Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22349
O. Calvo, B. Hamilton, R.A. Layendecker, W.M. Slak, W. Zweig
The power feed equipment (PFE) for the SL undersea lightwave cable converts 48 V battery power to a constant current of 1.6 A at voltages up to 7500 V to power the undersea electronics. Switchmode DC-to-DC converters operating at 18 kHz, together with a microprocessor-based control system and fiber-optic isolators, are used in the high-voltage power equipment to furnish highly reliable power to underwater regenerators in this optical undersea cable for transoceanic telecommunications. After a brief discussion of the general system architecture of the SL PFE, the authors discuss the technology used, including switch-mode power conversion unit, output current and voltage regulation, microprocessor control and human interface, and physical design. It is concluded that the experience with the earliest application of the SL PFE technology, the OPTICAN lightwave cable between the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, has demonstrated its capability to meet the requirements of the SL undersea lightwave transmission system.<>
{"title":"Power feed equipment for the SL undersea lightwave cable","authors":"O. Calvo, B. Hamilton, R.A. Layendecker, W.M. Slak, W. Zweig","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22349","url":null,"abstract":"The power feed equipment (PFE) for the SL undersea lightwave cable converts 48 V battery power to a constant current of 1.6 A at voltages up to 7500 V to power the undersea electronics. Switchmode DC-to-DC converters operating at 18 kHz, together with a microprocessor-based control system and fiber-optic isolators, are used in the high-voltage power equipment to furnish highly reliable power to underwater regenerators in this optical undersea cable for transoceanic telecommunications. After a brief discussion of the general system architecture of the SL PFE, the authors discuss the technology used, including switch-mode power conversion unit, output current and voltage regulation, microprocessor control and human interface, and physical design. It is concluded that the experience with the earliest application of the SL PFE technology, the OPTICAN lightwave cable between the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, has demonstrated its capability to meet the requirements of the SL undersea lightwave transmission system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129829913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22318
G. Pagliai, M. Brambilla
The authors describe the basic nature of photovoltaic (PV) systems, the reason for PV growth in telecommunications applications and the trends of photovoltaic evolution. The development of both components and systems is discussed. Economic aspects of the use and choice of solar systems are presented by evaluating markets, equipment cost trends, and system cost variations due to different site and environment data and also to the possible system policy approaches. Topics concerning the current economic position of PV systems with respect to other power sources are included. Finally, the most important advantages of 'power mix' are described by taking hybrid power systems into consideration.<>
{"title":"Photovoltaics and TLC (telecommunication power supplies)","authors":"G. Pagliai, M. Brambilla","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22318","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the basic nature of photovoltaic (PV) systems, the reason for PV growth in telecommunications applications and the trends of photovoltaic evolution. The development of both components and systems is discussed. Economic aspects of the use and choice of solar systems are presented by evaluating markets, equipment cost trends, and system cost variations due to different site and environment data and also to the possible system policy approaches. Topics concerning the current economic position of PV systems with respect to other power sources are included. Finally, the most important advantages of 'power mix' are described by taking hybrid power systems into consideration.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123080379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22323
P. D. Madden
The author addresses the expanding role of uninterruptible power systems (UPS) in today's telecommunications operations. He discusses the advantages and disadvantages of application, technology approach, reliability, service, efficiency and intelligence features. A perspective is given to the needs and technology of the present and those of the future. UPS configurations are examined, and attention is given to sizing considerations, battery issues, energy management, and site and cost considerations. It is concluded that the economics and rationale for justifying a UPS depend on a number of variables. The UPS offers the power engineer the opportunity to build reliable, cost-effective, and efficient power supplies while contending with economic and manpower constraints.<>
{"title":"The expanding role of uninterruptible power systems in telecommunications","authors":"P. D. Madden","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22323","url":null,"abstract":"The author addresses the expanding role of uninterruptible power systems (UPS) in today's telecommunications operations. He discusses the advantages and disadvantages of application, technology approach, reliability, service, efficiency and intelligence features. A perspective is given to the needs and technology of the present and those of the future. UPS configurations are examined, and attention is given to sizing considerations, battery issues, energy management, and site and cost considerations. It is concluded that the economics and rationale for justifying a UPS depend on a number of variables. The UPS offers the power engineer the opportunity to build reliable, cost-effective, and efficient power supplies while contending with economic and manpower constraints.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131608086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22381
A. O. Nilsson
The author presents design features and service experience gained which indicate why the nickel-cadmium pocket plate battery is a viable alternative to lead-acid batteries in UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems where reliable standby power is essential. Laboratory testing indicates that nickel-cadmium pocket plate batteries are not influenced by the unique voltage conditions in UPS systems. Field experience from a large number of installations confirms these results. Cost considerations are also reviewed.<>
{"title":"Nickel cadmium batteries in UPS design features","authors":"A. O. Nilsson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22381","url":null,"abstract":"The author presents design features and service experience gained which indicate why the nickel-cadmium pocket plate battery is a viable alternative to lead-acid batteries in UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems where reliable standby power is essential. Laboratory testing indicates that nickel-cadmium pocket plate batteries are not influenced by the unique voltage conditions in UPS systems. Field experience from a large number of installations confirms these results. Cost considerations are also reviewed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115704128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22397
H. Pettersson, I. Pohjonen
It is noted that, as a load, a computer system presents the designer with difficult task in terms of electrical feed dimensioning, especially in the TN-S and TN-C-S 3*230/400 V, 50 or 60 Hz network configurations. This extremely nonlinear load and its high in-rush currents and neutral wire current imposes extra requirements on the distribution network, its grounding, and UPS (uninterruptible power system) powering. The authors present guidelines for calculating crest factors, fundamental factors, and power factors for single and three-phase nonlinear loads or combinations of these two. It is concluded that the guidelines have shown their necessity as an instrument assuring the cooperation between users, EDP (electronic data processing) equipment suppliers, UPS suppliers, and electrical network designers to achieve the right solutions and results.<>
{"title":"Power calculations and grounding in EDP/UPS power networks","authors":"H. Pettersson, I. Pohjonen","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22397","url":null,"abstract":"It is noted that, as a load, a computer system presents the designer with difficult task in terms of electrical feed dimensioning, especially in the TN-S and TN-C-S 3*230/400 V, 50 or 60 Hz network configurations. This extremely nonlinear load and its high in-rush currents and neutral wire current imposes extra requirements on the distribution network, its grounding, and UPS (uninterruptible power system) powering. The authors present guidelines for calculating crest factors, fundamental factors, and power factors for single and three-phase nonlinear loads or combinations of these two. It is concluded that the guidelines have shown their necessity as an instrument assuring the cooperation between users, EDP (electronic data processing) equipment suppliers, UPS suppliers, and electrical network designers to achieve the right solutions and results.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116758726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22370
R. Pavelka
The author describes the residual load signals most often encountered and shows an example of a state-of-the-art residual ringing, tone, and cadence power plant based on digital and PWM (pulse-width modulation) techniques which operates in a space and cost-efficient manner. This plant is expandable to meet the need for increased output capacity, which is frequently not discovered until after the unit is placed in service. After describing residual ringing, tones, and cadences, the author gives the design objectives and, finally, presents the complete system.<>
{"title":"Ringing, tone, and cadence requirements for nonswitched loads in digital central offices","authors":"R. Pavelka","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22370","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes the residual load signals most often encountered and shows an example of a state-of-the-art residual ringing, tone, and cadence power plant based on digital and PWM (pulse-width modulation) techniques which operates in a space and cost-efficient manner. This plant is expandable to meet the need for increased output capacity, which is frequently not discovered until after the unit is placed in service. After describing residual ringing, tones, and cadences, the author gives the design objectives and, finally, presents the complete system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115869736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22329
J. Szymborski, J.L. Mulcahy, A. Abbott
The authors review the operational characteristics of the ABSOLYTE sealed gas-recombinant lead-acid battery system, providing laboratory and field data as appropriate. Specifically, the areas discussed include: gas evolution under float charge conditions, balance among parallel strings, recovery from abusive overdischarge, long-term stability on float charge, and life projections based on positive grid life. Cells and batteries have been subjected to deep discharge and to abusive 'flat' discharges, in which individual cells have been driven into reversal without catastrophic or immediate destruction. Real-time and temperature and float voltage accelerated-life tests indicate that the lifetime projections made on positive grid corrosion are conservative. Finally, long-term float tests indicate stable charging currents over time and negligible (less than 0.1%) water loss over the battery's life.<>
{"title":"Operational characteristics of a sealed gas-recombinant lead-acid battery","authors":"J. Szymborski, J.L. Mulcahy, A. Abbott","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22329","url":null,"abstract":"The authors review the operational characteristics of the ABSOLYTE sealed gas-recombinant lead-acid battery system, providing laboratory and field data as appropriate. Specifically, the areas discussed include: gas evolution under float charge conditions, balance among parallel strings, recovery from abusive overdischarge, long-term stability on float charge, and life projections based on positive grid life. Cells and batteries have been subjected to deep discharge and to abusive 'flat' discharges, in which individual cells have been driven into reversal without catastrophic or immediate destruction. Real-time and temperature and float voltage accelerated-life tests indicate that the lifetime projections made on positive grid corrosion are conservative. Finally, long-term float tests indicate stable charging currents over time and negligible (less than 0.1%) water loss over the battery's life.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127142607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22320
R. P. Bullough, A. Harrison
The Powersafe produce, launched in October 1982, was the first sealed lead-acid recombination product (of a large capacity) to be developed for use in telecommunication power systems. The authors indicate that performance data on prototype products, can, when tested in sufficient quantities and presented as a population distribution plot, indicate the viability of a product. Performances based on the arithmetic mean value or the mode value of unit test data are overstated compared to the performance of a battery of units. The claimed battery performance for Powersafe is based on the arithmetic mean of cell performances minus three standard deviations. From initial capacities and service life capacities obtained from field tests, the authors project that the Powersafe product should have a design life of 10 years.<>
{"title":"Powersafe valve regulated cells and batteries-a review of operational performance with design life predictions","authors":"R. P. Bullough, A. Harrison","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22320","url":null,"abstract":"The Powersafe produce, launched in October 1982, was the first sealed lead-acid recombination product (of a large capacity) to be developed for use in telecommunication power systems. The authors indicate that performance data on prototype products, can, when tested in sufficient quantities and presented as a population distribution plot, indicate the viability of a product. Performances based on the arithmetic mean value or the mode value of unit test data are overstated compared to the performance of a battery of units. The claimed battery performance for Powersafe is based on the arithmetic mean of cell performances minus three standard deviations. From initial capacities and service life capacities obtained from field tests, the authors project that the Powersafe product should have a design life of 10 years.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121835494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22357
M. Eriksson, S. Sundqvist
The authors describe some of the software aspects dealt with in the Ericsson Energy Master (EEM) power supervision systems. A general overview emphasizing the user interface was previously presented (see P. Samisoe and M. Eriksson, 1987). Features of local-computer, main-computer, and communication-computer data handling are discussed.<>
{"title":"Data handling and modularity in a supervision system","authors":"M. Eriksson, S. Sundqvist","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22357","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe some of the software aspects dealt with in the Ericsson Energy Master (EEM) power supervision systems. A general overview emphasizing the user interface was previously presented (see P. Samisoe and M. Eriksson, 1987). Features of local-computer, main-computer, and communication-computer data handling are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130869267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22388
H. Tanaka, K. Kobayashi, F. Ihara, K. Asahi, M. Motoyama
The authors have developed large-capacity power supply equipment consisting of a master and slave modules interconnected simply. Setting the master module voltage enables voltage to be set for all modules. Each module's current is monitored and any unbalanced current is locally fed back and corrected to maintain balanced current between the component modules. A feature of this power supply equipment is its reliability during parallel redundant operation; reliability is maintained when the master module fails and the output voltage remains accurate when the slave module fails. This method was used for 5 V, 150 to 600 A power supply module designs.<>
{"title":"Method for centralized voltage control and current balancing for parallel operation of power supply equipment","authors":"H. Tanaka, K. Kobayashi, F. Ihara, K. Asahi, M. Motoyama","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22388","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have developed large-capacity power supply equipment consisting of a master and slave modules interconnected simply. Setting the master module voltage enables voltage to be set for all modules. Each module's current is monitored and any unbalanced current is locally fed back and corrected to maintain balanced current between the component modules. A feature of this power supply equipment is its reliability during parallel redundant operation; reliability is maintained when the master module fails and the output voltage remains accurate when the slave module fails. This method was used for 5 V, 150 to 600 A power supply module designs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133047551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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