Journal of Saudi Chemical Society最新文献

Hippuric acid is a biotransformation product in humans which is excreted through urine. Dietary intake of phenolic compounds increases its concentration in urine. Hippuric acid is experimentally proved to be a regulator of calcium oxalate super saturation in human urine and has a solvent effect on oxalate salts. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used analgesics employed in associated renal colic of urolithiasis. The objective of the present study was to chemically link hippuric acid through anhydride linkage to various NSAIDs to synthesize potential mutual prodrugs for urolithiasis and associated renal colic. Hippuric acid was linked to eleven NSAIDs through anhydride linkage by first synthesizing hippuryl chloride using oxalyl chloride as chlorinating agent, followed by its reaction with sodium salts of NSAIDs. Structures of obtained compounds were elucidated using UV spectrophotometry, FTIR spectrometry, 1H NMR and C-13 NMR spectrometry. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, in vivo acute toxicity, in vivo antiurolithic, in vivo analgesic and in vitro hydrolysis studies. Molecular docking analysis on TNF-α and COX-2 was carried out to determine target protein binding. Synthesized compounds showed stability at acidic pH which indicate potential gastro protective effect of synthesized conjugates. Compounds P9 an P6 showed maximum in vivo antiurolithic activity while P9 and P8 showed maximum in vitro antioxidant activity. All the conjugates except P2 showed significant analgesic activity which show that conjugation of hippuric acid to NSAIDs did not result in loss of analgesic potential. Docking studies showed better affinity with TNF-α as compared to COX-2.

The escalating issue of infectious agents developing resistance to traditional antibiotics has spurred ongoing research into effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial solutions. This study focuses on the fabrication of silver-zinc oxide Nanohybrids (A-ZnO-NHs) with varying silver content (1 %, 3 %, 5 %) using a simplified modified sol–gel method, further enhanced by a green synthesis approach utilizing orange peel extract for the generation of silver nanoparticles. The physicochemical characteristics of the A-ZnO-NCs were thoroughly examined. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the presence of Ag nanoparticles within the zinc oxide and scanning electron microscopy revealed the nanoscale silver particles uniformly distributed on the spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the Ag-ZnO-NCHs ranged in size from 10 to 20 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of strong chemical bonds between the silver and zinc oxide surfaces in the nanohybrids. This study explored into the structural, morphological, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A-ZnO-NHs at different compositions. The bactericidal efficiency of the A-ZnO-NHs was assessed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The impact of the A-ZnO-NHs on the cellular structure and chemical composition of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was also explored. The findings revealed that the A-ZnO-NHs with 3 % silver content demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus compared to other compositions and pure zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity decreases when the concentration of silver increases because the silver particles agglomerate together, reducing their surface area and lessening their effectiveness as antibacterial agents, despite their potential for various applications.

To accurately diagnose and evaluate the degree of myocardial injury and predict myocardial infarction disease, the rapid and sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is required. Therefore, a label-less electrochemical aptasensor was prepared for cTnI determination. Ionic liquid 1-hydroxyethy l-3- methyl imidazole four fluorine boric acid salt (IL)-reduced graphene oxide − four ethylene oxidation reduction five amine (rGO-TEPA)/silica (SiO₂)- gold platinum (AuPt) (IL-rGO-TEPA/SiO₂-AuPt) nanocomposites were synthetized as the substrate nanocomposite and were characterized using a series of characterization methods. The performance of the prepared aptasensor was characterized through electrochemical methods. Result displayed that better substrate materials were synthesized, and the prepared electrochemical aptasensor showed excellent electrochemical performance. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical aptasensor had a salient analytical performance. The electrochemical signals linearly decreased with the logarithm of the cTnI concentration between the 0.5 pg·mL⁻¹ and 1 × 10⁶ pg·mL⁻¹ concentration range (R² value = 0.9955) and the aptasensor had a wide detection range (0.5 ∼ 1 × 10⁶ pg·mL⁻¹) and a low detection limit of 0.4 pg·mL⁻¹. At the same time, the aptasensor had good selectivity, repeatability and stability. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values ranged from 3.45 % ∼ 4.97 % and the recovery rate was 97.5 % ∼ 103 % in human serum samples, the RSD values of the spiked recovery and ELISA method were less than 5 %. This study provides a new theoretical basis and method for the clinical detection of cTnI.

Ammonium salt vanadium precipitation process has excellent performance in industrial production, but its shortcomings such as high cost and environmental impact are not conducive to sustainable development. In this paper, ethylenediamine was selected as the precipitant, and vanadate was precipitated from acidic simulated vanadium-rich solutions by the ammonium salt precipitation process. The high purity V₂O₅ product was obtained after calcination. Under optimal conditions, the precipitation rate of vanadium reached 94.8 %, and the purity of vanadium was as high as 99.1 %. The vanadium precipitation product was hexamethyl ammonium, and the vanadium product was V₂O₅. It can be derived by the differential method that the reaction order was n = 2.4, the reaction rate equation was $C_V^{-1.4}=kt+a$, and the apparent activation energy was 27.8097 kJ/mol, which can be classified as the diffusion-controlled reaction. This innovative process enables a savings of 5050 yuan per ton of V₂O₅. On this basis, a complete V₂O₅ production process with zero waste discharge was designed.

In the dynamic area of drug development, researchers have been urged to uncover and test novel compounds with better effectiveness and fewer side effects in order to find more effective cancer treatments. In this comprehensive study, the synthesis and anticancer efficacy of new benzothiazole-thiazole have been displayed. Initially, a series of benzothiazole-thiazole conjugates 5a-c, 7a-b, and 8 were carefully designed and synthesized from the versatile 6-acetyl-2-phenylsulfonamidobenzothiazole (2), following the guidelines of rational design principles. The DFT/B3LYP approach showed that the synthesized hybrids had a non-planar configuration, where the benzene-sulfonamide group was oriented almost perpendicularly. The tested derivatives exhibited close HOMO-LUMO energies leading to small energy gaps (ΔE_H-L = 1.54–2.97 eV). Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the newly synthesized conjugates were tested on four cancer cell lines, including HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and WI38. Conjugates 5a and 8 had strong inhibitory effects on the HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. Additionally, the synthesized conjugates showed inhibitory action against CAIX and CAXII, where conjugate 8 also effectively inhibited both isoforms, as well as, conjugate 5a. Molecular docking analysis was performed to study the binding affinities and interactions of the newly synthesized benzothiazole-thiazole conjugates with the target PDB: 5fl4 protein. Moreover, the ADME outlines of the inspected conjugates were displayed, and conjugates 2 and 6 showed suitable characteristics for GI absorption and minor violations of Lipinski’s rules; thus, they are promising lead compounds.

Complex, kinetically stable emulsions with an average droplet size of 50–100 nm and a mean droplet diameter of 50–1000 nm is known as nanoemulsions. They are often referred to as tiny submicron, ultrafine, or finely dispersed emulsions; they have a tyndal effect and are transparent to the naked eye. Antimicrobial nanoemulsion is a type of o/w emulsion system that is stabilized by surfactants and alcohols that are used as co-surfactants. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, such as viruses (such as herpes simplex and HIV), fungi (such as Candida and dermatophytes), and bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus). The nanoemulsion droplets were designed to fuse by electrostatic attraction and a thermodynamic mechanism with lipid-coated microorganisms. The active component and the trapped energy generated by the nanoemulsion break down the pathogen’s lipid membrane when a sufficient number of nanoparticles fuse with the pathogens, resulting in cell lysis and the eventual death of the invasion microorganisms. Because there is less surfactant in each droplet, the targeted bacteria become unstable without endangering the healthy cells, giving the nanoemulsions a safety margin. Nanoemulsion has many benefits, such as being clear, biocompatible, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, able to hold drugs, release them slowly and steadily, being nanometrically small, having a large surface area, being easy to make, and being thermodynamically stable.

The non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) chromophores have sparked scientific and economic interest, due to their rapid advancements in power conversion efficiencies. Therefore, a series of new chlorothiazole based compounds (STM1-STM6) with A1–π–A2–π–A1 configuration was designed using reference chromophore (STMR). Structural modifications were made via incorporating selenophene and extended acceptor units, to enhance photovoltaic response in the designed materials. Density functional theory/time dependent-density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) calculations were executed at M06/6-311G (d,p) level to investigate key electronic and photovoltaic properties of STM1-STM6. So, various analyses such as UV–Visible, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), transition density matrix (TDM), density of states (DOS), open circuit voltage (V_oc) and binding energy (E_b) were conducted to comprehend the photovoltaic properties. The designing in structural aspects with terminal acceptors and π-linker induced a reduction in energy gaps (ΔE = 2.078–2.237 eV) with an enhancement in the bathochromic shift (λ_max = 744.650–798.250 nm in chloroform) than reference compound. A higher exciton dissociation rate was observed in all the compounds due to lower binding energy values (E_b = 0.525–0.572 eV). Additionally, TDM and DOS findings further endorsed the effective charge delocalization from HOMO to LUMO. Among all the examined compounds, STM3 exhibited the smallest band gap (2.078 eV), highest absorption maxima (798.250 nm), and the lowest exciton binding energy (0.525 eV), indicating significant electronic properties. Moreover, V_oc analysis was conducted with respect to HOMO_PBDBT-LUMO_acceptor for all the designed chromophores; consequently, STM2 demonstrated a substantial V_oc value of 1.647 V. Similarly, electron hole analysis was also conducted and significant electron and hole density was observed in all the investigated compounds, especially in STM2. The entitled compounds with photovoltaic potential would be considered as promising materials for the development of solar energy devices.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant global health challenge, necessitating the exploration of novel chemical entities or innovative therapeutic approaches targeting diverse signaling mechanisms. In this study, our focus was on developing a series of ureido/thioureido derivatives with a 4-phenylthiazol-2-amine scaffold to design structurally innovative candidates for HCC treatment, drawing inspiration from the structural characteristics of type II inhibitors like Sorafenib. The synthesized compounds underwent comprehensive evaluation for their antiproliferative activities against human MCF7, HepG2, QGY7703, SMMC-7721, Huh-7, and PLC cells. Additionally, investigations into the molecular targets of selected compounds were conducted. Notably, compound 31 emerged as a standout performer, displaying an IC₅₀ of 0.94 ± 0.29 μM against HepG2 cells, surpassing the efficacy of Sorafenib (1.62 ± 0.27 μM). Further investigations revealed its capability for G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis induction, and significant inhibition of cell cloning and migration in HepG2 cells. Moreover, compound 31 exhibited a notable positive effect on IGF1R, with a significant inhibitory activity of 69.22 % at a concentration of 10 μM. Molecular docking analyses revealed a stronger affinity between compound 31 and the receptor compared to the IGF1R inhibitor OZN2290. In conclusion, compound 31 emerges as a promising candidate for HCC treatment.

A new series of cis-dihydroxy-indeno[1,2-d]imidazolone compounds with distinct structures were synthesized to investigate their potential as inhibitors of the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using IR, Mass, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR, and in silico screening, including molecular docking, DFT studies using the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) basis set in the gas phase drug likeness scores, and molecular dynamic simulation studies, was performed to evaluate protein–ligand interactions and determine the stability of the top-ranked conformation. Our results suggested that compound 4 g, among these compounds, has the potential to be a novel GSK-3 inhibitor as an anticancer agent.

The synthesis of tetrahydrospiro[pyrazole-4,5′-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine] derivatives using Mg/Fe-LDH as a heterogeneous catalyst was reported. This methodology used for the condensation of pyrazolones with aldehydes in a basic medium and with the presence of the Mg/Fe-LDH catalyst presents many benefits, such as the fact of using a reusable and low-cost catalyst, environmentally friendly conditions, short reaction times and excellent yields. It has been verified and confirmed that the catalyst is relatively stable and allows its reuse without additional treatment. Condensation has been carried out with different aldehydes and bis-pyrazolone derivatives have been obtained with yields ranging from 71 to 91% of purified product. The stereo impedance of the adduct formed prevents subsequent condensation.