Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/07316844241274294
Surjeet Singh Bedi, Vasu Mallesha
This work examines the effects of several graphene compositions (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 wt%) on 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) composites on their sliding wear properties that were created using fused deposition modeling (FDM) following ASTM G99-05 guidelines and the filament of each composition with a diameter of 1.75 mm has been prepared by the compounding and blending process using twin-screw extruder. The sliding wear characteristics are systematically assessed using a pin-on-disc tribometer, with three parameters: a load of 10 N, a standardized wear track diameter of 70 mm, and a rotational speed of 300 r/min. This innovative study explores the impact of low graphene loading on the sliding wear and coefficient of friction of PETG composites, revealing how minimal graphene enhancements significantly decrease wear rates and friction levels. These insights facilitate the development of PETG-based materials with tailored tribological properties, ideal for high-wear applications in industries such as automotive and aerospace, where material longevity and performance are critically important. The investigation showed that the reinforcement of graphene in PETG reduced the coefficient of friction (CoF) and showed better results when graphene’s weight percentage increased from 0.06 wt% to 0.1 wt%. However, it did not help to minimize the specific wear rate (SWR) at the selected parameters for the sliding wear test. Out of all other concentrations of PETG/graphene composites, 0.04 wt% of graphene reinforcement showed a lower SWR but not less than pure PETG. Further, an investigation needs to be done for the discrepancies in the results.
{"title":"Investigating tribological performance in 3D-printed PETG/graphene composites of varying composition","authors":"Surjeet Singh Bedi, Vasu Mallesha","doi":"10.1177/07316844241274294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241274294","url":null,"abstract":"This work examines the effects of several graphene compositions (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 wt%) on 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) composites on their sliding wear properties that were created using fused deposition modeling (FDM) following ASTM G99-05 guidelines and the filament of each composition with a diameter of 1.75 mm has been prepared by the compounding and blending process using twin-screw extruder. The sliding wear characteristics are systematically assessed using a pin-on-disc tribometer, with three parameters: a load of 10 N, a standardized wear track diameter of 70 mm, and a rotational speed of 300 r/min. This innovative study explores the impact of low graphene loading on the sliding wear and coefficient of friction of PETG composites, revealing how minimal graphene enhancements significantly decrease wear rates and friction levels. These insights facilitate the development of PETG-based materials with tailored tribological properties, ideal for high-wear applications in industries such as automotive and aerospace, where material longevity and performance are critically important. The investigation showed that the reinforcement of graphene in PETG reduced the coefficient of friction (CoF) and showed better results when graphene’s weight percentage increased from 0.06 wt% to 0.1 wt%. However, it did not help to minimize the specific wear rate (SWR) at the selected parameters for the sliding wear test. Out of all other concentrations of PETG/graphene composites, 0.04 wt% of graphene reinforcement showed a lower SWR but not less than pure PETG. Further, an investigation needs to be done for the discrepancies in the results.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/07316844241273090
Abdurrahim Temiz, Fatih Pehlivan, Fatih H. Öztürk, Sermet Demir
This study involved the fabrication and experimental testing of five distinct geometries of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) cellular structures characterized by uniform and relative density grading. The specific geometries examined were Schoen-Gyroid, Schwarz-Diamond, Schoen-I-WP, Schwarz-Primitive, and Fischer-Koch S. The experimental tests focused on subjecting these structures to compression loads. Samples were produced with a masked stereolithography (MSLA) printer. The samples had initial and end volume fractions (VFs) ranging from 20% to 60% in increments of 10%, with five varied relative densities. The Taguchi method is utilized to determine the optimal testing parameters, while the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is employed to examine the data. The novelty of this paper is to comprehensively investigate the structural efficiency and versatility of TPMS for various applications by optimizing five different functionally graded TPMSs. The ANOVA findings highlighted the substantial impacts of Initial VF, Final VF, and TPMS type on the observed fluctuations in stress at the first peak. The Initial VF made a significant contribution, demonstrating 28.8% higher effectiveness than the Final VF. The TPMS type had a statistically significant effect on the amount of energy absorbed, revealing that different lattice types have abilities to absorb energy.
{"title":"Compression behavior of sheet-network triply periodic minimal surface metamaterials as a function of density grading","authors":"Abdurrahim Temiz, Fatih Pehlivan, Fatih H. Öztürk, Sermet Demir","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273090","url":null,"abstract":"This study involved the fabrication and experimental testing of five distinct geometries of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) cellular structures characterized by uniform and relative density grading. The specific geometries examined were Schoen-Gyroid, Schwarz-Diamond, Schoen-I-WP, Schwarz-Primitive, and Fischer-Koch S. The experimental tests focused on subjecting these structures to compression loads. Samples were produced with a masked stereolithography (MSLA) printer. The samples had initial and end volume fractions (VFs) ranging from 20% to 60% in increments of 10%, with five varied relative densities. The Taguchi method is utilized to determine the optimal testing parameters, while the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is employed to examine the data. The novelty of this paper is to comprehensively investigate the structural efficiency and versatility of TPMS for various applications by optimizing five different functionally graded TPMSs. The ANOVA findings highlighted the substantial impacts of Initial VF, Final VF, and TPMS type on the observed fluctuations in stress at the first peak. The Initial VF made a significant contribution, demonstrating 28.8% higher effectiveness than the Final VF. The TPMS type had a statistically significant effect on the amount of energy absorbed, revealing that different lattice types have abilities to absorb energy.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/07316844241273040
Athar Ali Khan Gorar, Guo Zhiyi, Zhicheng Wang, Chen Qiufei, Abbas Daham, Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf, Jun Wang, Wen-Bin Liu
An isothermal compression molding process was used to create composites reinforced with pistachio shell particles. The composites were made using Bisphenol A–aniline-based benzoxazine and bio-based benzoxazine (VB) monomers derived from vanillin and furfuryl amine. The benzoxazine composites were developed by following green chemistry principles and blending with different weight percentages of Alkali treated pistachio shell particles. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the structure of the VB monomer. Differential scanning calorimetry study shows the curing behavior of monomers and their blends. Surface treatment significantly enhanced the filler’s thermal stability. Copolymerization improved mobility and helped to align the chain and activate reactive groups at lower temperatures, lowering the curing temperature to 229°C with the inclusion of particles. The mechanical properties of composites are significantly enhanced. Compared to the neat matrix, composites showed a maximum increase of 155% in bending strength and 104.5% in impact tests. The theoretical model and simulation results are in good agreement with the experiment data. Thermogravimetric analysis of composites showed that neat polymers and composites have excellent thermal stability ( T10% of 296; Y c 38.4%). The flammability test (UL-94) reveals that composites are rated as V-0 and can be categorized as flame-retardant materials.
{"title":"Fire-safe composites made from bio-derived and difunctional benzoxazine hybridized matrix reinforced with Pistachio shell particles","authors":"Athar Ali Khan Gorar, Guo Zhiyi, Zhicheng Wang, Chen Qiufei, Abbas Daham, Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf, Jun Wang, Wen-Bin Liu","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273040","url":null,"abstract":"An isothermal compression molding process was used to create composites reinforced with pistachio shell particles. The composites were made using Bisphenol A–aniline-based benzoxazine and bio-based benzoxazine (VB) monomers derived from vanillin and furfuryl amine. The benzoxazine composites were developed by following green chemistry principles and blending with different weight percentages of Alkali treated pistachio shell particles. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the structure of the VB monomer. Differential scanning calorimetry study shows the curing behavior of monomers and their blends. Surface treatment significantly enhanced the filler’s thermal stability. Copolymerization improved mobility and helped to align the chain and activate reactive groups at lower temperatures, lowering the curing temperature to 229°C with the inclusion of particles. The mechanical properties of composites are significantly enhanced. Compared to the neat matrix, composites showed a maximum increase of 155% in bending strength and 104.5% in impact tests. The theoretical model and simulation results are in good agreement with the experiment data. Thermogravimetric analysis of composites showed that neat polymers and composites have excellent thermal stability ( T<jats:sub>10%</jats:sub> of 296; Y<jats:sub> c</jats:sub> 38.4%). The flammability test (UL-94) reveals that composites are rated as V-0 and can be categorized as flame-retardant materials.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272977
Qi Cao, Zongke Jia, Zhimin Wu, Zhongguo J Ma
The potential application prospects for concrete structure in island engineering and marine structures are increasing through the utilization of concrete composed of seawater, sea sand and coral aggregates (SSCC) combined with hybrid reinforcement. This innovative approach effectively addresses the diminishing availability of freshwater and river sand resources, as well as steel corrosion. This study explores the axial load carrying capacity and ductility of columns reinforced with combination of stainless steel bars and GFRP bars. The study conducted tests on 36 columns, varying in strengths (30 MPa, 40 MPa, 50 MPa), reinforcement types (GFRP bars (G group), stainless steel bars (S group), GFRP bars-stainless steel bars (GS group)), and reinforcement ratios (1.01%, 1.56%, 2.26%). The results exhibit positive correlation between the axial load carrying capacity of the column and both the strength grade and reinforcement ratio. In general, SSCC columns reinforced with stainless steel bars (S-SSCC) exhibit the highest axial load carrying capacity, followed by those reinforced with combination of GFRP bars and stainless steel bars (GS-SSCC), and SSCC columns reinforced with GFRP bars (G-SSCC) exhibit the lowest axial load carrying capacity. Furthermore, the axial load carrying capacity was determined utilizing ACI 440, CSA S806 and the finite element software ABAQUS. The results derived from the analytical model exhibited strong agreement with those obtained experimentally. Ductility analysis results suggest that columns with hybrid reinforcement can significantly improve ductility compared to those with only GFRP bars.
{"title":"Response of seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete columns reinforced with hybrid glass fiber reinforced polymer and stainless steel bars under axial compression","authors":"Qi Cao, Zongke Jia, Zhimin Wu, Zhongguo J Ma","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272977","url":null,"abstract":"The potential application prospects for concrete structure in island engineering and marine structures are increasing through the utilization of concrete composed of seawater, sea sand and coral aggregates (SSCC) combined with hybrid reinforcement. This innovative approach effectively addresses the diminishing availability of freshwater and river sand resources, as well as steel corrosion. This study explores the axial load carrying capacity and ductility of columns reinforced with combination of stainless steel bars and GFRP bars. The study conducted tests on 36 columns, varying in strengths (30 MPa, 40 MPa, 50 MPa), reinforcement types (GFRP bars (G group), stainless steel bars (S group), GFRP bars-stainless steel bars (GS group)), and reinforcement ratios (1.01%, 1.56%, 2.26%). The results exhibit positive correlation between the axial load carrying capacity of the column and both the strength grade and reinforcement ratio. In general, SSCC columns reinforced with stainless steel bars (S-SSCC) exhibit the highest axial load carrying capacity, followed by those reinforced with combination of GFRP bars and stainless steel bars (GS-SSCC), and SSCC columns reinforced with GFRP bars (G-SSCC) exhibit the lowest axial load carrying capacity. Furthermore, the axial load carrying capacity was determined utilizing ACI 440, CSA S806 and the finite element software ABAQUS. The results derived from the analytical model exhibited strong agreement with those obtained experimentally. Ductility analysis results suggest that columns with hybrid reinforcement can significantly improve ductility compared to those with only GFRP bars.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wrinkle defects were found widely existing in the field of industrial products, that is, wind turbine blades and filament-wound composite pressure vessels. The magnitude of wrinkle wavelength varies from several millimeters to over one hundred millimeters. The detection and quantificationally evaluation of these defects are critical for structural integrity assessments. This study introduces a meso-mechanical model using the homogenization method, which calculates the effective stiffness of graded wrinkle defects. Finite element analysis (FEA) predicts a trans-scale out-of-plane displacement response in wrinkled laminates, with the maximum displacement ranges from nanoscale to millimeter scale. To address this, we utilized shearography (Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometry) for nanoscale displacements and fringe projection profilometry (FPP) method for larger displacements. In FPP method, a displacement extraction algorithm was presented to obtain the out-of-plane displacement. Comparative analysis indicates that shearography possesses higher sensitivity, capable of detecting load responses as low as 10 N, whereas FPP requires a load range from 200 N to 1000 N. The FEA-validated measurement errors for shearography and FPP are within 3.3%–7.1% and 2.8%–10.5%. The comparison of measurement sensitivity and accuracy between shearography and FPP provides a quantitative reference for industrial non-destructive tests.
皱纹缺陷广泛存在于工业产品领域，即风力涡轮机叶片和丝状缠绕复合材料压力容器。皱纹的波长从几毫米到一百多毫米不等。这些缺陷的检测和量化评估对于结构完整性评估至关重要。本研究采用均质化方法引入了一个介观力学模型，该模型可计算分级皱纹缺陷的有效刚度。有限元分析（FEA）预测了皱褶层压板的跨尺度平面外位移响应，最大位移范围从纳米级到毫米级。为了解决这个问题，我们利用剪切成像法（斑点模式剪切干涉测量法）测量纳米级位移，利用边缘投影轮廓测量法（FPP）测量较大位移。在 FPP 方法中，提出了一种位移提取算法来获取平面外位移。对比分析表明，剪切成像法具有更高的灵敏度，能够检测低至 10 N 的负载响应，而 FPP 法需要 200 N 至 1000 N 的负载范围。经有限元分析验证，剪切成像法和 FPP 法的测量误差分别在 3.3% 至 7.1% 和 2.8% 至 10.5% 之间。剪切成像法和 FPP 测量灵敏度和精确度的比较为工业无损检测提供了定量参考。
{"title":"Experimental investigation of trans-scale displacement responses of wrinkle defects in fiber-reinforced composite laminates","authors":"Li Ma, Shoulong Wang, Changchen Liu, Ange Wen, Kaidi Ying, Jing Guo","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273056","url":null,"abstract":"Wrinkle defects were found widely existing in the field of industrial products, that is, wind turbine blades and filament-wound composite pressure vessels. The magnitude of wrinkle wavelength varies from several millimeters to over one hundred millimeters. The detection and quantificationally evaluation of these defects are critical for structural integrity assessments. This study introduces a meso-mechanical model using the homogenization method, which calculates the effective stiffness of graded wrinkle defects. Finite element analysis (FEA) predicts a trans-scale out-of-plane displacement response in wrinkled laminates, with the maximum displacement ranges from nanoscale to millimeter scale. To address this, we utilized shearography (Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometry) for nanoscale displacements and fringe projection profilometry (FPP) method for larger displacements. In FPP method, a displacement extraction algorithm was presented to obtain the out-of-plane displacement. Comparative analysis indicates that shearography possesses higher sensitivity, capable of detecting load responses as low as 10 N, whereas FPP requires a load range from 200 N to 1000 N. The FEA-validated measurement errors for shearography and FPP are within 3.3%–7.1% and 2.8%–10.5%. The comparison of measurement sensitivity and accuracy between shearography and FPP provides a quantitative reference for industrial non-destructive tests.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/07316844241273041
Mohammad Salimiyan, Amir Hossein Kazemian, Hossein Moeinkhah, Hossein Rahmani
The study of vibrational characteristics of plates, specifically composite plates, has gained significant importance in contemporary and cutting-edge industries involved in industrial plate manufacturing. This paper investigates the vibrational behavior of composite plates made of Kevlar, basalt, and a hybrid combination of Kevlar and basalt fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. The investigation was carried out through experimental methods utilizing the D3560 analyzer device. Furthermore, in order to ensure the reliability of the findings, the experimental data were simulated and compared with finite element modeling using the ABAQUS software. The results demonstrate that hybridizing the fibers in the first and second modes leads to an increase in the natural frequency compared to pure Kevlar, while the hybridization effect compared to pure basalt has a negative impact. However, in the third to fifth modes, the layered arrangement shows an increase in the natural frequency compared to pure Kevlar and pure basalt. The experimental results obtained and the simulated ones in the finite element software exhibit a consistent trend.
{"title":"Investigation of Kevlar and Basalt fiber hybridization on vibrational characteristics of composite plates","authors":"Mohammad Salimiyan, Amir Hossein Kazemian, Hossein Moeinkhah, Hossein Rahmani","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273041","url":null,"abstract":"The study of vibrational characteristics of plates, specifically composite plates, has gained significant importance in contemporary and cutting-edge industries involved in industrial plate manufacturing. This paper investigates the vibrational behavior of composite plates made of Kevlar, basalt, and a hybrid combination of Kevlar and basalt fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. The investigation was carried out through experimental methods utilizing the D3560 analyzer device. Furthermore, in order to ensure the reliability of the findings, the experimental data were simulated and compared with finite element modeling using the ABAQUS software. The results demonstrate that hybridizing the fibers in the first and second modes leads to an increase in the natural frequency compared to pure Kevlar, while the hybridization effect compared to pure basalt has a negative impact. However, in the third to fifth modes, the layered arrangement shows an increase in the natural frequency compared to pure Kevlar and pure basalt. The experimental results obtained and the simulated ones in the finite element software exhibit a consistent trend.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272988
Zafar Iqbal, Malik Adeel Umer, Haris Ali Khan, Kamran Asim
Building upon previous researches that introduced an innovative foam core hybrid-sandwich composite structure for radome applications, showcasing promising performance under low-velocity impacts (LVIs), this paper delves into the assessment of damage tolerance and mechanics through Compression After Impact (CAI) testing. The primary objective is to analyze disparities in damage tolerance, damage mechanisms, displacements, deformations, energy absorption, and residual strengths resulting from LVIs followed by CAIs on dissimilar materials on opposite faces of the hybrid structure. The extent of damage is evaluated through Computed Tomography (CT) scans. During LVIs, impacts on the S glass face sheets side demonstrated different energy dispersion and absorption mechanisms, leading to variations in indent damage depths and widths across all impact energy levels, unlike the impact damages observed from the Kevlar side. During CAI testing, this difference becomes more evident, with Kevlar specimens (KS3 & KS5) showing greater indentation depths and narrower widths, and S glass specimens (SK3 & SK5) experiencing buckling. These effects are due to the unique damage absorption and dispersion properties of Kevlar and S glass. These variations prompted an in-depth investigation of the structure using CAI to comprehend damage tolerance and mechanisms under compressive loads. This study, unparalleled in existing literature, proposes hybrid sandwich structures with superior specific impact and residual strength compared to various composite sandwich structures documented in published literature, expanding their utility beyond radomes.
之前的研究介绍了一种用于雷达罩的创新型泡沫芯混合夹芯复合材料结构，该结构在低速撞击（LVI）下表现出良好的性能，在此基础上，本文深入研究了通过撞击后压缩（CAI）测试对损伤容限和力学的评估。主要目的是分析混合结构相对面上的异种材料在低速撞击（LVI）后进行 CAI 所产生的损伤容限、损伤机制、位移、变形、能量吸收和残余强度的差异。损伤程度通过计算机断层扫描（CT）进行评估。在 LVI 期间，S 玻璃面片一侧受到的撞击表现出不同的能量分散和吸收机制，导致在所有撞击能量水平上的压痕损伤深度和宽度都有所不同，这与从 Kevlar 一侧观察到的撞击损伤不同。在 CAI 测试中，这种差异变得更加明显，Kevlar 试样（KS3 和 KS5）显示出更大的压痕深度和更窄的宽度，而 S 玻璃试样（SK3 和 SK5）则出现屈曲。这些影响是由于 Kevlar 和 S 玻璃独特的损伤吸收和分散特性造成的。这些变化促使我们使用 CAI 对结构进行深入研究，以了解压缩载荷下的损伤容限和机制。这项研究在现有文献中是绝无仅有的，它提出的混合夹层结构与已发表文献中记载的各种复合夹层结构相比，具有更优异的特定冲击强度和残余强度，从而将其用途扩展到雷达天线罩之外。
{"title":"Multi-functional hybrid sandwich composite structures: Evaluating damage mechanics and tolerance using compression after impacts","authors":"Zafar Iqbal, Malik Adeel Umer, Haris Ali Khan, Kamran Asim","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272988","url":null,"abstract":"Building upon previous researches that introduced an innovative foam core hybrid-sandwich composite structure for radome applications, showcasing promising performance under low-velocity impacts (LVIs), this paper delves into the assessment of damage tolerance and mechanics through Compression After Impact (CAI) testing. The primary objective is to analyze disparities in damage tolerance, damage mechanisms, displacements, deformations, energy absorption, and residual strengths resulting from LVIs followed by CAIs on dissimilar materials on opposite faces of the hybrid structure. The extent of damage is evaluated through Computed Tomography (CT) scans. During LVIs, impacts on the S glass face sheets side demonstrated different energy dispersion and absorption mechanisms, leading to variations in indent damage depths and widths across all impact energy levels, unlike the impact damages observed from the Kevlar side. During CAI testing, this difference becomes more evident, with Kevlar specimens (KS3 & KS5) showing greater indentation depths and narrower widths, and S glass specimens (SK3 & SK5) experiencing buckling. These effects are due to the unique damage absorption and dispersion properties of Kevlar and S glass. These variations prompted an in-depth investigation of the structure using CAI to comprehend damage tolerance and mechanisms under compressive loads. This study, unparalleled in existing literature, proposes hybrid sandwich structures with superior specific impact and residual strength compared to various composite sandwich structures documented in published literature, expanding their utility beyond radomes.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272992
N Vinoth Babu, N Venkateshwaran, S Panneer selvan
The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process has gained significant attention for its ability to manufacture parts using advanced polymeric materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (CF-PLA). By adjusting the printing process parameters of the CF-PLA, the optimized mechanical properties can be achieved with less chances of flaws. Structural integrity of the components plays an important role in analyzing the durability of the product which can be analyzed using modal analysis. This research study focuses on analyzing the effect of process parameters on the vibration damping characteristics of CF-PLA components produced by the FFF process. The Taguchi method is used to model the relationship between process parameters and vibration performance metrics. Based on the vibration study, the optimal process parameters were determined as 60% infill density, 0.08 mm slice thickness, and hexagonal pattern. This study shows that the natural frequency and damping increases with increase in infill percent but decreases with increase in slice thickness. The closely aligned values between the predicted and experimental results suggest that the developed model is effective in predicting the vibration characteristics of CF-PLA composites. By accurately adjusting the process parameters, the study’s findings—such as frequencies and damping ratio—provide manufacturers with important and dependable CF-PLA Fused Deposition Modeling components.
{"title":"Tailoring the vibration characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid in fused filament fabrication process","authors":"N Vinoth Babu, N Venkateshwaran, S Panneer selvan","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272992","url":null,"abstract":"The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process has gained significant attention for its ability to manufacture parts using advanced polymeric materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (CF-PLA). By adjusting the printing process parameters of the CF-PLA, the optimized mechanical properties can be achieved with less chances of flaws. Structural integrity of the components plays an important role in analyzing the durability of the product which can be analyzed using modal analysis. This research study focuses on analyzing the effect of process parameters on the vibration damping characteristics of CF-PLA components produced by the FFF process. The Taguchi method is used to model the relationship between process parameters and vibration performance metrics. Based on the vibration study, the optimal process parameters were determined as 60% infill density, 0.08 mm slice thickness, and hexagonal pattern. This study shows that the natural frequency and damping increases with increase in infill percent but decreases with increase in slice thickness. The closely aligned values between the predicted and experimental results suggest that the developed model is effective in predicting the vibration characteristics of CF-PLA composites. By accurately adjusting the process parameters, the study’s findings—such as frequencies and damping ratio—provide manufacturers with important and dependable CF-PLA Fused Deposition Modeling components.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/07316844241272956
Muhammad Altaf, Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, Anila Iqbal, Arshad Ali Khan
In this study, cost-effective, widely spread, and nontoxic fillers were used to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy nanocomposites. A novel and environmentally benign cation exchange approach was used for the modification of bentonite nanoclay with positively charged L-serine, used to synthesize nanocomposites. Modification of clay was confirmed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique proved increase of d-spacing from 12.82 Å to 14.42 Å as a result of cation exchange. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate microstructure of the nanocomposites. Reduction in weight loss, with 28.0 % to 34.0 % increase in char yield of epoxy nanocomposites was determined by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Underwriters laboratories (UL-94) V-0 ratings of nanocomposites indicated improved flame retardancy. Nanofillers significantly reduced the loading of aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) and improved the flame retardancy through its synergistic effect.
在这项研究中，使用了成本效益高、应用广泛且无毒的填料来提高环氧纳米复合材料的阻燃性。该研究采用了一种新颖且对环境无害的阳离子交换方法，用带正电荷的 L-丝氨酸对膨润土纳米粘土进行改性，用于合成纳米复合材料。使用 X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）和傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）确认了粘土的改性。X 射线衍射（XRD）技术证明，由于阳离子交换，d-间距从 12.82 Å 增加到 14.42 Å。场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）和能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）用于研究纳米复合材料的微观结构。通过热重分析（TGA）确定了环氧纳米复合材料的失重率降低，炭产量增加了 28.0% 至 34.0%。美国保险商实验室（UL-94）对纳米复合材料的 V-0 评级表明其阻燃性能有所提高。纳米填料大大降低了三氢氧化铝（ATH）的含量，并通过其协同效应提高了阻燃性。
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel organoclay-epoxy based flame retardant nanocomposites","authors":"Muhammad Altaf, Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, Anila Iqbal, Arshad Ali Khan","doi":"10.1177/07316844241272956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241272956","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, cost-effective, widely spread, and nontoxic fillers were used to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy nanocomposites. A novel and environmentally benign cation exchange approach was used for the modification of bentonite nanoclay with positively charged L-serine, used to synthesize nanocomposites. Modification of clay was confirmed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique proved increase of d-spacing from 12.82 Å to 14.42 Å as a result of cation exchange. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate microstructure of the nanocomposites. Reduction in weight loss, with 28.0 % to 34.0 % increase in char yield of epoxy nanocomposites was determined by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Underwriters laboratories (UL-94) V-0 ratings of nanocomposites indicated improved flame retardancy. Nanofillers significantly reduced the loading of aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) and improved the flame retardancy through its synergistic effect.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the influence of incorporating 30 wt.% polyolefin elastomer (POE) on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of 3D printed three widely used thermoplastic: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Three ABS-POE, LDPE-POE, and PP-POE blends were prepared by melt mixing method and printed by direct granule-based material extrusion, and finally the printability, microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties aiming for potential usage in various applications were investigated. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results revealed a notable shift in the glass to rubber phase to a higher temperature range and an increase in the glass transition temperature due to the presence of POE elastomers. Mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples were meticulously examined and compared with prior research. All blend samples containing 30 wt.% POE exhibited significantly enhanced ductility, attributed to aligned polymer chain reactions. ABS-POE samples demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to PP-POE and LDPE-POE samples, likely attributed to fewer potential failure points, as evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of fractured cross-sections of 3D-printed samples immersed in liquid nitrogen. Additionally, 3D-printed samples with combined infill orientations (0° and 90°) were generated and subjected to tensile strength testing. Furthermore, samples 3D-printed specimens by honeycomb filling pattern for compression tests were included in the study. Microstructure analyses identified common 3D printing defects responsible for failure modes in the printed samples.
本研究探讨了添加 30 wt.%的聚烯烃弹性体（POE）对 3D打印的三种广泛使用的热塑性塑料（丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）、低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和聚丙烯（PP））的物理、机械和微观结构特性的影响。采用熔融混合法制备了 ABS-POE、LDPE-POE 和 PP-POE 三种共混物，并通过直接颗粒材料挤出进行印刷，最后研究了印刷适性、微观结构、热性能和机械性能，以期在各种应用中发挥潜在作用。动态机械热分析（DMTA）结果表明，由于 POE 弹性体的存在，玻璃相到橡胶相明显向更高的温度范围转移，玻璃化转变温度也有所提高。对 3D 打印样品的机械性能进行了仔细检查，并与之前的研究进行了比较。所有含有 30 wt.% POE 的混合样品都显示出明显增强的延展性，这归因于排列整齐的聚合物链反应。与 PP-POE 和 LDPE-POE 样品相比，ABS-POE 样品表现出更优越的机械性能，这可能归因于潜在的失效点较少，浸泡在液氮中的 3D 打印样品断裂横截面的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析证明了这一点。此外，还生成了具有组合填充方向（0° 和 90°）的 3D 打印样品，并对其进行了拉伸强度测试。此外，该研究还包括采用蜂窝填充模式进行压缩测试的 3D 打印试样。微观结构分析确定了导致打印样品失效模式的常见 3D 打印缺陷。
{"title":"The effect of Polyolefin elastomer on the 3D printing properties of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene","authors":"Lingqin Xia, Xiang Yu, Ruiquan Wang, Guang Chen, Yihang Fang","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273031","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the influence of incorporating 30 wt.% polyolefin elastomer (POE) on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of 3D printed three widely used thermoplastic: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Three ABS-POE, LDPE-POE, and PP-POE blends were prepared by melt mixing method and printed by direct granule-based material extrusion, and finally the printability, microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties aiming for potential usage in various applications were investigated. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results revealed a notable shift in the glass to rubber phase to a higher temperature range and an increase in the glass transition temperature due to the presence of POE elastomers. Mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples were meticulously examined and compared with prior research. All blend samples containing 30 wt.% POE exhibited significantly enhanced ductility, attributed to aligned polymer chain reactions. ABS-POE samples demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to PP-POE and LDPE-POE samples, likely attributed to fewer potential failure points, as evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of fractured cross-sections of 3D-printed samples immersed in liquid nitrogen. Additionally, 3D-printed samples with combined infill orientations (0° and 90°) were generated and subjected to tensile strength testing. Furthermore, samples 3D-printed specimens by honeycomb filling pattern for compression tests were included in the study. Microstructure analyses identified common 3D printing defects responsible for failure modes in the printed samples.","PeriodicalId":16943,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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