Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22395
T. Kremic
Problems connected with the grounding of central offices are discussed, and solutions are offered. Several examples are considered, including the case when a high-resistance connection exists between the grounding conductor and the distribution frame because of improper termination or faulty crimping.<>
{"title":"Safety of grounding systems","authors":"T. Kremic","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22395","url":null,"abstract":"Problems connected with the grounding of central offices are discussed, and solutions are offered. Several examples are considered, including the case when a high-resistance connection exists between the grounding conductor and the distribution frame because of improper termination or faulty crimping.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22336
M. E. Fiorino, F. Vaccaro, R. Landwehrle
It has been demonstrated that several factors play a role in determining the behavior of the negative plate of the lead-acid battery. It is concluded that, when a battery is intended for float applications, especially in telephone central offices where the degree of reliability required is high, special attention must be paid to all of the factors which can affect the polarization behavior of the negative plate and, consequently, its float performance. Some of these factors are understood at a level which permits their control, specifically, the addition of platinum and, to a lesser extent, the nature of the separator. However, many questions regarding the expander and its interaction with the oxide remain to be resolved.<>
{"title":"Factors affecting the float performance of the negative plate of the lead-acid battery","authors":"M. E. Fiorino, F. Vaccaro, R. Landwehrle","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22336","url":null,"abstract":"It has been demonstrated that several factors play a role in determining the behavior of the negative plate of the lead-acid battery. It is concluded that, when a battery is intended for float applications, especially in telephone central offices where the degree of reliability required is high, special attention must be paid to all of the factors which can affect the polarization behavior of the negative plate and, consequently, its float performance. Some of these factors are understood at a level which permits their control, specifically, the addition of platinum and, to a lesser extent, the nature of the separator. However, many questions regarding the expander and its interaction with the oxide remain to be resolved.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131016368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22407
L. Thorsell, P. Lindman
An n+1 redundant system using modular hybrid DC/DC converters connected in parallel where the normally associated isolation diodes are omitted is described. Reliability and efficiency analysis of the systems was performed, based on a comparison between the system described and a system based on a conventional (uninterruptible power system) UPS with added redundant functions. It is concluded that the proposed approach will lead to an improvement in overall efficiency and result in compact, cost-effective systems.<>
{"title":"Reliability analysis of a direct parallel connected n+1 redundant power system based on highly reliable DC/DC modules","authors":"L. Thorsell, P. Lindman","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22407","url":null,"abstract":"An n+1 redundant system using modular hybrid DC/DC converters connected in parallel where the normally associated isolation diodes are omitted is described. Reliability and efficiency analysis of the systems was performed, based on a comparison between the system described and a system based on a conventional (uninterruptible power system) UPS with added redundant functions. It is concluded that the proposed approach will lead to an improvement in overall efficiency and result in compact, cost-effective systems.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131270036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22394
R. de Gregorio, M. Piccolo, D. Biondini, G. Goglia
An experimental PV (photovoltaic) plant integrated with a diesel electric generator (DEG) has been implemented in the ISPT (Istituto Superiore PT). A year and a half after its installation the first experimental phase aimed at investigating the problems related to multisubsystem assembly has been achieved. The authors report on the charge adjusting system from PV to battery, control criteria on the state of charge of battery cells, and ways of DEG intervention for an optimal energy balance to gradually introduce subsystems into the project. The second experimental phase has been performed for six months with the aim of collecting and processing data which will make it possible to check the fitness of the project with respect to wind plant integration. The philosophy of data acquisition and processing is illustrated.<>
{"title":"First results of an aimed research carried out by the Italian PT Ministry related to a prototypical photovoltaic hybrid power system for TLC","authors":"R. de Gregorio, M. Piccolo, D. Biondini, G. Goglia","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22394","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental PV (photovoltaic) plant integrated with a diesel electric generator (DEG) has been implemented in the ISPT (Istituto Superiore PT). A year and a half after its installation the first experimental phase aimed at investigating the problems related to multisubsystem assembly has been achieved. The authors report on the charge adjusting system from PV to battery, control criteria on the state of charge of battery cells, and ways of DEG intervention for an optimal energy balance to gradually introduce subsystems into the project. The second experimental phase has been performed for six months with the aim of collecting and processing data which will make it possible to check the fitness of the project with respect to wind plant integration. The philosophy of data acquisition and processing is illustrated.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114848158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22382
S. Debardelaben
The author suggests that more understanding of the characteristics of a cell's impedance may lead to improved accuracy or suggest measurement techniques best suited for evaluating capacity by impedance measurements. He describes some measurements made in an effort to achieve this objective. The cell chosen for this work was a Globe model TCG-1680, a flooded lead-calcium cell sized at 1680 A hours at the 8 h rate. Comparisons between lumped constant networks and cell impedances are discussed as well as linearity and surface charge effect.<>
{"title":"A look at the impedance of a cell","authors":"S. Debardelaben","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22382","url":null,"abstract":"The author suggests that more understanding of the characteristics of a cell's impedance may lead to improved accuracy or suggest measurement techniques best suited for evaluating capacity by impedance measurements. He describes some measurements made in an effort to achieve this objective. The cell chosen for this work was a Globe model TCG-1680, a flooded lead-calcium cell sized at 1680 A hours at the 8 h rate. Comparisons between lumped constant networks and cell impedances are discussed as well as linearity and surface charge effect.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116262757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22328
M. Brunk, J. Kunze
A simple time-domain simulation technique for single basic DC-DC converters with current mode programming based on nonlinear difference equations with respect to averaged converter quantities is presented. Further modelling steps lead to a large-signal continuous-time equivalent circuit including the small-signal case as well. Both methods permit the automatic detection of continuous and discontinuous conduction mode. Several numerical examples are considered to compare different approaches and to show the justification and usefulness of the methods presented.<>
{"title":"A simple modelling approach for DC-DC converters with current mode programming","authors":"M. Brunk, J. Kunze","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22328","url":null,"abstract":"A simple time-domain simulation technique for single basic DC-DC converters with current mode programming based on nonlinear difference equations with respect to averaged converter quantities is presented. Further modelling steps lead to a large-signal continuous-time equivalent circuit including the small-signal case as well. Both methods permit the automatic detection of continuous and discontinuous conduction mode. Several numerical examples are considered to compare different approaches and to show the justification and usefulness of the methods presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115874223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22322
W. Brecht, N. O'Leary
The basic model of oxygen recombination is examined in terms of the Tafel diagram of wet and valve regulated cells. The various mechanisms of oxygen transport achieved in lead-acid cells are presented. Specific structures or methodologies available to improve the rate of oxygen transport and thereby the limits of recombinant current and voltage are discussed. The advantages and limitations of each of the recombinant methodologies are considered in the context of their integration with other design components of the cell and for compatibility as part of the overall system. Limitations of each of the recombinant technologies as they affect the operating voltage range are discussed. Compatibility of the various recombinant means, with plate growth and structural support, is examined.<>
{"title":"Comparison of recombinant lead acid battery technologies","authors":"W. Brecht, N. O'Leary","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22322","url":null,"abstract":"The basic model of oxygen recombination is examined in terms of the Tafel diagram of wet and valve regulated cells. The various mechanisms of oxygen transport achieved in lead-acid cells are presented. Specific structures or methodologies available to improve the rate of oxygen transport and thereby the limits of recombinant current and voltage are discussed. The advantages and limitations of each of the recombinant methodologies are considered in the context of their integration with other design components of the cell and for compatibility as part of the overall system. Limitations of each of the recombinant technologies as they affect the operating voltage range are discussed. Compatibility of the various recombinant means, with plate growth and structural support, is examined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116334662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22403
Y. Kawata, H. Koike, F. Tominaga, T. Nakamizo, K. Harada
The development of a triport UPS (uninterruptible power system) rated at 450 kVA in three-phase that combines three units of triport UPSs, each rated at 150 kVA in three-phase, in parallel connection has been completed. With multiple units of triport UPSs running in parallel, the rule of proportionality to kVA's can be true for load distribution and it simplifies the design of a system containing them for parallel operation. The authors describe the properties of the triad triport UPS, including load distribution characteristics, an inverter synchronization circuit, and a defective-unit exclusion circuit.<>
{"title":"Development of 450 kVA triport UPS system","authors":"Y. Kawata, H. Koike, F. Tominaga, T. Nakamizo, K. Harada","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22403","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a triport UPS (uninterruptible power system) rated at 450 kVA in three-phase that combines three units of triport UPSs, each rated at 150 kVA in three-phase, in parallel connection has been completed. With multiple units of triport UPSs running in parallel, the rule of proportionality to kVA's can be true for load distribution and it simplifies the design of a system containing them for parallel operation. The authors describe the properties of the triad triport UPS, including load distribution characteristics, an inverter synchronization circuit, and a defective-unit exclusion circuit.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128404745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22379
W. Rutledge
The author describes difficulties that have evolved in the application of flooded lead-acid batteries to uninterruptible power systems (UPS) service. It is suggested that industry pressures for greater power densities appear to have resulted in developments that may have been counter-productive to the service life of the UPS cells. The high-current, short-term discharge characteristics that are desirable for UPS applications result in battery designs tuned to less than optimum life. Uninterruptible power systems are generally applied to large computer data centers. The data center managers, who administer these applications, tend to be less informed on the life/construction characteristics of batteries that can result in unforeseen and severe economic losses for their management. The author describes efforts by the IEEE to provide applications documentation designed to reduce this information gap, to bring the matter out into the open, and to reduce these competitive pressures on the battery and UPS industries.<>
{"title":"Service life limitations of flooded lead acid batteries in UPS service","authors":"W. Rutledge","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22379","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes difficulties that have evolved in the application of flooded lead-acid batteries to uninterruptible power systems (UPS) service. It is suggested that industry pressures for greater power densities appear to have resulted in developments that may have been counter-productive to the service life of the UPS cells. The high-current, short-term discharge characteristics that are desirable for UPS applications result in battery designs tuned to less than optimum life. Uninterruptible power systems are generally applied to large computer data centers. The data center managers, who administer these applications, tend to be less informed on the life/construction characteristics of batteries that can result in unforeseen and severe economic losses for their management. The author describes efforts by the IEEE to provide applications documentation designed to reduce this information gap, to bring the matter out into the open, and to reduce these competitive pressures on the battery and UPS industries.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129711955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22344
Y. Koyama, T. Takeda
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation has been introducing a decentralized power supply which incorporates advanced technological characteristics in the system configuration. These characteristics include load voltage regulation, DC backup circuits, supervision and control using microprocessors, and organization of the power equipment into modularized units that are compact and lightweight. This power system is effective for reducing the scale of communications problems which occur due to power equipment failure and can flexibly adapt to communications facility scale.<>
{"title":"A decentralized power system for telecommunications equipment","authors":"Y. Koyama, T. Takeda","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22344","url":null,"abstract":"Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation has been introducing a decentralized power supply which incorporates advanced technological characteristics in the system configuration. These characteristics include load voltage regulation, DC backup circuits, supervision and control using microprocessors, and organization of the power equipment into modularized units that are compact and lightweight. This power system is effective for reducing the scale of communications problems which occur due to power equipment failure and can flexibly adapt to communications facility scale.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126898753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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