Journal of Risk Research最新文献_第10页

Regulating through disclosure: the case of food hygiene barometer ratings in China 通过披露进行监管：以中国食品卫生晴雨表评级为例

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170451

Li Wang, D. Demeritt, H. Rothstein

Abstract This paper provides the first assessment of China’s twenty-year experiment with food hygiene barometer rating systems, originally developed in the West for publicly communicating the grades awarded by food safety inspectors to individual businesses. This approach to regulating through disclosure is often celebrated for efficiently ‘nudging’ improved business compliance by empowering consumers to make ‘better’ decisions, but little is known about disclosure-based regulation in China or other low- and middle-income countries. Combining policy document and quantitative social media analysis with key informant interviews (n = 35), we show that barometers have failed to improve hygiene in China’s rapidly expanding private food sector: more than 75% of restaurants in four diverse case-study localities remain merely ‘Adequate’ with many of those unable in practice to meet basic safety standards. This is because regulatory implementation has been hesitant and unreliable; consumers ignore or distrust barometers; and food businesses lack the capacity and competitive incentive to improve. That failure to empower consumer sovereignty and leverage business behaviour change, however, also reflects how barometers – despite their liberal individualist conceit - were adapted to China’s revolutionary ‘mass line’ traditions of societal supervision of government regulators as much as food businesses. We conclude that barometers – far from being a ‘light-touch’ alternative to command-and-control regulation- require significant governance capacity, which may be lacking in low- and middle-income countries that struggle to conduct even basic regulatory oversight. Disclosure-based regulation also requires high levels of economic development, formalisation and trust to inculcate consumer and business responsiveness to information disclosures. Finally, our paper contributes to debates about risk communication and regulation by drawing the novel conclusion that the conceits underpinning seemingly universal tools of regulating through disclosure, get adapted to national state traditions and norms in ways that are far removed from their origins.

摘要:本文首次对中国食品卫生晴雨表评级系统进行了20年的试验，该系统最初是在西方开发的，用于向个体企业公开传达食品安全检查员授予的等级。这种通过信息披露进行监管的方法常常被称赞为通过赋予消费者做出“更好”决策的权力，有效地“推动”改善了企业的合规性，但人们对中国或其他中低收入国家基于信息披露的监管知之甚少。结合政策文件、定量社交媒体分析和关键信息者访谈(n = 35)，我们发现，在中国迅速扩张的私营食品行业，“晴雨表”未能改善卫生状况:在四个不同的案例研究地区，超过75%的餐馆仅处于“合格”状态，其中许多餐馆在实践中无法达到基本的安全标准。这是因为监管执行一直犹豫不决且不可靠;消费者忽视或不信任晴雨表;食品企业缺乏能力和竞争激励来改进。然而，未能赋予消费者主权和推动企业行为改变，也反映出，尽管这些指标具有自由个人主义的自负，但它们是如何适应中国革命的“群众路线”传统的，即社会对政府监管机构和食品企业进行监督。我们得出的结论是，“晴雨表”远非命令和控制监管的“轻触式”替代方案，它需要强大的治理能力，而低收入和中等收入国家可能缺乏这种能力，它们甚至难以进行基本的监管监督。基于信息披露的监管还需要高水平的经济发展、规范化和信任，以灌输消费者和企业对信息披露的反应。最后，我们的论文通过得出一个新颖的结论，即支持通过披露进行监管的看似普遍的工具的自负，以与其起源相去甚远的方式适应了民族国家的传统和规范，从而促进了关于风险沟通和监管的辩论。

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引用次数: 0

Crises social sensing: longitudinal monitoring of social perceptions of systemic risk during public health crisis 危机社会感知:公共卫生危机期间对系统性风险的社会感知的纵向监测

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170450

Rui Gaspar, S. Domingos, Hugo Toscano, Jessica Filipe, G. Leiras, B. Raposo, Cícero Pereira, Cristina Godinho, Rita Francisco, Claudia Silva, M. Arriaga

Abstract Monitoring how different people – as ‘social sensors’ – evaluate and respond to crisis such as pandemics, allows tailoring crisis communication to the social perceptions of the situation, at different moments. To gather such evidence, we proposed a index of social perceptions of systemic risk (SPSR), as an indicator of a situational threat compromising risks to physical health, psychological health, the economy, social relations, health system, and others. This indicator was the core of a social sensing approach applied to crisis situations, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic through a content analysis of more than 130.000 public comments from Facebook™ users, in COVID-19 related publications. This content coding allowed creating a SPSR index monitored during a one-year descriptive longitudinal analysis. This index correlated with co-occurring events within the social system, namely epidemiological indicators across measurement cycles (e.g. new deaths; cumulative number of infection cases; Intensive Care Unit hospitalizations) and tended to reflect the epidemiological situation severity (e.g. with the highest level registered during the worst pandemic wave). However, discrepancies also occurred, with high SPSR registered in a low severity situation, i.e. low number of hospitalizations and deaths (e.g. school year beginning), or low SPSR in a high severity situation (e.g. 2nd pandemic wave during Christmas), showing other factors beyond the epidemiological situation contributing to the social perceptions. After each ‘crisis period’ with SPSR peaking, there was a ‘restoration period’, consistently decreasing towards average levels of the previous measurement cycle. This can either indicate social resilience (recovery and resources potentiation) or risk attenuation after a high-severity period. This study serves as preliminary proof of concept of a crises social sensing approach, enabling monitoring of social system dynamics for various crisis types, such as health crisis or the climate crisis.

监测不同的人——作为“社会传感器”——如何评估和应对诸如流行病之类的危机，可以根据不同时刻对形势的社会感知来调整危机沟通。为了收集这些证据，我们提出了一个系统性风险的社会感知指数(SPSR)，作为对身体健康、心理健康、经济、社会关系、卫生系统和其他方面危害风险的情境威胁的指标。该指标是一项适用于危机局势的社会感知方法的核心，该方法在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间通过对Facebook™用户在2019冠状病毒病相关出版物中发表的13万多条公众评论进行内容分析而实施。该内容编码允许创建在为期一年的描述性纵向分析期间监测的SPSR指数。该指数与社会系统内共同发生的事件相关，即跨测量周期的流行病学指标(例如，新死亡;累计感染病例数;重症监护病房住院)，并倾向于反映流行病学情况的严重程度(例如，在最严重的大流行浪潮期间登记的最高水平)。然而，也存在差异，在严重程度较低的情况下，即住院和死亡人数较低(如学年开始)，或在严重程度较高的情况下(如圣诞节期间的第二次大流行浪潮)，登记的特殊防范风险较高，这表明除流行病学情况外，还有其他因素影响了社会看法。在SPSR达到峰值的每个“危机期”之后，都有一个“恢复期”，不断向前一个测量周期的平均水平下降。这既可以表明社会弹性(恢复和资源增强)，也可以表明在高严重性时期后风险的衰减。本研究作为危机社会感知方法概念的初步证明，能够监测各种危机类型(如健康危机或气候危机)的社会系统动态。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the effects of information insufficiency on residents’ intention to seek information about waste-to-energy incineration projects 探讨信息不足对居民寻求垃圾焚烧项目信息意愿的影响

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170454

Jing Zeng, Mengyue Li, Xiyu Pu, Liangjun Liu

Abstract Waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration provides an efficient and sustainable solution for disposing of municipal waste. However, the planning and construction of WTE incineration projects are prone to generating strong opposition from neighbors because of the potential environmental and health risks. From the standpoint of risk communication, this study explores the core determinants of information seeking intention regarding WTE incineration projects. The hypothesized model emphasizing the important role of information insufficiency is constructed based on the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model. The relationships between information seeking intention and core components are investigated using a survey of 1726 residents. The structural equation modeling results show that perceived current knowledge, perceived risk, negative emotion, perceived information gathering capacity, informational subjective norms, information insufficiency, and relevant channel beliefs are the primary predictors of intention to seek information. Additionally, the results indicate that information insufficiency has a mediating effect on the direction of intention to seek information. Relevant channel beliefs, in particular, affect information seeking intention indirectly through information insufficiency. Moreover, negative emotions such as ‘worry’ and ‘annoyance’ have different impacts on information insufficiency. ‘Worry’ positively influences information insufficiency, but ‘annoyance’ would be negatively related to information insufficiency. The theoretical implications are discussed, as well as practical guidance on risk communication.

摘要垃圾焚烧为处理城市垃圾提供了一种高效、可持续的解决方案。然而，由于潜在的环境和健康风险，WTE焚烧项目的规划和建设容易引起邻居的强烈反对。从风险沟通的角度，本研究探讨了WTE焚烧项目信息寻求意向的核心决定因素。在风险信息寻求与处理模型的基础上，构建了强调信息不足重要作用的假设模型。通过对1726名居民的调查，调查了信息寻求意向与核心成分之间的关系。结构方程建模结果表明，感知的当前知识、感知的风险、负面情绪、感知的信息收集能力、信息主观规范、信息不足和相关渠道信念是寻求信息意图的主要预测因素。此外，研究结果表明，信息不足对寻求信息的意向方向具有中介作用。尤其是相关渠道信念通过信息不足间接影响信息寻求意向。此外，“担忧”和“烦恼”等负面情绪对信息不足有不同的影响忧虑与信息不足呈正相关，烦恼与信息不足负相关。讨论了风险沟通的理论含义以及实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Rationales of risk and uncertainty and their epistemological foundation by new phenomenology 风险与不确定性的理性及其新现象学的认识论基础

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2162105

Manuel Schulz, J. Zinn

Abstract Risk studies have shown that many people rather than following rational means of managing risk refer to non-rational (hope, faith) and in-between rationales (trust, intuition), which are not irrational but reasonable and based on subjective experiences, which are difficult to overcome by the communication of mere expert knowledge. We suggest that the problem of analyzing subjective risk management can be itemized as a result of the tension between subjective and objectified forms of certitudes. To clarify this distinction, the article turns to the New Phenomenology of Hermann Schmitz for outlining the different epistemological foundations of rational, non-rational and in-between rationales. We then develop a model of three different forms of knowledge that are involved in subjective risk management and elaborate the basic neo-phenomenological distinction of subjective and objective facts by differentiating the latter ones into rational and non-rational ones. We conclude with considering consequences of these epistemological challenges for risk communication.

风险研究表明，许多人不是遵循理性的风险管理手段，而是指非理性(希望、信念)和中间理性(信任、直觉)，它们不是非理性的，而是合理的，是基于主观经验的，仅靠专业知识的交流是难以克服的。我们认为，分析主观风险管理的问题可以逐项列出，因为确定性的主观形式和客观形式之间存在紧张关系。为了澄清这一区别，本文转向赫尔曼·施密茨的《新现象学》，概述了理性、非理性和中间理性的不同认识论基础。然后，我们建立了一个涉及主观风险管理的三种不同形式的知识的模型，并通过将后者区分为理性和非理性，详细阐述了主观和客观事实的基本新现象学区分。最后，我们考虑了这些认识论挑战对风险沟通的影响。

引用次数: 2

Influences of PM2.5 pollution on the public’s negative emotions, risk perceptions, and coping behaviors: a cross-national study in China and Korea PM2.5污染对公众负面情绪、风险认知和应对行为的影响：中韩两国的跨国家研究

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2162106

Jia Chen, Lin Wang, Haiying Wang, Heechan Kang, Moon-Hyon Hwang, Do Gyun Lee

Abstract This study is a cross-national study and aimed to investigate how perception of PM2.5 air pollution influences public’s avoidant and protective behaviors, whether there are correlations between the public’s PM2.5 negative emotions, risk perception and coping behaviors, and whether there are significant differences between China and Korea. To better understand the mechanisms of coping behaviors related to the risk of PM2.5 exposure, the study divided coping behaviors into avoidant behaviors, which reduce exposure to PM2.5, and protective behaviors, which reduce the health hazards of PM2.5, for more specific analysis. Three hypotheses were proposed. The results of a comparative analysis showed differences in the mechanisms mediating the relationship between PM2.5 risk perceptions and coping behaviors, between the Chinese and Korean participants. The positive correlation between risk perception and coping behaviors was partially supported, and the ‘negative emotions-risk perception-risk coping behavior’ explanatory pathway was partially supported as well. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the psychology of the public affected by PM2.5 and aid in better communicating the risks of and effective response to the impact of PM2.5 pollution.

摘要本研究是一项跨国家研究，旨在调查PM2.5空气污染感知如何影响公众的回避和保护行为，公众的PM2.5负面情绪、风险感知和应对行为之间是否存在相关性，以及中韩之间是否存在显著差异。为了更好地了解应对行为与PM2.5暴露风险相关的机制，该研究将应对行为分为回避型行为和保护型行为，前者减少PM2.5暴露，后者减少PM2.5对健康的危害，以进行更具体的分析。提出了三个假设。比较分析结果显示，中国和韩国参与者在PM2.5风险认知和应对行为之间的中介机制方面存在差异。风险感知与应对行为之间的正相关性得到部分支持，“负面情绪-风险感知-风险应对行为”解释路径也得到部分支持。这项研究的结果为了解受PM2.5影响的公众心理提供了宝贵的见解，有助于更好地传达PM2.5污染的风险和有效应对PM2.5污染影响。

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引用次数: 0

When information security depends on font size: how the saliency of warnings affects protection behavior. 当信息安全取决于字体大小:警告的显著性如何影响保护行为。

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142952

Nico Ebert, Kurt A Ackermann, Angela Bearth

Prior research on how to improve the effectiveness of information security warnings has predominantly focused on either the informational content of warnings or their visual saliency. In an online experiment (N = 1'486), we disentangle the effect of both manipulations and demonstrate that both factors simultaneously influence decision making. Our data indicate that the proportion of people who engage in protection behavior can be increased by roughly 65% by making a particular warning message more visually salient (i.e. a more conspicuous visual design is used). We also show that varying the message's saliency can make people behave very differently when confronted with the same threat or behave very similarly when confronted with threats that differ widely in terms of severity of outcomes. Our results suggest that the visual design of a warning may warrant at least as much attention as the informational content that the warning message conveys.

先前关于如何提高信息安全预警有效性的研究主要集中在预警的信息内容或其视觉显著性上。在一项在线实验(N = 1'486)中，我们解开了这两种操纵的影响，并证明这两种因素同时影响决策。我们的数据表明，通过使特定的警告信息在视觉上更突出(即使用更明显的视觉设计)，参与保护行为的人的比例可以增加大约65%。我们还表明，不同的信息的显著性可以使人们在面对相同的威胁时表现得非常不同，或者在面对结果严重程度不同的威胁时表现得非常相似。我们的研究结果表明，警告的视觉设计可以保证至少与警告信息所传达的信息内容一样多的关注。

引用次数: 1

Associations between COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Mental Health, Wellbeing, and Risk Behaviours. 新冠肺炎风险认知与心理健康、幸福感和风险行为之间的关联

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2022-12-02 Epub Date: 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2127849

Maddy L Dyer, Hannah M Sallis, Jasmine N Khouja, Sarah Dryhurst, Marcus R Munafò

Background: Mental health has worsened, and substance use has increased for some people during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Some cross-sectional studies suggest that higher COVID-19 risk perceptions are related to poorer mental health and greater risk behaviours (e.g., substance use). However, longitudinal and genetic data are needed to help to reduce the likelihood of reverse causality.

Methods: We used cross-sectional, longitudinal, and polygenic risk score (PRS; for anxiety, depression, wellbeing) data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We examined cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between COVID-19 risk perceptions (i.e., cognitive, affective, self, other, and a combined 'holistic' measure) and mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression), wellbeing, and risk behaviours. Pandemic (April-July 2020) and pre-pandemic (2003-2017) data (ns = 233-5,115) were included.

Results: Higher COVID-19 risk perceptions (holistic) were associated with anxiety (OR 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.20 to 3.52), depression (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.18), low wellbeing (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.13), and increased alcohol use (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.72). Higher COVID-19 risk perceptions were also associated with self-isolating given a suspected COVID-19 infection (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.68), and less face-to-face contact (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98) and physical contact (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00). Pre-pandemic anxiety (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.09) and low wellbeing (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.74) were associated with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions. The depression PRS (b 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.40) and wellbeing PRS (b -0.29, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.09) were associated with higher and lower COVID-19 risk perceptions, respectively.

Conclusions: Poorer mental health and wellbeing are associated with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions, and longitudinal and genetic data suggest that they may play a causal role in COVID-19 risk perceptions.

摘要在冠状病毒（新冠肺炎）大流行期间，一些人的心理健康状况恶化，药物使用增加。一些横断面研究表明，较高的新冠肺炎风险认知与较差的心理健康和较高的风险行为（如药物使用）有关。然而，需要纵向和遗传数据来帮助降低反向因果关系的可能性。我们使用了雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究（ALSPAC）的横断面、纵向和多基因风险评分（PRS；用于焦虑、抑郁和幸福感）数据。我们研究了新冠肺炎风险认知（即认知、情感、自我、其他和综合“整体”测量）与心理健康（即焦虑、抑郁）、幸福感和风险行为之间的横截面和前瞻性纵向关联。包括大流行（2020年4月至7月）和大流行前（2003年至2017年）的数据（ns=233-5115）。较高的新冠肺炎风险认知（整体）与焦虑（OR 2.78，95%置信区间[CI]2.20至3.52）、抑郁（OR 1.65，95%CI 1.24至2.18）、低幸福感（OR 1.76，95%CI 1.45至2.13）、，以及酒精使用增加（OR 1.46，95%CI 1.24至1.72）。在疑似新冠肺炎感染的情况下，较高的新冠肺炎风险认知也与自我安慰相关（OR 1.74，95%CI 1.13至2.68），面对面接触较少（OR 0.83，95%CI 0.70至0.98）和身体接触较少（OR0.83，95%CI 0.68至1.00）。流行前焦虑（OR 1.64，95%CI 1.29至2.09）和低幸福感（OR 1.41，95%CI 1.15至1.74）与较高的新冠肺炎风险认知相关。抑郁症PRS（b 0.21，95%CI 0.02至0.40）和幸福感PRS（b − 0.29，95%CI−0.48至−0.09）分别与较高和较低的新冠肺炎风险认知相关。心理健康和幸福感较差与新冠肺炎风险认知较高有关，纵向和遗传数据表明，它们可能在新冠肺炎风险认知中发挥因果作用。

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引用次数: 0

The elements of choice: why the way we decide matters 选择的要素：为什么我们的决定方式很重要

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2151764

R. Lofstedt

引用次数: 11

Individual characteristics or cultures? Public risk perception in the coronavirus pandemic 个人特点还是文化?冠状病毒大流行中的公众风险认知

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142951

Jingjing Zeng, Meng Yuan, Guihua Huang

Abstract Public risk perception varies by sub-groups but is key in a robust risk management. This study uses the Grid Group Cultural Theory (GGCT) to test how cultures, compared to subjective knowledge level and demographic factors, influence three measures of public risk perception—perceived risk to individuals themselves, the place they live, and China. This study uses an original survey conducted from February 17 to March 14, 2020 during the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19). This research found that age and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to individuals themselves, and education and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to the place they live, whereas egalitarian and hierarchical cultural indices correlate positively with the perceived risk to China. Further tests of interactive effect of culture and individual characteristics on risk perceptions found that the effect of hierarchy on risk perceptions depends on household income.

公众的风险认知因人群而异，但它是稳健风险管理的关键。本研究使用网格群体文化理论(GGCT)来测试文化，与主观知识水平和人口因素相比，如何影响公共风险感知的三个指标——对个人自身、居住地和中国的感知风险。本研究使用了2020年2月17日至3月14日在冠状病毒(COVID-19)爆发期间进行的原始调查。研究发现，年龄和家庭收入与个人自身感知风险呈正相关，教育程度和家庭收入与居住地感知风险呈正相关，而平等主义和等级文化指数与中国感知风险呈正相关。进一步的文化和个体特征对风险感知交互效应的测试发现，等级对风险感知的影响取决于家庭收入。

引用次数: 1

On how to characterize and confront misinformation in a risk context 关于如何在风险背景下描述和应对错误信息

IF 5.1 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Journal of Risk Research

Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142950

T. Aven, S. Thekdi

Abstract Misinformation is one of the largest challenges for risk assessment and communication. However, the term misinformation in relation to risk has not yet been clearly interpreted by the risk field. Basic definitions of misinformation point to false, incorrect, inaccurate and misleading information. However, when it comes to risk, there is in many cases no reference for what is the truth - the risk magnitude needs to be evaluated on the basis of analysis and judgments. What is judged as misinformation by some, could be seen as adequate information by others. In this paper we reflect on the meaning and scope of the misinformation concept in relation to risk and uncertainty. The main goal is to obtain new knowledge on the topic by relating the discussion to risk science fundamentals, on the understanding, characterization and perception of risk. A structure for a classification of misinformation in relation to risk is proposed. Several measures are also presented to explore how to meet the misinformation challenge in risk contexts.

错误信息是风险评估和沟通面临的最大挑战之一。然而，与风险有关的错误信息一词尚未被风险领域清楚地解释。错误信息的基本定义是指虚假的、不正确的、不准确的和误导性的信息。然而，当涉及到风险时，在很多情况下，没有什么是真实的参考-风险的大小需要在分析和判断的基础上进行评估。一些人认为是错误的信息，在另一些人看来可能是充分的信息。在本文中，我们反思了错误信息概念的含义和范围，与风险和不确定性有关。主要目标是通过将讨论与风险科学基础、对风险的理解、表征和感知联系起来，获得有关该主题的新知识。提出了一种与风险相关的错误信息分类结构。还提出了一些措施来探讨如何在风险环境中应对错误信息的挑战。

引用次数: 3