Vibriosis is a common bacterial infection in shrimp that causes mortality in hatcheries and farms. Various steps have been initiated to increase the resistance against bacterial pathogens and decrease the mortality rate through improved culture conditions and feed. Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), a blue-green alga, is a good source of protein and other nutrients and helps to improve digestion. The effects of the methanol extract of A. platensis on the survival rate and resistance against vibriosis were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract for Vibrio species and in vivo antibacterial screening were investigated using Litopenaeus vannamei. Vibrio alginolyticus was inhibited with 2000 µg mL-1 extract and the other two species were inhibited by 1500 µg mL-1 extract. Furthermore, the mortality rate and antioxidant enzyme levels of shrimps injected with pathogens reduced and increased after treatment with the methanol extract, respectively. The survival rate of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi-challenged shrimps were 33.3% and 50%, respectively, after 168 h. The survival rate of V. alginolyticus-infected shrimp reduced (16.6%) 168 h after injection. All surviving shrimp developed resistance to Vibrio pathogens. This study indicated that the bioactive compounds in A. platensis could not only effectively prevent bacterial infection, but also serve as eco-friendly and cost-effective immune stimulants.
{"title":"Effect of Methanol Extracts of Arthrospira platensis on Survival and Increased Disease Resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibriosis","authors":"Abdullah A. Al-Ghanayem","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Vibriosis is a common bacterial infection in shrimp that causes mortality in hatcheries and farms. Various steps have been initiated to increase the resistance against bacterial pathogens and decrease the mortality rate through improved culture conditions and feed. Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), a blue-green alga, is a good source of protein and other nutrients and helps to improve digestion. The effects of the methanol extract of A. platensis on the survival rate and resistance against vibriosis were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract for Vibrio species and in vivo antibacterial screening were investigated using Litopenaeus vannamei. Vibrio alginolyticus was inhibited with 2000 µg mL-1 extract and the other two species were inhibited by 1500 µg mL-1 extract. Furthermore, the mortality rate and antioxidant enzyme levels of shrimps injected with pathogens reduced and increased after treatment with the methanol extract, respectively. The survival rate of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi-challenged shrimps were 33.3% and 50%, respectively, after 168 h. The survival rate of V. alginolyticus-infected shrimp reduced (16.6%) 168 h after injection. All surviving shrimp developed resistance to Vibrio pathogens. This study indicated that the bioactive compounds in A. platensis could not only effectively prevent bacterial infection, but also serve as eco-friendly and cost-effective immune stimulants.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135411986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noelle Christelledes Santos, Ma. Eloisa Butiong Cabrera, Janry Durano Flores, Raymundo Fajardo Javier, Oliver Redondo Alaijos, Analiza Joson Molina, Christian Joseph Navarro Ong
Bioluminescent bacteria (BLB) are the most widely distributed light-emitting microorganisms, most of which are found as symbionts of free-living marine organisms, including the crustacean species. In this study, 4 out of 7 marine crustaceans in the northeastern section of Manila Bay were found to contain bioluminescent bacteria. Marine crustacean species namely Thenus orientalis (Oriental Slipper Lobster), Oratosquilla oratoria (Mantis Shrimp), Penaeus monodon (Giant Tiger Prawn), Litopenaeus vannamei (Whiteleg shrimp), Scylla serrata (Mud Crab), Portunus pelagicus (Blue Swimming Crab), and Charybdis feriata (Crucifix crab), were swabbed after collection. Bioluminescent bacteria were isolated from the inner surface of the carapace, eyes, abdomen, and abdominal segments of the crustacean samples. All glowing colonies were isolated and upscaled. Only bioluminescent bacteria from T. orientalis, O. oratoria, and P. monodon completed the isolation process and were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, results from molecular identification through Nucleotide BLAST identified that it was Vibrio alginolyticus and Mucus bacterium. At the same time, the presence of Vibrio rumoiensis was also identified which was proved to be understudied and needs exploration. This study was aimed to identify the present bioluminescent bacteria in selected marine crustaceans in Manila Bay, Philippines through microbiological isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic reconstruction.
{"title":"Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bioluminescent Bacteria Isolated from Selected Marine Crustacean in Manila Bay, Philippines","authors":"Noelle Christelledes Santos, Ma. Eloisa Butiong Cabrera, Janry Durano Flores, Raymundo Fajardo Javier, Oliver Redondo Alaijos, Analiza Joson Molina, Christian Joseph Navarro Ong","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.08","url":null,"abstract":"Bioluminescent bacteria (BLB) are the most widely distributed light-emitting microorganisms, most of which are found as symbionts of free-living marine organisms, including the crustacean species. In this study, 4 out of 7 marine crustaceans in the northeastern section of Manila Bay were found to contain bioluminescent bacteria. Marine crustacean species namely Thenus orientalis (Oriental Slipper Lobster), Oratosquilla oratoria (Mantis Shrimp), Penaeus monodon (Giant Tiger Prawn), Litopenaeus vannamei (Whiteleg shrimp), Scylla serrata (Mud Crab), Portunus pelagicus (Blue Swimming Crab), and Charybdis feriata (Crucifix crab), were swabbed after collection. Bioluminescent bacteria were isolated from the inner surface of the carapace, eyes, abdomen, and abdominal segments of the crustacean samples. All glowing colonies were isolated and upscaled. Only bioluminescent bacteria from T. orientalis, O. oratoria, and P. monodon completed the isolation process and were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, results from molecular identification through Nucleotide BLAST identified that it was Vibrio alginolyticus and Mucus bacterium. At the same time, the presence of Vibrio rumoiensis was also identified which was proved to be understudied and needs exploration. This study was aimed to identify the present bioluminescent bacteria in selected marine crustaceans in Manila Bay, Philippines through microbiological isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"SE-6 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135411852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) the most common cause of infection is lower respiratory tract infections, which account for 4.4% of hospital admissions. Among the non-fermenters, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex, cause many types of nosocomial infections. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most common emerging infection among them. The goal of this study was to isolate and speciate non-fermenting Gram-negative organisms from respiratory samples of ICU patients and to detect antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated non-fermenters. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Microbiology in collaboration with Medical Intensive Care units in Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital. A total of 200 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study conducted between March 2019 and March 2020. Culture, sensitivity, and anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed for the respiratory samples collected as per standard protocols. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49%) was the most commonly isolated non-fermenter followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (24.3%). Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, the highest percentage were ESBL producers (44.4%). Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas isolates was 33%. The study showed increased isolation of MDR non-fermenters from the ICU causing Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). To prevent VAP caused by these MDR pathogens, clinicians should follow strict infection control practices, use invasive devices on a short-term basis, and use antibiotics judiciously.
{"title":"Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Non-fermenting Gram-negative Bacilli and Molecular Analysis of Pseudomonas Species from Respiratory Samples of Intensive Care Unit Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"Umamakeshwari Dhanalakshmi Jeyaraman, Padmakumari Jagadeesan, Vinotha Sundaram, Vanaja Rebba","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"Among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) the most common cause of infection is lower respiratory tract infections, which account for 4.4% of hospital admissions. Among the non-fermenters, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex, cause many types of nosocomial infections. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most common emerging infection among them. The goal of this study was to isolate and speciate non-fermenting Gram-negative organisms from respiratory samples of ICU patients and to detect antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated non-fermenters. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Microbiology in collaboration with Medical Intensive Care units in Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital. A total of 200 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study conducted between March 2019 and March 2020. Culture, sensitivity, and anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed for the respiratory samples collected as per standard protocols. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49%) was the most commonly isolated non-fermenter followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (24.3%). Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, the highest percentage were ESBL producers (44.4%). Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas isolates was 33%. The study showed increased isolation of MDR non-fermenters from the ICU causing Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). To prevent VAP caused by these MDR pathogens, clinicians should follow strict infection control practices, use invasive devices on a short-term basis, and use antibiotics judiciously.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"76 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135412334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdessamad Sallami, Farid Rachidi, Abdelali Idrissi Lahsini, Hanane El Khedri, Allal Douira, Cherkaoui El Modafar, Leila Medraoui, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an essential role in enhancing plant growth, health and yield. In this study, we describe the isolation of PGPR associated with the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) grown in three Moroccan regions of Zouala, Errachidia, and Essaouira. In these regions, we isolated 95 PGPRs from rhizosphere of Olive trees, 78% of them were characterized by their tolerance to a salinity of 4-11%. We also found that 39% of these PGPRs were phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) with a solubilization ability greater than 100 µg/mL. In fact, Pantoea agglomerans (MRC_ZO_17) and Enterobacter ludwigii (MRC_ZO_97), showed the highest phosphate solubilization rates of ~450 µg/mL and ~196 µg/mL, respectively. In addition to their ability to solubilize phosphate, various isolates had the ability to produce Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). For instance, E. ludwigii (MRC_ZO_97) had an IAA production of ~60.48 g/mL. In the region of Zouala, characterized by relatively higher salinity and lower rate of organic matter, Firmicutes isolates account for 87% of the isolated rhizobacteria. Interestingly, we found that the olive tree-associated PGPRs vary significantly between the three sampled regions. Several rhizobacteria isolated in this study are excellent candidates for formulation as bioinocula for plants in saline soils.
{"title":"Plant Growth Promoting (PGP) Performances and Diversity of Bacterial Species Isolated from Olive (Olea europaea L.) Rhizosphere in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Morocco","authors":"Abdessamad Sallami, Farid Rachidi, Abdelali Idrissi Lahsini, Hanane El Khedri, Allal Douira, Cherkaoui El Modafar, Leila Medraoui, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an essential role in enhancing plant growth, health and yield. In this study, we describe the isolation of PGPR associated with the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) grown in three Moroccan regions of Zouala, Errachidia, and Essaouira. In these regions, we isolated 95 PGPRs from rhizosphere of Olive trees, 78% of them were characterized by their tolerance to a salinity of 4-11%. We also found that 39% of these PGPRs were phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) with a solubilization ability greater than 100 µg/mL. In fact, Pantoea agglomerans (MRC_ZO_17) and Enterobacter ludwigii (MRC_ZO_97), showed the highest phosphate solubilization rates of ~450 µg/mL and ~196 µg/mL, respectively. In addition to their ability to solubilize phosphate, various isolates had the ability to produce Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). For instance, E. ludwigii (MRC_ZO_97) had an IAA production of ~60.48 g/mL. In the region of Zouala, characterized by relatively higher salinity and lower rate of organic matter, Firmicutes isolates account for 87% of the isolated rhizobacteria. Interestingly, we found that the olive tree-associated PGPRs vary significantly between the three sampled regions. Several rhizobacteria isolated in this study are excellent candidates for formulation as bioinocula for plants in saline soils.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"36 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135411665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is a significant cause of illness worldwide and has been declared one of the top ten causes of mortality across the world. It is well known that bacteria within biofilms exhibit much higher drug resistance than individual cells. Biofilms constitute a significant threat in the clinical environment by acting as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, the formation of biofilms has been postulated to further aid in drug insensitivity and bacterial persistence within host tissues. The rapid increase in drug resistance in Mycobacteria poses a significant challenge to TB eradication and needs to be addressed soon. In this review, we have attempted to frame a general overview of mycobacterial pathogenesis, the role of biofilm formation in enhancing its shelf life, and some natural compounds and nanoparticles as emerging novel therapeutics reported to inhibit biofilm formation in mycobacteria. Therefore, we present some recent advances which might have potential applications in new treatment regimens for Tuberculosis.
{"title":"Novel Therapeutics: A Nemesis for Biofilm-forming Mycobacterium spp.","authors":"Niharika Pandey, Firoz Ahmad, Kratika Singh, Pranshu Pandey, Rolee Sharma","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is a significant cause of illness worldwide and has been declared one of the top ten causes of mortality across the world. It is well known that bacteria within biofilms exhibit much higher drug resistance than individual cells. Biofilms constitute a significant threat in the clinical environment by acting as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, the formation of biofilms has been postulated to further aid in drug insensitivity and bacterial persistence within host tissues. The rapid increase in drug resistance in Mycobacteria poses a significant challenge to TB eradication and needs to be addressed soon. In this review, we have attempted to frame a general overview of mycobacterial pathogenesis, the role of biofilm formation in enhancing its shelf life, and some natural compounds and nanoparticles as emerging novel therapeutics reported to inhibit biofilm formation in mycobacteria. Therefore, we present some recent advances which might have potential applications in new treatment regimens for Tuberculosis.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in various industrial and biomedical fields is increasing exponentially. As a result, research examining the potentially toxic impact of these NPs on human health is also increasing. Cytochrome P450 (P450s) enzymes are important for the endogenous and exogenous molecules metabolism. Inhibition or induction of these enzymes affects xenobiotic detoxification and causes clinically significant drug toxicity or therapeutic failures. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are the most frequently used biomarker for liver injury and their induction is an important indicator of hepatotoxicity. This review aims to understand the existing literature relevant to the effect of metallic NPs on P450s, ALT and AST (aminotransferases) enzymes. It was found that the predominant effect of metallic NPs is the inhibition of the CYP 450 gene and protein expression and induction of aminotransferases, which highlights their potential interaction and induction of drug-associated toxicity as well as their hepatotoxicity. However, further studies are recommended to investigate the effect of NPs size, morphology, surface area, charge, and NPs coating on the expression of these enzymes.
{"title":"The Interactions between Metallic Nanoparticles and Cytochrome P450, Alanine Aminotransferase, and Aspartate Aminotransferase Enzymes","authors":"Hayat A. Al-Btoush","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.03","url":null,"abstract":"The use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in various industrial and biomedical fields is increasing exponentially. As a result, research examining the potentially toxic impact of these NPs on human health is also increasing. Cytochrome P450 (P450s) enzymes are important for the endogenous and exogenous molecules metabolism. Inhibition or induction of these enzymes affects xenobiotic detoxification and causes clinically significant drug toxicity or therapeutic failures. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are the most frequently used biomarker for liver injury and their induction is an important indicator of hepatotoxicity. This review aims to understand the existing literature relevant to the effect of metallic NPs on P450s, ALT and AST (aminotransferases) enzymes. It was found that the predominant effect of metallic NPs is the inhibition of the CYP 450 gene and protein expression and induction of aminotransferases, which highlights their potential interaction and induction of drug-associated toxicity as well as their hepatotoxicity. However, further studies are recommended to investigate the effect of NPs size, morphology, surface area, charge, and NPs coating on the expression of these enzymes.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining proper sanitation and behavior of food handlers is crucial in determining the quality of food. In addition, the presence of Escherichia coli indicates food contamination, which can lead to foodborne illness. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of sanitation hygiene and food handlers’ behavior on the occurrence of Escherichia coli contamination in food served to children at Elementary Schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). In this study, an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design was employed. The population consisted of 78 individuals involved in selling children’s food during the January 2023 period. The sample consisted of 43 food vendors who were selected using a purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria were respondents who sell food in Elementary Schools and MI, and the exclusion criteria were those who sell covered or packaged food. Data were collected through observation sheets and interviews, and data analysis involved both univariate and bivariate methods, using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 31 respondents (72.1%) adhered to sanitary hygiene requirements, 33 respondents (76.7%) fulfilled the criteria for food handlers’ behavior, and 9 respondents (20.9%) had their food contaminated with Escherichia coli. There is a relationship between sanitation hygiene and Escherichia coli contamination in children’s food in Elementary Schools and MI (p-value = 0.00). Additionally, a correlation was observed between food handlers’ behavior and Escherichia coli contamination in food served at both types of schools (p-value = 0.00). These results emphasized the importance of street food vendors consistently prioritizing and implementing proper food sanitation, hygiene and healthy practices. This method was crucial to prevent Escherichia coli contamination and ensure the safety of the food served to children.
{"title":"Sanitary Hygiene and Behavior of Food Handlers in the Presence of Escherichia coli Bacteria","authors":"Cucu Herawati, Heni Endayani, Suzana Indragiri, Iin Kristanti, None Supriatin, Nuniek Tri Wahyuni, Awis Hamid Dani, Isna Hikmawati","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.05","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining proper sanitation and behavior of food handlers is crucial in determining the quality of food. In addition, the presence of Escherichia coli indicates food contamination, which can lead to foodborne illness. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of sanitation hygiene and food handlers’ behavior on the occurrence of Escherichia coli contamination in food served to children at Elementary Schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). In this study, an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design was employed. The population consisted of 78 individuals involved in selling children’s food during the January 2023 period. The sample consisted of 43 food vendors who were selected using a purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria were respondents who sell food in Elementary Schools and MI, and the exclusion criteria were those who sell covered or packaged food. Data were collected through observation sheets and interviews, and data analysis involved both univariate and bivariate methods, using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 31 respondents (72.1%) adhered to sanitary hygiene requirements, 33 respondents (76.7%) fulfilled the criteria for food handlers’ behavior, and 9 respondents (20.9%) had their food contaminated with Escherichia coli. There is a relationship between sanitation hygiene and Escherichia coli contamination in children’s food in Elementary Schools and MI (p-value = 0.00). Additionally, a correlation was observed between food handlers’ behavior and Escherichia coli contamination in food served at both types of schools (p-value = 0.00). These results emphasized the importance of street food vendors consistently prioritizing and implementing proper food sanitation, hygiene and healthy practices. This method was crucial to prevent Escherichia coli contamination and ensure the safety of the food served to children.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dhritiman Chanda, G.D. Sharma, Nikkan Chakraborty, Raja Kumar
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a neuro-invasive virus causing lifelong latent infection in humans. It increases the risk of dementia by entering inside the brain. Herpesviruses have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. More than 50 million people worldwide are affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is becoming more prevalent with the increase age-related neurodegenerative diseases, dementia, etc. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD as well as its early detection. HSV-1 is a risk factor of for the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, prior diagnosis of disease cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in brain tissue will help us to prevent AD in elderly patients. Serological assays were the first choice of detection including whole-antigen-based (non-gG-specific) methods and western blotting (WB) assays, but quantitative PCR (qPCR) & genomic sequencing has shown better efficiency. Recently RNAscope, a novel in situ RNA hybridization assay is developed to visualize and detect the multiple phases of HSV-1. In this review, we discussed about early detection of tau and β-amyloid protein which are biomarkers of AD and track the deposition of amyloid plaques reminiscent in brain. We also discussed the current work on HSV detection through RNAscope hybridization technique & summarized the role of dietary habits as a precautionary measure of the infection as well as anthropological diversification of dementia in India and factors influencing it. We also pointed out some knowledge gaps that are further required to be taken after detection of the infection.
{"title":"A Review on Contentious Role of HSV1 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Natural Dietary Benefits to Prevent HSV","authors":"Dhritiman Chanda, G.D. Sharma, Nikkan Chakraborty, Raja Kumar","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a neuro-invasive virus causing lifelong latent infection in humans. It increases the risk of dementia by entering inside the brain. Herpesviruses have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. More than 50 million people worldwide are affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is becoming more prevalent with the increase age-related neurodegenerative diseases, dementia, etc. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD as well as its early detection. HSV-1 is a risk factor of for the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, prior diagnosis of disease cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in brain tissue will help us to prevent AD in elderly patients. Serological assays were the first choice of detection including whole-antigen-based (non-gG-specific) methods and western blotting (WB) assays, but quantitative PCR (qPCR) & genomic sequencing has shown better efficiency. Recently RNAscope, a novel in situ RNA hybridization assay is developed to visualize and detect the multiple phases of HSV-1. In this review, we discussed about early detection of tau and β-amyloid protein which are biomarkers of AD and track the deposition of amyloid plaques reminiscent in brain. We also discussed the current work on HSV detection through RNAscope hybridization technique & summarized the role of dietary habits as a precautionary measure of the infection as well as anthropological diversification of dementia in India and factors influencing it. We also pointed out some knowledge gaps that are further required to be taken after detection of the infection.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sulakshana Sony Cheemala, Aarthi Vara, M. Swarajya Lakshmi, Shilpa Pradhan, K. Kalyani
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram negative bacteria (GNB) has become a critical health concern across the globe. Unveiling of β-lactamase, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria has led to the development of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO’s). Carbapenems are considered to be very effective in morbid infections caused by MDRO’s. Now, the upsurge of carbapenem resistance among GNB is an issue of concern as these infections are very difficult to treat. Rapid and reliable methods to detect these CPO’s in all Microbiology laboratories is essential to streamline the antimicrobial therapy. Accordingly, this study is conducted to determine the enormity of CPO’s among clinical isolates by various phenotypic tests along with differentiation of serine β-lactamases from metallo-β-lactamases. This is a Prospective Cross-sectional study meticulously planned & conducted for a period of one year. Among the 76 suspected Carbapenemase Producing Organisms (CPO’s), 42% were Klebsiella spp. followed by Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Citrobacter spp. (5%) and Proteus spp. (4%). Out of the total isolates 82% of the isolates were confirmed as CPO’s by Carba NP test, whereas 93% by mCIM test. 53% of the total isolates tested were Serine-β-lactamase producers and 41% were Metallo-β-lactamase producers. In conclusion, Carba NP test and mCIM in conjunction with eCIM test could be considered as reliable phenotypic diagnostic methods for carbapenemase detection to guide the clinicians for initiating antibiotic therapy.
{"title":"Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Gram Negative Bacilli from Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Telangana","authors":"Sulakshana Sony Cheemala, Aarthi Vara, M. Swarajya Lakshmi, Shilpa Pradhan, K. Kalyani","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.07","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram negative bacteria (GNB) has become a critical health concern across the globe. Unveiling of β-lactamase, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria has led to the development of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO’s). Carbapenems are considered to be very effective in morbid infections caused by MDRO’s. Now, the upsurge of carbapenem resistance among GNB is an issue of concern as these infections are very difficult to treat. Rapid and reliable methods to detect these CPO’s in all Microbiology laboratories is essential to streamline the antimicrobial therapy. Accordingly, this study is conducted to determine the enormity of CPO’s among clinical isolates by various phenotypic tests along with differentiation of serine β-lactamases from metallo-β-lactamases. This is a Prospective Cross-sectional study meticulously planned & conducted for a period of one year. Among the 76 suspected Carbapenemase Producing Organisms (CPO’s), 42% were Klebsiella spp. followed by Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Citrobacter spp. (5%) and Proteus spp. (4%). Out of the total isolates 82% of the isolates were confirmed as CPO’s by Carba NP test, whereas 93% by mCIM test. 53% of the total isolates tested were Serine-β-lactamase producers and 41% were Metallo-β-lactamase producers. In conclusion, Carba NP test and mCIM in conjunction with eCIM test could be considered as reliable phenotypic diagnostic methods for carbapenemase detection to guide the clinicians for initiating antibiotic therapy.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sreeja Vamsi, Usha Rani Ramavath, B. Rama Chandra Reddy, Mukesh Gandhari, Y. Raja Ratna Reddy
Recent emergence of carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria (CRNFGNB) predominantly Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species are responsible for significant proportion of nosocomial infections with increased mortality. Of the various mechanisms known, carbapenemases especially metallo beta lactamase (MBL) mediated resistance is the most concerning because of its easy transmissibility via mobile genetic elements and lack of MBL inhibitors for clinical use. In the present study we determined to estimate the prevalence of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species, their resistance mechanisms by phenotypic tests and synergistic studies with Colistin and carbapenems combination by checkerboard assay. Carbapenem resistance among these two bacteria is 53.2% being isolated predominantly from pus and endotracheal secretions and from patients within the age group of less than 9 years (44%) and more than 60 years (23%). The incidence of carbapenemase and MBL production in NFGNB is 89.8% and 87.9%, respectively. Only Colistin and Tigecycline show significant antibacterial activity while most of the tested antibiotics were found to be least effective against carbapenem resistant NFGNB. Colistin and Imipenem combination demonstrated synergistic activity in majority of the NFGNB species; however, translation of such in vitro efficacy models into highly variable in vivo conditions could be possible only with strong clinical support.
{"title":"Efficacy of Colistin with Carbapenems Combination by Checkerboard Assay against Carbapenem Resistant Non Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacteria","authors":"K. Sreeja Vamsi, Usha Rani Ramavath, B. Rama Chandra Reddy, Mukesh Gandhari, Y. Raja Ratna Reddy","doi":"10.22207/jpam.17.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.17.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"Recent emergence of carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria (CRNFGNB) predominantly Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species are responsible for significant proportion of nosocomial infections with increased mortality. Of the various mechanisms known, carbapenemases especially metallo beta lactamase (MBL) mediated resistance is the most concerning because of its easy transmissibility via mobile genetic elements and lack of MBL inhibitors for clinical use. In the present study we determined to estimate the prevalence of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species, their resistance mechanisms by phenotypic tests and synergistic studies with Colistin and carbapenems combination by checkerboard assay. Carbapenem resistance among these two bacteria is 53.2% being isolated predominantly from pus and endotracheal secretions and from patients within the age group of less than 9 years (44%) and more than 60 years (23%). The incidence of carbapenemase and MBL production in NFGNB is 89.8% and 87.9%, respectively. Only Colistin and Tigecycline show significant antibacterial activity while most of the tested antibiotics were found to be least effective against carbapenem resistant NFGNB. Colistin and Imipenem combination demonstrated synergistic activity in majority of the NFGNB species; however, translation of such in vitro efficacy models into highly variable in vivo conditions could be possible only with strong clinical support.","PeriodicalId":16968,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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