Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113031
S. Lundmark, Poopak Roshanfekr Fard
Verified simulation models both in 2D and 3D are used to compare a radial flux machine (IPM) with a transverse flux machine (TFM) for a traction application. The analysis highlights the importance of a dense mesh and a high number of time steps when calculating core and magnet loss. It also shows the practical handling of loss modelling in 2D and 3D respectively, including a stacking factor for the core lamination and magnet segmentation, and it is recommended that you are careful when comparing losses from 2D and 3D models. The TFM is shown to have much higher magnet loss compared to the IPM although the TFM magnet design (with ring magnets) makes segmentation very effective. However, the efficiency is still favorable for the TFM, compared to the IPM due to the relatively low copper loss in the TFM ring coil.
{"title":"Magnet and core loss in a radial flux and a transverse flux PM traction motor","authors":"S. Lundmark, Poopak Roshanfekr Fard","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113031","url":null,"abstract":"Verified simulation models both in 2D and 3D are used to compare a radial flux machine (IPM) with a transverse flux machine (TFM) for a traction application. The analysis highlights the importance of a dense mesh and a high number of time steps when calculating core and magnet loss. It also shows the practical handling of loss modelling in 2D and 3D respectively, including a stacking factor for the core lamination and magnet segmentation, and it is recommended that you are careful when comparing losses from 2D and 3D models. The TFM is shown to have much higher magnet loss compared to the IPM although the TFM magnet design (with ring magnets) makes segmentation very effective. However, the efficiency is still favorable for the TFM, compared to the IPM due to the relatively low copper loss in the TFM ring coil.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129026061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113009
Heejin Shin, Sunyoung Park, Hyunsoo Kim, Inbeom Yang
In this study, an integrated powertrain-thermal energy management strategy (IEMS) was proposed for a power-split type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Dynamic models of the powertrain components including the engine, motor/generator, power-split transmission and battery were obtained with a thermal management system consisting of an engine (thermal part), radiator, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater, heater core and cabin. Using the powertrain and thermal management system model, a performance simulator was developed and simulation results of the powertrain components, engine coolant temperature and the cabin temperature were compared with the vehicle dynamometer test results. Based on the powertrain and thermal management system characteristics, an IEMS was proposed that considers not only the battery SOC, but also the ratio of PTC heater power consumption to battery power consumption. The simulation results of the IEMS were compared with the existing energy management strategy (EMS) and the IEMS improved fuel economy over EMS.
{"title":"Development of an integrated energy management strategy with cabin heating for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle","authors":"Heejin Shin, Sunyoung Park, Hyunsoo Kim, Inbeom Yang","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113009","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an integrated powertrain-thermal energy management strategy (IEMS) was proposed for a power-split type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Dynamic models of the powertrain components including the engine, motor/generator, power-split transmission and battery were obtained with a thermal management system consisting of an engine (thermal part), radiator, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater, heater core and cabin. Using the powertrain and thermal management system model, a performance simulator was developed and simulation results of the powertrain components, engine coolant temperature and the cabin temperature were compared with the vehicle dynamometer test results. Based on the powertrain and thermal management system characteristics, an IEMS was proposed that considers not only the battery SOC, but also the ratio of PTC heater power consumption to battery power consumption. The simulation results of the IEMS were compared with the existing energy management strategy (EMS) and the IEMS improved fuel economy over EMS.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130557600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112940
N. Djukic, L. Encica, J. Paulides
The use of electrical machines (EMs) with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) results in electromagnetic interference (EMI). At high frequencies (HFs) of conducted EMI, the impedance of an EM insulation system fed from a VFD is small due to the parasitic capacitive couplings. Thus, the conducted EMI currents flow through the insulation into the other conductive parts of the machine or ground. This can cause damage to the insulation, accelerate corrosion and bearings, and influence other electrically and/or mechanically connected equipment in the system. In order to understand the phenomena of EMI and how to minimize it, one must understand parasitic capacitances in a VFD-cable-EM system. Many authors analyze the topic of parasitic capacitances of cables and machine's bearing capacitances. However, not many publications are focused on the detailed analysis of the windings. In most cases, the parasitic capacitances of the winding are represented as a part of a global equivalent RLC circuit. Some authors use simplified models such as solenoids, which are not adequate representatives of the actual winding topologies used in EMs. To date, not much attention is given to the actual distribution of parasitic capacitive couplings in the winding itself, especially for multi-layer coils. Therefore, it appears necessary to provide an overview of the models proposed in the literature and their implementation in the analysis of EMs. This paper presents capacitive couplings from the point of view of winding topology and conductor geometry, including insulation coating between conductors, and conductor and ground, which can be implemented in the winding equivalent RLC circuit, which can further be applied to analyze the machine's behavior at HFs. The discussion section at the end of this paper recommends further steps on how to determine the parasitic capacitive couplings in the future with more accuracy.
{"title":"Overview of capacitive couplings in windings","authors":"N. Djukic, L. Encica, J. Paulides","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112940","url":null,"abstract":"The use of electrical machines (EMs) with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) results in electromagnetic interference (EMI). At high frequencies (HFs) of conducted EMI, the impedance of an EM insulation system fed from a VFD is small due to the parasitic capacitive couplings. Thus, the conducted EMI currents flow through the insulation into the other conductive parts of the machine or ground. This can cause damage to the insulation, accelerate corrosion and bearings, and influence other electrically and/or mechanically connected equipment in the system. In order to understand the phenomena of EMI and how to minimize it, one must understand parasitic capacitances in a VFD-cable-EM system. Many authors analyze the topic of parasitic capacitances of cables and machine's bearing capacitances. However, not many publications are focused on the detailed analysis of the windings. In most cases, the parasitic capacitances of the winding are represented as a part of a global equivalent RLC circuit. Some authors use simplified models such as solenoids, which are not adequate representatives of the actual winding topologies used in EMs. To date, not much attention is given to the actual distribution of parasitic capacitive couplings in the winding itself, especially for multi-layer coils. Therefore, it appears necessary to provide an overview of the models proposed in the literature and their implementation in the analysis of EMs. This paper presents capacitive couplings from the point of view of winding topology and conductor geometry, including insulation coating between conductors, and conductor and ground, which can be implemented in the winding equivalent RLC circuit, which can further be applied to analyze the machine's behavior at HFs. The discussion section at the end of this paper recommends further steps on how to determine the parasitic capacitive couplings in the future with more accuracy.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131156133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113015
M. V. Zaharia, A. Laczko, A. Pop, M. Radulescu, F. Gillon
For switched reluctance machines, a major problem is the torque ripple, which causes increased and undesirable acoustic noise and possible irregular speed. This paper aims at determining optimal turn-on and turn-off angles for torque ripple reduction of a three-phase 6/8 switched reluctance motor/generator. A commutation-angle optimization technique is therefore implemented for both motoring and generating operation modes over an extended speed range.
{"title":"Optimal commutation angles of a switched reluctance motor/generator","authors":"M. V. Zaharia, A. Laczko, A. Pop, M. Radulescu, F. Gillon","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113015","url":null,"abstract":"For switched reluctance machines, a major problem is the torque ripple, which causes increased and undesirable acoustic noise and possible irregular speed. This paper aims at determining optimal turn-on and turn-off angles for torque ripple reduction of a three-phase 6/8 switched reluctance motor/generator. A commutation-angle optimization technique is therefore implemented for both motoring and generating operation modes over an extended speed range.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133159021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113022
Yuta Yoshida, A. Umemura, R. Takahashi, J. Tamura
Hydrogen production with wind power generators is a very effective means to solve the problem of future energy supply. There is a method for producing hydrogen by using stand-alone wind power generators. However, there has been few report so far about experimental study of hydrogen production with stand-alone wind power generators. Therefore, this paper presents results of experimental analysis of hydrogen production by using stand-alone wind power generations. The experimental system is composed of Permanent Magnet Generators (PMG) as a wind generator. It is shown that each generator output can be controlled by DC chopper circuits to follow each MPPT operation independently.
{"title":"Experimental study of hydrogen production system with stand-alone wind power generators","authors":"Yuta Yoshida, A. Umemura, R. Takahashi, J. Tamura","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113022","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen production with wind power generators is a very effective means to solve the problem of future energy supply. There is a method for producing hydrogen by using stand-alone wind power generators. However, there has been few report so far about experimental study of hydrogen production with stand-alone wind power generators. Therefore, this paper presents results of experimental analysis of hydrogen production by using stand-alone wind power generations. The experimental system is composed of Permanent Magnet Generators (PMG) as a wind generator. It is shown that each generator output can be controlled by DC chopper circuits to follow each MPPT operation independently.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130030698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112996
G. Ombach, D. Kurschner, S. Mathar, W. Chlebosz
This paper discusses requirements and potential solutions for interoperable wireless charging systems for electric and plugin hybrid vehicles. Such technology is known as resonant magnetic induction charging, also referred to as wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC). Future requirements for a WEVC system are: low cost, small package, high power transfer and interoperability. This paper discusses interoperability requirements as a key factor for successful deployment of WEVC systems. One key aspect analyzed in this paper is primary and secondary coils requirements as they relate to interoperability. Theoretical and practical studies have been conducted and a suggested interoperable solution is presented.
{"title":"Optimum magnetic solution for interoperable system for stationary wireless EV charging","authors":"G. Ombach, D. Kurschner, S. Mathar, W. Chlebosz","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112996","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses requirements and potential solutions for interoperable wireless charging systems for electric and plugin hybrid vehicles. Such technology is known as resonant magnetic induction charging, also referred to as wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC). Future requirements for a WEVC system are: low cost, small package, high power transfer and interoperability. This paper discusses interoperability requirements as a key factor for successful deployment of WEVC systems. One key aspect analyzed in this paper is primary and secondary coils requirements as they relate to interoperability. Theoretical and practical studies have been conducted and a suggested interoperable solution is presented.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"55 48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121493389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113012
Y. Bak, J. Pi, Sungyeon Ko, Sunyoung Park, Jingyu Choi, Hyunsoo Kim, Daehyuk Park
In a range-extended electric vehicle (RE-EV), the system efficiency decreases when the engine power is transmitted to the driving motor through the battery due to the charging and discharging energy conversion efficiency. To improve the system efficiency, a control algorithm is proposed using the route information. The control algorithm calculates the threshold power based on the battery charging amount and the demanded vehicle power from the target route. Using the threshold power, more engine power can be transmitted directly from the engine to the driving motor without charge and discharge process through the battery. It was found that the proposed algorithm reduces the fuel consumption of the target RE-EV, compared with the existing CD/CS control.
{"title":"Development of a route information-based control algorithm of a range extender for an RE-EV","authors":"Y. Bak, J. Pi, Sungyeon Ko, Sunyoung Park, Jingyu Choi, Hyunsoo Kim, Daehyuk Park","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113012","url":null,"abstract":"In a range-extended electric vehicle (RE-EV), the system efficiency decreases when the engine power is transmitted to the driving motor through the battery due to the charging and discharging energy conversion efficiency. To improve the system efficiency, a control algorithm is proposed using the route information. The control algorithm calculates the threshold power based on the battery charging amount and the demanded vehicle power from the target route. Using the threshold power, more engine power can be transmitted directly from the engine to the driving motor without charge and discharge process through the battery. It was found that the proposed algorithm reduces the fuel consumption of the target RE-EV, compared with the existing CD/CS control.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125699191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112944
M. Boisvert, P. Micheau
In any hybrid or electrical vehicle, the electric motor can be used as an electric generator to impose a negative torque to the wheel providing the braking effect by recovering part of the kinetic energy used for charging the batteries. The main hypothesis of this study is to propose that a slip control is preferable to a braking torque control during the regenerative braking. The experimental results obtained with a three wheel recreational electric vehicle validate that the wheel slip control is an efficient regenerative braking strategy to ensure both the optimal energy recovery and the wheel adherence in spite of road uncertainties.
{"title":"Wheel slip controller for the regenerative braking of electric vehicle: Experimental results with a three wheels recreational hybrid vehicle","authors":"M. Boisvert, P. Micheau","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112944","url":null,"abstract":"In any hybrid or electrical vehicle, the electric motor can be used as an electric generator to impose a negative torque to the wheel providing the braking effect by recovering part of the kinetic energy used for charging the batteries. The main hypothesis of this study is to propose that a slip control is preferable to a braking torque control during the regenerative braking. The experimental results obtained with a three wheel recreational electric vehicle validate that the wheel slip control is an efficient regenerative braking strategy to ensure both the optimal energy recovery and the wheel adherence in spite of road uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"12 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125641755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112992
E. Schuepbach, U. Muntwyler, T. Schott, M. Jost, C. Renken, M. Lanz
Research activities on electricity production from photovoltaics as carried out by the Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB) at Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Burgdorf, Switzerland are presented. The activities are nested in one of the new Competence Centers for Energy Research set up by the Swiss Government in view of implementing the “Energy Strategy 2050”. Information on long-term energy yields is gained from measurements in a Swiss photovoltaic installation network. This unique network was started in the 1990s by the PV LAB, who today operates around 35 PV installations in Switzerland. The current research focus is on alpine sites as they produce a stable energy yield in winter. Photovoltaic-oriented buildings (PVOB) also contribute to electricity production in winter and form another research pillar of the PV LAB. In order to survey mounting work, the quality of PV modules in complex terrain or on façades of high-rising buildings, a new IR-multicopter was built.
{"title":"Swiss Energy Strategy 2050: Research on photovoltaic electricity production","authors":"E. Schuepbach, U. Muntwyler, T. Schott, M. Jost, C. Renken, M. Lanz","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112992","url":null,"abstract":"Research activities on electricity production from photovoltaics as carried out by the Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB) at Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Burgdorf, Switzerland are presented. The activities are nested in one of the new Competence Centers for Energy Research set up by the Swiss Government in view of implementing the “Energy Strategy 2050”. Information on long-term energy yields is gained from measurements in a Swiss photovoltaic installation network. This unique network was started in the 1990s by the PV LAB, who today operates around 35 PV installations in Switzerland. The current research focus is on alpine sites as they produce a stable energy yield in winter. Photovoltaic-oriented buildings (PVOB) also contribute to electricity production in winter and form another research pillar of the PV LAB. In order to survey mounting work, the quality of PV modules in complex terrain or on façades of high-rising buildings, a new IR-multicopter was built.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"19 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132538374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112946
W. Peng, K. Niyomsatian, J. van den Keybus, A. Pop, J. Gyselinck
This paper deals with the losses of Switched Reluctance Machine Drives (SRDs) for electric vehicle propulsion, consisting of the losses in the Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) and the converter, across some operating regions based on different control strategies, namely Firing Angle (FA) control and Torque Sharing Function (TSF) control. The SRM model which takes into account copper losses and converter losses is obtained through MATLAB/Simulink. The losses and efficiencies in the machine, the converter and the SRD as function of speed and average torque are compared for a 30 kW peak 8/6 SRD.
{"title":"Switched Reluctance Machine Drives for electrical vehicle propulsion - optimal control with regard to the losses in machine and converter","authors":"W. Peng, K. Niyomsatian, J. van den Keybus, A. Pop, J. Gyselinck","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112946","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the losses of Switched Reluctance Machine Drives (SRDs) for electric vehicle propulsion, consisting of the losses in the Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) and the converter, across some operating regions based on different control strategies, namely Firing Angle (FA) control and Torque Sharing Function (TSF) control. The SRM model which takes into account copper losses and converter losses is obtained through MATLAB/Simulink. The losses and efficiencies in the machine, the converter and the SRD as function of speed and average torque are compared for a 30 kW peak 8/6 SRD.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114263885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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