Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112973
F. Chauvicourt, Cassio Faria, A. Dziechciarz, C. Martis
High prices of permanent magnets (PM), in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines of current electric vehicles, pushes for the development of reluctance machines. Synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) can be a competitive technology when compared to other machines, e.g. induction machines, since the lack of rotor winding limit the copper losses. In SynRM torque is produced due to anisotropy of the rotor that is achieved by introducing flux barriers in the rotor. These flux barriers have an influence on Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) behavior of the machine, since they are responsible for variation of magnetic resistance [1]. Torque ripple which is also higher in synchronous machines than in other types of machine causes extra vibrations and noise [2]. In this paper, the influence of flux barriers configuration on the overall NVH behavior of the machine is studied. A multi-physics numerical study also permits to do a review on NVH issues origins in SynRM.
{"title":"Infuence of rotor geometry on NVH behavior of synchronous reluctance machine","authors":"F. Chauvicourt, Cassio Faria, A. Dziechciarz, C. Martis","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112973","url":null,"abstract":"High prices of permanent magnets (PM), in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines of current electric vehicles, pushes for the development of reluctance machines. Synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) can be a competitive technology when compared to other machines, e.g. induction machines, since the lack of rotor winding limit the copper losses. In SynRM torque is produced due to anisotropy of the rotor that is achieved by introducing flux barriers in the rotor. These flux barriers have an influence on Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) behavior of the machine, since they are responsible for variation of magnetic resistance [1]. Torque ripple which is also higher in synchronous machines than in other types of machine causes extra vibrations and noise [2]. In this paper, the influence of flux barriers configuration on the overall NVH behavior of the machine is studied. A multi-physics numerical study also permits to do a review on NVH issues origins in SynRM.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122556611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112976
E. Lomonova, J. Paulides, S. Wilkins, J. Tegenbosch
Alternative energy sources for traditional combustion engines (e.g. fuel cells, solar cells, batteries) in vehicles like motorbikes, cars, trucks, boats, planes will go hand in hand with a massive growth of the application of electric machines inside (`E-propulsion'). For automotive, marine, aerospace and other heavy duty transportation for traveling and transport of goods, the electric motor will replace- or supplement many alternative energy sources and traditional combustion engines. Design of high performance, low cost and clean propulsion systems requires international cooperation of multiple disciplines such as physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and specialisms like control engineering and safety. By cooperation of these disciplines in a structured way, the ADEPT program will provide a virtual research lab community from labs of European universities and industries. To stay on par with the competition there is an urgent need for European academic research communities to work in close cooperation with the European industry. After finishing the ADEPT project, the knowhow and expertise will also be open to other research organizations or industry that are not yet involved. This paper presents a review of trends within powertrain systems-level simulation as the context for the ADEPT program, before detailing the program itself.
{"title":"ADEPT: “ADvanced electric powertrain technology” - Virtual and hardware platforms","authors":"E. Lomonova, J. Paulides, S. Wilkins, J. Tegenbosch","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112976","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative energy sources for traditional combustion engines (e.g. fuel cells, solar cells, batteries) in vehicles like motorbikes, cars, trucks, boats, planes will go hand in hand with a massive growth of the application of electric machines inside (`E-propulsion'). For automotive, marine, aerospace and other heavy duty transportation for traveling and transport of goods, the electric motor will replace- or supplement many alternative energy sources and traditional combustion engines. Design of high performance, low cost and clean propulsion systems requires international cooperation of multiple disciplines such as physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and specialisms like control engineering and safety. By cooperation of these disciplines in a structured way, the ADEPT program will provide a virtual research lab community from labs of European universities and industries. To stay on par with the competition there is an urgent need for European academic research communities to work in close cooperation with the European industry. After finishing the ADEPT project, the knowhow and expertise will also be open to other research organizations or industry that are not yet involved. This paper presents a review of trends within powertrain systems-level simulation as the context for the ADEPT program, before detailing the program itself.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116102124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112951
Z. Zhu, Y. Zhou, J. Chen
This paper proposes two axial field switched flux machines with partitioned stators (PS), namely axial field PS switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machine and axial field PS wound field switched flux (WFSF) machine. Compared with radial field PS machines, these machines show the advantages of better thermal conditions and more robust rotor structures. The operation principles of these machines are described in this paper. Based on 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA), the electromagnetic performances of proposed axial field PS machines are investigated and compared.
{"title":"Investigation of axial field partitioned stator switched flux machines","authors":"Z. Zhu, Y. Zhou, J. Chen","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112951","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes two axial field switched flux machines with partitioned stators (PS), namely axial field PS switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machine and axial field PS wound field switched flux (WFSF) machine. Compared with radial field PS machines, these machines show the advantages of better thermal conditions and more robust rotor structures. The operation principles of these machines are described in this paper. Based on 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA), the electromagnetic performances of proposed axial field PS machines are investigated and compared.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116672102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112938
M. Curti, Johannes J. H. Paulides, E. Lomonova
In this paper, several of analytical methods for modelling the magnetic field are described. These models are used in design routines of the rotating machines, linear motors as well as actuators. Thanks to their high accuracy and low requirements for computation power, they are successfully implemented in designing high precision machines. In order to enlarge the applicability of the methods it is a common practise to combine two or more model such as Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) and Harmonic Method (HM), Schwartz Christoffel (SC) mapping and Tooth Contour Method (TCM), those combinations turns into so called Hybrid Methods which are also intended to increase the computation speed and results precision.
{"title":"An overview of analytical methods for magnetic field computation","authors":"M. Curti, Johannes J. H. Paulides, E. Lomonova","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112938","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, several of analytical methods for modelling the magnetic field are described. These models are used in design routines of the rotating machines, linear motors as well as actuators. Thanks to their high accuracy and low requirements for computation power, they are successfully implemented in designing high precision machines. In order to enlarge the applicability of the methods it is a common practise to combine two or more model such as Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) and Harmonic Method (HM), Schwartz Christoffel (SC) mapping and Tooth Contour Method (TCM), those combinations turns into so called Hybrid Methods which are also intended to increase the computation speed and results precision.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115177732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113023
S. Tahara, K. Koiwa, A. Umemura, R. Takahashi, J. Tamura
This paper analyses the frequency characteristic of the power system and apply the result to wind farm output smoothing control, which uses the inertial energy of wind power generators and is designed based on a notch filter. It is concluded that the proposed method can control the frequency variations of the power system due to wind generators with small power loss.
{"title":"Frequency characteristic analysis of power system and its application to smoothing control of wind farm output","authors":"S. Tahara, K. Koiwa, A. Umemura, R. Takahashi, J. Tamura","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the frequency characteristic of the power system and apply the result to wind farm output smoothing control, which uses the inertial energy of wind power generators and is designed based on a notch filter. It is concluded that the proposed method can control the frequency variations of the power system due to wind generators with small power loss.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122666858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112958
M. Cheng, Xikai Sun, F. Yu, W. Hua
Without power electronics and mechanical gearbox, the permanent magnet induction generator (PMIG), a new grid-connected direct-driven wind generator concept, is considered to be a highly efficient, low maintenance solution for high capacity offshore wind power generation system. In this paper, the characteristics and optimal design method of this generator for wind power application are investigated. The working principle and the dynamic model are deduced. Two kinds of permanent magnet rotors as well as the magnetic characteristics are analyzed and compared by the magnetic circuit. The size equation is analytically derived and the initial calculation of machine dimensions and parameters, namely, the core diameter, stack length, and permanent magnet size, are also discussed. Moreover, finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out for design optimization, in which the machine overload capability and demagnetization protection under grid short circuit fault are investigated. Finally, a design guideline form the PMIG is developed. A 10 kW prototype machine is built in the laboratory and the experimental results are given to verify the design and analysis.
{"title":"Design and analysis of permanent magnet induction generator for grid-connected direct-driven wind power application","authors":"M. Cheng, Xikai Sun, F. Yu, W. Hua","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112958","url":null,"abstract":"Without power electronics and mechanical gearbox, the permanent magnet induction generator (PMIG), a new grid-connected direct-driven wind generator concept, is considered to be a highly efficient, low maintenance solution for high capacity offshore wind power generation system. In this paper, the characteristics and optimal design method of this generator for wind power application are investigated. The working principle and the dynamic model are deduced. Two kinds of permanent magnet rotors as well as the magnetic characteristics are analyzed and compared by the magnetic circuit. The size equation is analytically derived and the initial calculation of machine dimensions and parameters, namely, the core diameter, stack length, and permanent magnet size, are also discussed. Moreover, finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out for design optimization, in which the machine overload capability and demagnetization protection under grid short circuit fault are investigated. Finally, a design guideline form the PMIG is developed. A 10 kW prototype machine is built in the laboratory and the experimental results are given to verify the design and analysis.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123905057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113026
M. Díaz, R. Cárdenas, B. Mauricio Espinoza, A. Mora, F. Rojas
The trend of multimegawatt wind turbines has positioning multilevel converters as a promising solution for high-power Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs). Furthermore, due to the high penetration of wind energy into the electrical network, some rather strict grid regulations have been development in case of fault into the grid power. Mainly, grid codes set Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) requirements for grid connected WECS. In this scenario, this paper presents a novel modelation and control strategy to fulfil Low Voltage Ride Through requirements using a Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter for interfacing a high power wind turbine.
{"title":"A novel LVRT control strategy for Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter based high-power Wind Energy Conversion Systems","authors":"M. Díaz, R. Cárdenas, B. Mauricio Espinoza, A. Mora, F. Rojas","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113026","url":null,"abstract":"The trend of multimegawatt wind turbines has positioning multilevel converters as a promising solution for high-power Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs). Furthermore, due to the high penetration of wind energy into the electrical network, some rather strict grid regulations have been development in case of fault into the grid power. Mainly, grid codes set Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) requirements for grid connected WECS. In this scenario, this paper presents a novel modelation and control strategy to fulfil Low Voltage Ride Through requirements using a Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter for interfacing a high power wind turbine.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125563388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7113003
S. Wilkins, B. Rosca, J. Jacob, Erik Hoedmaekers
Battery Management Systems (BMSs) play a key role in the performance of both hybrid and fully electric vehicles. Typically, the role of the BMS is to help maintain safety, performance, and overall efficiency of the battery pack. One important aspect of its operation is the estimation of the state of the cells, to support functionalities such as balancing technologies and predictive energy management. Estimation of the State of Charge (SoC)/State of Health (SoH)/Thermal State of the battery play a crucial role in combination with the BMS power electronics. However, understanding the complexity of the interaction of these systems in combination with validated cell models remains an area of active research. To efficiently develop these control strategies, model based development techniques are employed combined with test results. This paper presents an approach to the assessment of cell balancing system functional specifications analysis, and BMS functionality development with respect to capacity utilisation, given differing levels of SoC estimation.
{"title":"Optimised battery capacity utilisation within Battery Management Systems","authors":"S. Wilkins, B. Rosca, J. Jacob, Erik Hoedmaekers","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7113003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7113003","url":null,"abstract":"Battery Management Systems (BMSs) play a key role in the performance of both hybrid and fully electric vehicles. Typically, the role of the BMS is to help maintain safety, performance, and overall efficiency of the battery pack. One important aspect of its operation is the estimation of the state of the cells, to support functionalities such as balancing technologies and predictive energy management. Estimation of the State of Charge (SoC)/State of Health (SoH)/Thermal State of the battery play a crucial role in combination with the BMS power electronics. However, understanding the complexity of the interaction of these systems in combination with validated cell models remains an area of active research. To efficiently develop these control strategies, model based development techniques are employed combined with test results. This paper presents an approach to the assessment of cell balancing system functional specifications analysis, and BMS functionality development with respect to capacity utilisation, given differing levels of SoC estimation.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"154 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128657312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112941
L. Vido, S. Le Ballois
The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of harmonics generated by a rectifier and a DC/DC converter on a robust and low-cost structure generator connected to an isolated load for wind applications. The machine used to convert mechanical power into electric power is a hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG). In this machine, the excitation flux is created by both permanent magnets and excitation coils, so the output voltage can be controlled by the DC excitation field. For isolated loads, it is then possible to use very reliable wind generator architecture, composed only by a HESG, a rectifier and a DC/DC converter to control the excitation flux. However, HESM are non-linear machines so, regarding their control, conventional controllers are not always sufficient to ensure a good stability and high performance. An H∞ controller is then used and designed assuming first harmonic hypothesis in order to control the wind generator in all the regions of the shaft output power versus wind speed curve. The effect of harmonics on the system robustness is then analyzed.
{"title":"Influence of rectifier and DC/DC converter on a hybrid excitation synchronous generator robust control for wind applications","authors":"L. Vido, S. Le Ballois","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112941","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of harmonics generated by a rectifier and a DC/DC converter on a robust and low-cost structure generator connected to an isolated load for wind applications. The machine used to convert mechanical power into electric power is a hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG). In this machine, the excitation flux is created by both permanent magnets and excitation coils, so the output voltage can be controlled by the DC excitation field. For isolated loads, it is then possible to use very reliable wind generator architecture, composed only by a HESG, a rectifier and a DC/DC converter to control the excitation flux. However, HESM are non-linear machines so, regarding their control, conventional controllers are not always sufficient to ensure a good stability and high performance. An H∞ controller is then used and designed assuming first harmonic hypothesis in order to control the wind generator in all the regions of the shaft output power versus wind speed curve. The effect of harmonics on the system robustness is then analyzed.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120926341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EVER.2015.7112933
C. Holtmann, F. Rinderknecht, H. Friedrich
The electrification of vehicles makes it possible to think about new concepts to substitute conventional technologies. For example in an electrical drive train, with a traction motor for each wheel mechanical friction brakes can be replaced by eddy current brakes. In this work a method for optimizing the torque density of eddy current brakes is presented. For a fast optimization process the model of the eddy current brake is split up in two levels of detail. In the first level a global model including a simplified eddy current model and a lumped parameter magnetic circuit to calculate the primary magnetic flux will be described. The second level includes a detailed eddy current model and will be described in further works. The simplified eddy current model include fitting parameters which allow to fit the torque curves to the ones of the detailed eddy current model. As a result, the method allows to optimize the entire system represented by the global model in a very fast way. The development of the global model, its verification and the method for optimizing the entire system represented by the global model is shown.
{"title":"Simplified model of eddy current brakes and its use for optimization","authors":"C. Holtmann, F. Rinderknecht, H. Friedrich","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2015.7112933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2015.7112933","url":null,"abstract":"The electrification of vehicles makes it possible to think about new concepts to substitute conventional technologies. For example in an electrical drive train, with a traction motor for each wheel mechanical friction brakes can be replaced by eddy current brakes. In this work a method for optimizing the torque density of eddy current brakes is presented. For a fast optimization process the model of the eddy current brake is split up in two levels of detail. In the first level a global model including a simplified eddy current model and a lumped parameter magnetic circuit to calculate the primary magnetic flux will be described. The second level includes a detailed eddy current model and will be described in further works. The simplified eddy current model include fitting parameters which allow to fit the torque curves to the ones of the detailed eddy current model. As a result, the method allows to optimize the entire system represented by the global model in a very fast way. The development of the global model, its verification and the method for optimizing the entire system represented by the global model is shown.","PeriodicalId":169529,"journal":{"name":"2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132216865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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