This study investigates the influence of incorporating 30 wt.% polyolefin elastomer (POE) on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of 3D printed three widely used thermoplastic: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Three ABS-POE, LDPE-POE, and PP-POE blends were prepared by melt mixing method and printed by direct granule-based material extrusion, and finally the printability, microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties aiming for potential usage in various applications were investigated. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results revealed a notable shift in the glass to rubber phase to a higher temperature range and an increase in the glass transition temperature due to the presence of POE elastomers. Mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples were meticulously examined and compared with prior research. All blend samples containing 30 wt.% POE exhibited significantly enhanced ductility, attributed to aligned polymer chain reactions. ABS-POE samples demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to PP-POE and LDPE-POE samples, likely attributed to fewer potential failure points, as evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of fractured cross-sections of 3D-printed samples immersed in liquid nitrogen. Additionally, 3D-printed samples with combined infill orientations (0° and 90°) were generated and subjected to tensile strength testing. Furthermore, samples 3D-printed specimens by honeycomb filling pattern for compression tests were included in the study. Microstructure analyses identified common 3D printing defects responsible for failure modes in the printed samples.
本研究探讨了添加 30 wt.%的聚烯烃弹性体（POE）对 3D打印的三种广泛使用的热塑性塑料（丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）、低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和聚丙烯（PP））的物理、机械和微观结构特性的影响。采用熔融混合法制备了 ABS-POE、LDPE-POE 和 PP-POE 三种共混物，并通过直接颗粒材料挤出进行印刷，最后研究了印刷适性、微观结构、热性能和机械性能，以期在各种应用中发挥潜在作用。动态机械热分析（DMTA）结果表明，由于 POE 弹性体的存在，玻璃相到橡胶相明显向更高的温度范围转移，玻璃化转变温度也有所提高。对 3D 打印样品的机械性能进行了仔细检查，并与之前的研究进行了比较。所有含有 30 wt.% POE 的混合样品都显示出明显增强的延展性，这归因于排列整齐的聚合物链反应。与 PP-POE 和 LDPE-POE 样品相比，ABS-POE 样品表现出更优越的机械性能，这可能归因于潜在的失效点较少，浸泡在液氮中的 3D 打印样品断裂横截面的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析证明了这一点。此外，还生成了具有组合填充方向（0° 和 90°）的 3D 打印样品，并对其进行了拉伸强度测试。此外，该研究还包括采用蜂窝填充模式进行压缩测试的 3D 打印试样。微观结构分析确定了导致打印样品失效模式的常见 3D 打印缺陷。
{"title":"The effect of Polyolefin elastomer on the 3D printing properties of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene","authors":"Lingqin Xia, Xiang Yu, Ruiquan Wang, Guang Chen, Yihang Fang","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273031","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the influence of incorporating 30 wt.% polyolefin elastomer (POE) on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of 3D printed three widely used thermoplastic: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Three ABS-POE, LDPE-POE, and PP-POE blends were prepared by melt mixing method and printed by direct granule-based material extrusion, and finally the printability, microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties aiming for potential usage in various applications were investigated. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results revealed a notable shift in the glass to rubber phase to a higher temperature range and an increase in the glass transition temperature due to the presence of POE elastomers. Mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples were meticulously examined and compared with prior research. All blend samples containing 30 wt.% POE exhibited significantly enhanced ductility, attributed to aligned polymer chain reactions. ABS-POE samples demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to PP-POE and LDPE-POE samples, likely attributed to fewer potential failure points, as evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of fractured cross-sections of 3D-printed samples immersed in liquid nitrogen. Additionally, 3D-printed samples with combined infill orientations (0° and 90°) were generated and subjected to tensile strength testing. Furthermore, samples 3D-printed specimens by honeycomb filling pattern for compression tests were included in the study. Microstructure analyses identified common 3D printing defects responsible for failure modes in the printed samples.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272955
Binayak Bhandari, Phyo Thu Maung, Gangadhara B. Prusty
This study investigates stress waves application for non-destructive inspection and structural health monitoring in large laminated composite panels. This study investigates Lamb wave dispersion under two boundary conditions: fixed support and simply support. Lamb wave propagation is examined under two conditions: one with a 100 kHz excitation frequency to simulate internal defects, and the other with a 30N impulse load to simulate external events. Both scenarios include cases with and without cutouts. Experimental and numerical analyses are conducted to examine stress wave propagation characteristics in these panels. The experimental phase focuses on discerning propagation time differences attributable to cutouts, while the three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model analyses propagation time, path, and frequencies. Results reveal a significant time discrepancy between panels with and without cutouts, indicating that cutouts introduce delays in wave propagation due to disruptions in the propagation path. Comparative analysis affirms the reliability and accuracy of the numerical approach, aligning with outcomes from the experimental approach. This research contributes insights into stress wave behaviour, demonstrating its potential for effective non-destructive inspection and structural health monitoring in laminated composites across diverse structural applications.
{"title":"Numerical model and experimental validation of stress waves propagation in large composite panels","authors":"Binayak Bhandari, Phyo Thu Maung, Gangadhara B. Prusty","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272955","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates stress waves application for non-destructive inspection and structural health monitoring in large laminated composite panels. This study investigates Lamb wave dispersion under two boundary conditions: fixed support and simply support. Lamb wave propagation is examined under two conditions: one with a 100 kHz excitation frequency to simulate internal defects, and the other with a 30N impulse load to simulate external events. Both scenarios include cases with and without cutouts. Experimental and numerical analyses are conducted to examine stress wave propagation characteristics in these panels. The experimental phase focuses on discerning propagation time differences attributable to cutouts, while the three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model analyses propagation time, path, and frequencies. Results reveal a significant time discrepancy between panels with and without cutouts, indicating that cutouts introduce delays in wave propagation due to disruptions in the propagation path. Comparative analysis affirms the reliability and accuracy of the numerical approach, aligning with outcomes from the experimental approach. This research contributes insights into stress wave behaviour, demonstrating its potential for effective non-destructive inspection and structural health monitoring in laminated composites across diverse structural applications.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272925
Hamza Taş, Ibrahim Fadil Soykok
This paper investigates enhancing the effectiveness of glass fiber/epoxy composite single-lap bonded joints by using fabric interlayers between the adherends. It was aimed to evaluate the changes in the joint tensile strength depending on the parameters such as different interlayer fabric types (S2-glass fabric and Kevlar fabric), numbers of interlayers (0, 1, 2, and 3), clamping pressure (0, 4, and 6 MPa), and temperature (20, 55, and 80°C) applied to the joint region throughout the curing period. Significant enhancements in peak tensile forces were observed by varying these parameters. The most substantial increase in tensile properties was achieved for the joint with two-layer S2 fabric fabricated at 4 MPa pressure and 55°C curing temperature, denoted as “2L-S2-P4-T55.” Compared to a non-layered joint, those with 1, 2, and 3 S2 fabric interlayers exhibited 35.5%, 39.6%, and 45.2% increases in tensile peak force, respectively. Increasing bonding pressure from 0 MPa to 4 MPa resulted in a 5.2% tensile failure load increase for double S2 fabric interlayered joints cured at 20°C, but a 6.7% decrease at 6 MPa. Using one-layer Kevlar fabric instead of one-layer S2 fabric caused a 15.2% drop in tensile peak force, still 14.9% higher than the non-layered joint.
{"title":"Investigating fabric interlayer effects on tensile loading limits of adhesively bonded single-lap composite joints","authors":"Hamza Taş, Ibrahim Fadil Soykok","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272925","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates enhancing the effectiveness of glass fiber/epoxy composite single-lap bonded joints by using fabric interlayers between the adherends. It was aimed to evaluate the changes in the joint tensile strength depending on the parameters such as different interlayer fabric types (S2-glass fabric and Kevlar fabric), numbers of interlayers (0, 1, 2, and 3), clamping pressure (0, 4, and 6 MPa), and temperature (20, 55, and 80°C) applied to the joint region throughout the curing period. Significant enhancements in peak tensile forces were observed by varying these parameters. The most substantial increase in tensile properties was achieved for the joint with two-layer S2 fabric fabricated at 4 MPa pressure and 55°C curing temperature, denoted as “2L-S2-P4-T55.” Compared to a non-layered joint, those with 1, 2, and 3 S2 fabric interlayers exhibited 35.5%, 39.6%, and 45.2% increases in tensile peak force, respectively. Increasing bonding pressure from 0 MPa to 4 MPa resulted in a 5.2% tensile failure load increase for double S2 fabric interlayered joints cured at 20°C, but a 6.7% decrease at 6 MPa. Using one-layer Kevlar fabric instead of one-layer S2 fabric caused a 15.2% drop in tensile peak force, still 14.9% higher than the non-layered joint.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/07316844241266777
Li Cai, Guangming Zhou, Deng’an Cai, Xinwei Wang
Existing constitutive models rarely considered the effect of transition point from the strain-softening phase to the strain-hardening phase. In this paper, a new phenomenological model is proposed. The model introduces a transition optimization factor to take the effect of the transition point into consideration. The tensile and compressive deformations under different loading conditions are analyzed separately and compared with the results of the DSGZ (Duan-Saigal-Greif-Zimmerman) model. The results indicate that the proposed model is more accurate than the DSGZ model in analyzing the post-yield deformation that possesses a significant transition section. Based on the new stress-strain updating algorithm, a VUMAT subroutine was written for cyclic compression simulations. Comparing with the simulation data of DSGZ model, the proposed model effectively describes the hysteresis loop in the cyclic process. This indicates that the proposed model is more capable of analyzing complex deformations of thermoplastic polymers. Meanwhile, compared with the primal algorithm, the new stress-strain updating algorithm improves the analytical accuracy of the proposed model for the unloading and reloading phases.
{"title":"Modeling and analyzing the complex deformation of thermoplastic polymers","authors":"Li Cai, Guangming Zhou, Deng’an Cai, Xinwei Wang","doi":"10.1177/07316844241266777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241266777","url":null,"abstract":"Existing constitutive models rarely considered the effect of transition point from the strain-softening phase to the strain-hardening phase. In this paper, a new phenomenological model is proposed. The model introduces a transition optimization factor to take the effect of the transition point into consideration. The tensile and compressive deformations under different loading conditions are analyzed separately and compared with the results of the DSGZ (Duan-Saigal-Greif-Zimmerman) model. The results indicate that the proposed model is more accurate than the DSGZ model in analyzing the post-yield deformation that possesses a significant transition section. Based on the new stress-strain updating algorithm, a VUMAT subroutine was written for cyclic compression simulations. Comparing with the simulation data of DSGZ model, the proposed model effectively describes the hysteresis loop in the cyclic process. This indicates that the proposed model is more capable of analyzing complex deformations of thermoplastic polymers. Meanwhile, compared with the primal algorithm, the new stress-strain updating algorithm improves the analytical accuracy of the proposed model for the unloading and reloading phases.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/07316844241265446
Zeinab Farhadinejad, Majid Karimi, Morteza Ehsani
Epoxy resins have outstanding properties with variety uses especially in high performance engineering applications. However, high degree of crosslinking density makes them rigid and brittle. Many attempts have been used to improve mechanical properties, especially toughness. In the current work, synergistic properties of using the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanostructure (POSS) and polyether amine chains has been used to improve toughness and mechanical properties especially modulus by using the synthesized structure as co-curing agent in epoxy resin. The characteristic analysis showed that the structure of the synthesized molecule is a POSS core with four polyether amine chains and four glycidyloxy propyl chains attached to the siloxane cage. The results indicated that using the synthesized structure (GA-POSS) as co-curing agent has two effects: it acted like a reinforcing agent and improve glass transition temperature, toughness and Young’s modulus. Also, it increased distance between crosslinks which led to increase of tan δ and elongation at break. However, these effects did not observed when this nano-molecule worked as cross linker or when the POSS structure doesn’t have soft long chains because just in the case of using GA-POSS as co-curing agent hard-soft-hard state is formed which leads to high mechanical and toughness properties, simultaneously.
环氧树脂性能卓越，用途广泛，尤其适用于高性能工程应用。然而，高度的交联密度使其变得又硬又脆。为了改善其机械性能，尤其是韧性，人们进行了许多尝试。在当前的研究中，利用多面体低聚硅倍半氧烷纳米结构（POSS）和聚醚胺链的协同特性，将合成的结构作为环氧树脂的共固化剂，改善了韧性和机械性能，尤其是模量。特征分析表明，合成分子的结构是以 POSS 为核心，在硅氧烷笼上连接有四条聚醚胺链和四条缩水甘油基丙基链。结果表明，使用合成的结构（GA-POSS）作为共固化剂有两个作用：一是作为增强剂，提高玻璃化转变温度、韧性和杨氏模量；二是增加交联剂之间的距离。此外，它还增加了交联间的距离，从而提高了 tan δ 和断裂伸长率。然而，当这种纳米分子用作交联剂或 POSS 结构不具有软长链时，就不会产生这些效果，因为在使用 GA-POSS 作为共固化剂的情况下，会形成硬-软-硬状态，从而同时获得较高的机械性能和韧性。
{"title":"A 3-D nanostructure polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as a (co)-crosslinker of an epoxy resin","authors":"Zeinab Farhadinejad, Majid Karimi, Morteza Ehsani","doi":"10.1177/07316844241265446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241265446","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxy resins have outstanding properties with variety uses especially in high performance engineering applications. However, high degree of crosslinking density makes them rigid and brittle. Many attempts have been used to improve mechanical properties, especially toughness. In the current work, synergistic properties of using the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanostructure (POSS) and polyether amine chains has been used to improve toughness and mechanical properties especially modulus by using the synthesized structure as co-curing agent in epoxy resin. The characteristic analysis showed that the structure of the synthesized molecule is a POSS core with four polyether amine chains and four glycidyloxy propyl chains attached to the siloxane cage. The results indicated that using the synthesized structure (GA-POSS) as co-curing agent has two effects: it acted like a reinforcing agent and improve glass transition temperature, toughness and Young’s modulus. Also, it increased distance between crosslinks which led to increase of tan δ and elongation at break. However, these effects did not observed when this nano-molecule worked as cross linker or when the POSS structure doesn’t have soft long chains because just in the case of using GA-POSS as co-curing agent hard-soft-hard state is formed which leads to high mechanical and toughness properties, simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research endeavor examines the water absorption (in-service life) and soil biodegradation (end-of-the-service life) behavior of short sisal fiber (SF) reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and bio-based poly (butylene succinate) (bio PBS) composites. Samples were fabricated by extrusion-injection molding with varying sisal fiber loading of 10, 20, and 30 wt%. The water absorption test was conducted in distilled water at three distinct temperatures (5, 25, and 45 °C) for 336 h. The sorption behavior of composites was studied experimentally, and detailed diffusion kinetic behavior is discussed using Fickian diffusion models. The impact of fiber content and hydrothermal temperature on water diffusion and maximum water absorption was investigated in detail. A soil burial test was conducted in local farmland soil for 60 days to determine the influence of fiber content on the biodegradation characteristics of composites. After exposure to hydrothermal aging, it was concluded that fiber loading was most significant in affecting the maximum percentage of water absorption, whereas hydrothermal temperature was more relevant for higher water diffusion. Soil burial tests showed that SF/bioPBS composites degraded quickly as compared to PLA composites. Overall, composites made with bio PBS have shown an expected response than PLA composites in terms of water absorption and soil biodegradation.
{"title":"Hydrothermal aging and soil biodegradation characteristics of biopolymer based sustainable composites","authors":"Karri Santhosh Kumar, Deepak Kaushik, Inderdeep Singh","doi":"10.1177/07316844241265276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241265276","url":null,"abstract":"The current research endeavor examines the water absorption (in-service life) and soil biodegradation (end-of-the-service life) behavior of short sisal fiber (SF) reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and bio-based poly (butylene succinate) (bio PBS) composites. Samples were fabricated by extrusion-injection molding with varying sisal fiber loading of 10, 20, and 30 wt%. The water absorption test was conducted in distilled water at three distinct temperatures (5, 25, and 45 °C) for 336 h. The sorption behavior of composites was studied experimentally, and detailed diffusion kinetic behavior is discussed using Fickian diffusion models. The impact of fiber content and hydrothermal temperature on water diffusion and maximum water absorption was investigated in detail. A soil burial test was conducted in local farmland soil for 60 days to determine the influence of fiber content on the biodegradation characteristics of composites. After exposure to hydrothermal aging, it was concluded that fiber loading was most significant in affecting the maximum percentage of water absorption, whereas hydrothermal temperature was more relevant for higher water diffusion. Soil burial tests showed that SF/bioPBS composites degraded quickly as compared to PLA composites. Overall, composites made with bio PBS have shown an expected response than PLA composites in terms of water absorption and soil biodegradation.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/07316844241266654
Li Liu, Xuke Lan
Combined load caused by blast impulse and fragmentation impact poses a synergetic damage threat to the protective structure. To improve the blast and ballistic impact resistance of Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polyurea coated Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene structure was proposed, and the composite structures with different coating thickness and coating position were prepared. Composite projectiles formed by combining foam projectiles and steel projectiles were launched by light gas gun to simulate the combined load of explosion impact and fragmentation. Comparative experimental studies were carried out. The experimental results show that the polyurea layer has good elastic properties, preventing the excessive deformation of the PE layer. The polyurea coating position and the time interval of the combined load show significant influence on the impact resistance of the composite structure. When the load was relatively low, PE plate with polyurea coating on booth face has both the advantages of PE plate with coating on the front and back face, but when the load increased, the impact resistance potential of polyurea layer was not fully developed. With the increase of the combined load, structures with polyurea coating on the back face has a good resistance of combined impact.
{"title":"Dynamic response of UHMWPE/polyurea composite plates under combined blast and ballistic impact","authors":"Li Liu, Xuke Lan","doi":"10.1177/07316844241266654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241266654","url":null,"abstract":"Combined load caused by blast impulse and fragmentation impact poses a synergetic damage threat to the protective structure. To improve the blast and ballistic impact resistance of Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polyurea coated Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene structure was proposed, and the composite structures with different coating thickness and coating position were prepared. Composite projectiles formed by combining foam projectiles and steel projectiles were launched by light gas gun to simulate the combined load of explosion impact and fragmentation. Comparative experimental studies were carried out. The experimental results show that the polyurea layer has good elastic properties, preventing the excessive deformation of the PE layer. The polyurea coating position and the time interval of the combined load show significant influence on the impact resistance of the composite structure. When the load was relatively low, PE plate with polyurea coating on booth face has both the advantages of PE plate with coating on the front and back face, but when the load increased, the impact resistance potential of polyurea layer was not fully developed. With the increase of the combined load, structures with polyurea coating on the back face has a good resistance of combined impact.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the tensile properties of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) at 25°C ∼ 180°C temperature conditions and different hole arrangements are researched mainly by means of experiments, theoretical model, and numerical simulation. The stress–strain curves of FMLs are obtained by extensive tensile tests and are analyzed and compared. The fracture morphology of the specimens under different temperature conditions is observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, a progressive damage model on the basis of the subroutine Abaqus-VUMAT is developed to analyze the damage evolution process and failure mode of FMLs. Combined with the numerical simulation results, the damage evolution process, equivalent plastic strain, and interlaminar damage of FMLs under different hole arrangements are investigated and found to be in good agreement. The phenomena such as tough nest fracture, matrix fragmentation, fiber debonding, and fiber pullout at different temperatures are observed and analyzed by SEM. The failure modes of FMLs with multiple holes at different temperatures are discussed in this paper, which provides a solution for the application of FMLs in practical engineering.
{"title":"Tensile behavior of fiber metal laminates with multiple holes at different temperature conditions","authors":"Yuting Fang, Dongfa Sheng, Zhongzhao Lin, Peng Fei","doi":"10.1177/07316844241267339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241267339","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the tensile properties of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) at 25°C ∼ 180°C temperature conditions and different hole arrangements are researched mainly by means of experiments, theoretical model, and numerical simulation. The stress–strain curves of FMLs are obtained by extensive tensile tests and are analyzed and compared. The fracture morphology of the specimens under different temperature conditions is observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, a progressive damage model on the basis of the subroutine Abaqus-VUMAT is developed to analyze the damage evolution process and failure mode of FMLs. Combined with the numerical simulation results, the damage evolution process, equivalent plastic strain, and interlaminar damage of FMLs under different hole arrangements are investigated and found to be in good agreement. The phenomena such as tough nest fracture, matrix fragmentation, fiber debonding, and fiber pullout at different temperatures are observed and analyzed by SEM. The failure modes of FMLs with multiple holes at different temperatures are discussed in this paper, which provides a solution for the application of FMLs in practical engineering.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/07316844241265267
MT Ramesan, K Gopika, BK Bahuleyan
A simple open-mill mixing approach was employed to develop thermally and mechanically stable nanocomposites consisting of poly (ethylene- co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) as the matrix and boron nitride (BN) as a reinforcing nanofiller. The development of nanocomposites was examined by FT-IR, UV spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, TGA and DSC. The attachment of BN to EVA was confirmed by the characteristic BN band at 602 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectra. The UV measurements revealed a red shift in the nanocomposites due to nanoparticle interactions with polymer chains and the bandgap energy decreased with the nanofiller concentration. The XRD TEM analysis indicated the presence of a crystalline BN phase in EVA. Enhanced thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the polymer with the addition of BN nanoparticles were revealed from TGA and DSC, respectively. The EVA with 5% BN nanocomposite was discovered to have higher mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and lower optical bandgap energy. The tensile strength, tear resistance, impact strength and hardness of EVA increased with the inclusion of BN, whereas elongation at break was reduced. The findings of the experiments showed that the EVA/BN nanocomposites would provide excellent options for mechanically and thermally stable materials for energy storage applications.
采用一种简单的开式研磨混合方法，开发出了由聚（乙烯-共醋酸乙烯酯）（EVA）为基体、氮化硼（BN）为增强纳米填料组成的热稳定性和机械稳定性纳米复合材料。傅立叶变换红外光谱、紫外光谱、XRD、TEM、TGA 和 DSC 对纳米复合材料的发展进行了研究。傅立叶变换红外光谱中 602 cm-1 处的 BN 特性带证实了 BN 附着在 EVA 上。紫外测量显示，由于纳米粒子与聚合物链的相互作用，纳米复合材料出现了红移，并且带隙能随着纳米填料浓度的增加而降低。XRD TEM 分析表明 EVA 中存在结晶 BN 相。TGA 和 DSC 分别显示，添加 BN 纳米粒子后聚合物的热稳定性和玻璃化转变温度得到了提高。含有 5% BN 纳米复合材料的 EVA 具有更高的机械性能、导电性和更低的光带隙能。加入 BN 后，EVA 的拉伸强度、抗撕裂性、冲击强度和硬度均有所提高，而断裂伸长率则有所降低。实验结果表明，EVA/BN 纳米复合材料将为储能应用中的机械和热稳定材料提供极佳的选择。
{"title":"Preparation and properties of poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/boron nitride nanocomposite for energy storage devices","authors":"MT Ramesan, K Gopika, BK Bahuleyan","doi":"10.1177/07316844241265267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241265267","url":null,"abstract":"A simple open-mill mixing approach was employed to develop thermally and mechanically stable nanocomposites consisting of poly (ethylene- co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) as the matrix and boron nitride (BN) as a reinforcing nanofiller. The development of nanocomposites was examined by FT-IR, UV spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, TGA and DSC. The attachment of BN to EVA was confirmed by the characteristic BN band at 602 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in the FT-IR spectra. The UV measurements revealed a red shift in the nanocomposites due to nanoparticle interactions with polymer chains and the bandgap energy decreased with the nanofiller concentration. The XRD TEM analysis indicated the presence of a crystalline BN phase in EVA. Enhanced thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the polymer with the addition of BN nanoparticles were revealed from TGA and DSC, respectively. The EVA with 5% BN nanocomposite was discovered to have higher mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and lower optical bandgap energy. The tensile strength, tear resistance, impact strength and hardness of EVA increased with the inclusion of BN, whereas elongation at break was reduced. The findings of the experiments showed that the EVA/BN nanocomposites would provide excellent options for mechanically and thermally stable materials for energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/07316844241266012
Tom Lenders, Joris JC Remmers, Tommaso Pini, Peter Veenstra, Leon E Govaert, Marc GD Geers
The rate- and temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is investigated through uniaxial tension and compression experiments under various off-axis loading conditions. To improve the understanding of the behavior of the composite, a 3D micromechanical model is developed. Microscopic analyses are used to characterize the geometrical properties of the UD composite at the fiber length-scale. These properties are used to construct a periodic 3D representative volume element (RVE). In combination with periodic boundary conditions, uniaxial macroscopic deformation (in any possible direction) is applied to the RVE to accurately and efficiently model off-axis loading. The rate- and temperature-dependent behavior of the PVDF matrix is accurately described using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. The finite element simulations of uniaxial tension and compression tests are compared to the experimental data and the micromechanical response is analyzed. The micromechanical model accurately describes the rate-dependent macroscopic behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced PVDF for various off-axis loading directions at different temperatures. Analysis of the local matrix response in the RVE reveals the influence of the matrix on the macroscopic behavior of the composite.
通过各种离轴加载条件下的单轴拉伸和压缩实验，研究了单向碳纤维增强聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）随速率和温度变化的力学行为。为了加深对复合材料行为的理解，开发了一个三维微观力学模型。微观分析用于描述 UD 复合材料在纤维长度尺度上的几何特性。这些特性用于构建周期性三维代表体积元素（RVE）。结合周期性边界条件，将单轴宏观变形（任何可能的方向）应用于 RVE，以准确有效地模拟离轴加载。PVDF 矩阵随速率和温度变化的行为是通过弹塑性-粘塑性构成模型精确描述的。单轴拉伸和压缩试验的有限元模拟与实验数据进行了比较，并分析了微机械响应。该微观力学模型准确地描述了单向碳纤维增强 PVDF 在不同温度、不同离轴加载方向下与速率相关的宏观行为。对 RVE 中局部基体响应的分析揭示了基体对复合材料宏观行为的影响。
{"title":"A periodic micromechanical model for the rate- and temperature-dependent behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced PVDF","authors":"Tom Lenders, Joris JC Remmers, Tommaso Pini, Peter Veenstra, Leon E Govaert, Marc GD Geers","doi":"10.1177/07316844241266012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241266012","url":null,"abstract":"The rate- and temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is investigated through uniaxial tension and compression experiments under various off-axis loading conditions. To improve the understanding of the behavior of the composite, a 3D micromechanical model is developed. Microscopic analyses are used to characterize the geometrical properties of the UD composite at the fiber length-scale. These properties are used to construct a periodic 3D representative volume element (RVE). In combination with periodic boundary conditions, uniaxial macroscopic deformation (in any possible direction) is applied to the RVE to accurately and efficiently model off-axis loading. The rate- and temperature-dependent behavior of the PVDF matrix is accurately described using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. The finite element simulations of uniaxial tension and compression tests are compared to the experimental data and the micromechanical response is analyzed. The micromechanical model accurately describes the rate-dependent macroscopic behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced PVDF for various off-axis loading directions at different temperatures. Analysis of the local matrix response in the RVE reveals the influence of the matrix on the macroscopic behavior of the composite.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：