gene as a selectable marker, was incorporated into A. tumefaciens. MS medium supplemented with 50 mg/l of kanamycin and 200 mg/l of cefotaxime was used as a selection medium. Plantlets were regenerated from putatively transgenic calli and polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis were performed to confirm the integration of JrPPO into the genome. To evaluate the function of PPO in pathogen resistance, transgenic tobacco plants were exposed to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. According to symptom progress and quantitative analyses, although there was no significant difference in transgenic tobacco, but mean comparison showed that disease severity of transgenic tobacco was less than wild plants. Finally, it may be concluded that PPO has a notable function in the resistance process in walnut, but tobacco transgenic plants might not be a suitable test plant to examine the resistance role of PPO in walnut.","PeriodicalId":16845,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78921980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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