The world is often rocked by the devastating effects of natural disasters, presenting a formidable challenge to communities everywhere. In order to address these challenges and minimize their impact, it becomes imperative for proactive measures to be taken. This comprehensive review delves into the wide array of strategies put in place to mitigate the vulnerability of both populations and infrastructure when faced with these hazardous occurrences. Taking into account an extensive range of literature, case studies, and expert opinions, this review strives to synthesize crucial findings that shed light on effective approaches towards mitigation. It commences by classifying natural disasters according to their distinct characteristics and geographical spread, bringing attention to their individual traits. Furthermore, it embarks on an analysis aimed at uncovering the root causes and driving factors behind these calamities - underlining how essential it is for us all to comprehend their dynamics in order to craft tailored mitigation plans. The significance of pre-disaster preparedness is emphasized through an exploration of risk assessment procedures, early warning systems implementation practices as well as land-use planning strategies. The critique emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, such as fortifying infrastructure and incorporating resilience principles into city planning. It also discusses the vital role of community engagement, education, and capacity building in bolstering disaster preparedness at a local level. The review delves into innovative methods for promoting community resilience, including participatory decision-making processes and initiatives focused on knowledge exchange. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of technological advancements like remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and predictive modeling on enhancing early warning systems, risk assessment protocols, and disaster response efforts. The analysis suggests various opportunities for utilizing technology to strengthen mitigation strategies effectively Post-disaster Response and Recovery: Analyzing the challenges and opportunities in postdisaster response and recovery efforts, emphasizing the importance of rapid and coordinated interventions to restore essential services, infrastructure, and livelihoods. The review explores strategies for promoting resilient reconstruction and long-term recovery. Policy Frameworks and International Cooperation: Evaluating the role of policy frameworks, international cooperation, and funding mechanisms in supporting effective disaster mitigation efforts. The review identifies policy gaps and barriers to implementation, along with recommendations for enhancing policy coherence and coordination at the national and international levels. In conclusion, this comprehensive review underscores the multidimensional nature of natural disaster mitigation and the importance of adopting integrated approaches that combine t
{"title":"Natural Disaster Mitigation Strategies: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Garima Khaspuria, Ayush Ranjan, Sahil, Param Soni, Kesav Dadhich","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82221","url":null,"abstract":"The world is often rocked by the devastating effects of natural disasters, presenting a formidable challenge to communities everywhere. In order to address these challenges and minimize their impact, it becomes imperative for proactive measures to be taken. This comprehensive review delves into the wide array of strategies put in place to mitigate the vulnerability of both populations and infrastructure when faced with these hazardous occurrences. \u0000Taking into account an extensive range of literature, case studies, and expert opinions, this review strives to synthesize crucial findings that shed light on effective approaches towards mitigation. It commences by classifying natural disasters according to their distinct characteristics and geographical spread, bringing attention to their individual traits. \u0000Furthermore, it embarks on an analysis aimed at uncovering the root causes and driving factors behind these calamities - underlining how essential it is for us all to comprehend their dynamics in order to craft tailored mitigation plans. The significance of pre-disaster preparedness is emphasized through an exploration of risk assessment procedures, early warning systems implementation practices as well as land-use planning strategies. The critique emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, such as fortifying infrastructure and incorporating resilience principles into city planning. It also discusses the vital role of community engagement, education, and capacity building in bolstering disaster preparedness at a local level. The review delves into innovative methods for promoting community resilience, including participatory decision-making processes and initiatives focused on knowledge exchange. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of technological advancements like remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and predictive modeling on enhancing early warning systems, risk assessment protocols, and disaster response efforts. The analysis suggests various opportunities for utilizing technology to strengthen mitigation strategies effectively Post-disaster Response and Recovery: Analyzing the challenges and opportunities in postdisaster response and recovery efforts, emphasizing the importance of rapid and coordinated interventions to restore essential services, infrastructure, and livelihoods. The review explores strategies for promoting resilient reconstruction and long-term recovery. Policy Frameworks and International Cooperation: Evaluating the role of policy frameworks, international cooperation, and funding mechanisms in supporting effective disaster mitigation efforts. The review identifies policy gaps and barriers to implementation, along with recommendations for enhancing policy coherence and coordination at the national and international levels. In conclusion, this comprehensive review underscores the multidimensional nature of natural disaster mitigation and the importance of adopting integrated approaches that combine t","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72218
Abhishek Jadhav, M. K N, R. C M, R. R, A. K, Prahlad P Bhat, Jagadeesh V
The transformative impact of modern agricultural extension techniques on farm management in India, highlighting the integration of digital technologies, precision agriculture, and innovative management systems to enhance productivity and sustainability. Traditional farming practices in India, characterized by low efficiency and productivity, are undergoing significant changes with the introduction of technologies such as mobile apps, remote sensing, GIS, and sensor-based systems. These technologies facilitate improved crop monitoring, resource mapping, and data-driven decision-making, leading to enhanced crop yields, resource efficiency, and economic benefits. Notably, precision agriculture technologies like automated systems and IoT have enabled real-time, precision farming practices that significantly reduce resource waste and increase crop productivity. However, the adoption of these modern techniques is not without challenges. Issues such as accessibility, the digital divide, economic constraints, and the need for continuous training hinder widespread implementation. The review also discusses policy recommendations for supporting the adoption of these technologies, including increased government investment in infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and capacity building. The integration of these modern techniques with global agricultural trends-especially those aimed at sustainability and climate change adaptation-is crucial for the future of Indian agriculture. By leveraging advanced technologies and aligning with global standards, India can not only enhance its agricultural productivity but also improve the socio-economic status of its rural population, contributing to broader economic and environmental goals.
{"title":"Revolutionizing Farm Management with Modern Agricultural Extension Techniques: A Review","authors":"Abhishek Jadhav, M. K N, R. C M, R. R, A. K, Prahlad P Bhat, Jagadeesh V","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72218","url":null,"abstract":"The transformative impact of modern agricultural extension techniques on farm management in India, highlighting the integration of digital technologies, precision agriculture, and innovative management systems to enhance productivity and sustainability. Traditional farming practices in India, characterized by low efficiency and productivity, are undergoing significant changes with the introduction of technologies such as mobile apps, remote sensing, GIS, and sensor-based systems. These technologies facilitate improved crop monitoring, resource mapping, and data-driven decision-making, leading to enhanced crop yields, resource efficiency, and economic benefits. Notably, precision agriculture technologies like automated systems and IoT have enabled real-time, precision farming practices that significantly reduce resource waste and increase crop productivity. However, the adoption of these modern techniques is not without challenges. Issues such as accessibility, the digital divide, economic constraints, and the need for continuous training hinder widespread implementation. The review also discusses policy recommendations for supporting the adoption of these technologies, including increased government investment in infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and capacity building. The integration of these modern techniques with global agricultural trends-especially those aimed at sustainability and climate change adaptation-is crucial for the future of Indian agriculture. By leveraging advanced technologies and aligning with global standards, India can not only enhance its agricultural productivity but also improve the socio-economic status of its rural population, contributing to broader economic and environmental goals.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"33 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72217
Sirnapally Surendar, Renjan B., B. B.
A field experiment was undertaken at Farming Systems Research Station (FSRS), Sadanandapuram, Kollam district, Kerala Agricultural University in summer 2022 for studying the effect of growth, yield attributes and yield of cowpea through foliar application of 2% urea and intensity of leaf harvesting. Experimental treatments comprised of 4 levels of foliar nutrition management (2% urea spray at vegetative stage (f1), 2% urea spray at flowering stage (f2), 2% urea spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage (f3), water spray control (f4) and 3 levels of leaf harvest (20% leaf harvest (l1), 40% leaf harvest (l2), and no leaf harvest (l3). Among the foliar nutrition management treatments, f3 showed significantly the taller plants (91.97 cm), more number of branches (15.13), leaves (34.76), leaf area/ plant (884.29 cm2), leaf area index (1.96) dry matter production (42.39 g) and chlorophyll content (3.544 mg/g) and were comparable with f1. The nodule parameters such as nodule number (37.44) and effective number of nodules (32.11) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1. Further, days to 50 per cent flowering (53.65 days), pod length (17.27 cm), 100 seed weight (12.40 g), pod number (24.58), foliage yield (1484.57 kg ha-1), grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2722.70 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1 except for pod weight (21.19 g). Among the leaf harvest intensity, treatment l3 recorded the taller plants (92.45 cm), leaf area per plant (902.71cm2) leaf area index (2.01), less days to 50% flowering (47.60 days) and haulm yield (2754.85 kg ha-1). It was on par with l1 pertaining to plant height. The number of branches (15.03), dry matter production per plant (40.78g), pod weight/plant (19.43 g), pod number/plant (23.59) and grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment l1.
{"title":"Influence of Urea Foliar Nutrition and Leaf Harvesting Intensity on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculta (L.) Walp.]","authors":"Sirnapally Surendar, Renjan B., B. B.","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72217","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was undertaken at Farming Systems Research Station (FSRS), Sadanandapuram, Kollam district, Kerala Agricultural University in summer 2022 for studying the effect of growth, yield attributes and yield of cowpea through foliar application of 2% urea and intensity of leaf harvesting. Experimental treatments comprised of 4 levels of foliar nutrition management (2% urea spray at vegetative stage (f1), 2% urea spray at flowering stage (f2), 2% urea spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage (f3), water spray control (f4) and 3 levels of leaf harvest (20% leaf harvest (l1), 40% leaf harvest (l2), and no leaf harvest (l3). Among the foliar nutrition management treatments, f3 showed significantly the taller plants (91.97 cm), more number of branches (15.13), leaves (34.76), leaf area/ plant (884.29 cm2), leaf area index (1.96) dry matter production (42.39 g) and chlorophyll content (3.544 mg/g) and were comparable with f1. The nodule parameters such as nodule number (37.44) and effective number of nodules (32.11) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1. Further, days to 50 per cent flowering (53.65 days), pod length (17.27 cm), 100 seed weight (12.40 g), pod number (24.58), foliage yield (1484.57 kg ha-1), grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2722.70 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1 except for pod weight (21.19 g). Among the leaf harvest intensity, treatment l3 recorded the taller plants (92.45 cm), leaf area per plant (902.71cm2) leaf area index (2.01), less days to 50% flowering (47.60 days) and haulm yield (2754.85 kg ha-1). It was on par with l1 pertaining to plant height. The number of branches (15.03), dry matter production per plant (40.78g), pod weight/plant (19.43 g), pod number/plant (23.59) and grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment l1.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82224
Chinmay Achpal, R. S. Shekhawat, Trilok Gupta
Progressive collapse, where a localized member failure causes widespread structural collapse, has become a critical concern nowadays, due to its potential to cause significant financial losses and loss of human life. Triggers include natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, as well as accidents, attacks and explosions. Reinforced concrete flat slab structures, which are eminent for their architectural flexibility and have larger spans, are particularly susceptible to disproportionate collapse, due to the lack of floor beams, which can redistribute loads after a column failure, unlike moment frame buildings. This research examines how multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab buildings behave, under prescribed gravity load combinations, compared to conventional framed buildings. The effects of removing columns at specified locations from an intermediate floor of the multistorey building are also examined. However, this investigation covers both the column removal approaches to check a possibility of disproportionate collapse which are; static removal and dynamic instantaneous removal. Furthermore, the research also assesses the efficacy of perimeter beams, in minimising the risk of gradual collapse in flat slab structures, by scrutinising their ability to reduce joint displacement, chord rotation, and demand capacity ratio. ETABS v18 was used to analyze all the 18 models. The findings revealed that buildings are more prone to progressive collapse when corner columns are removed, as opposed to edge and interior columns, due to higher Demand-Capacity Ratios (DCR) and joint displacement. In comparison to dynamic analysis, the static evaluation exhibited greater DCR values and vertical joint displacement. Furthermore, since they have a more efficient load redistribution mechanism, traditional framed structures performed better than flat slab models. The simulations additionally indicated that, adding edge perimeter beams, substantially lowered the possibility of progressive collapse in flat slab structures. Moreover, the tested flat slab building models, with and without perimeter beams showed no indications of progressive collapse, when specified columns were removed from the intermediate floors, since the DCR values of the crucial columns stayed within the permissible range of 2.0. In conclusion, structures built in compliance with IS 1893:2016 code and designed to withstand seismic loads demonstrate stronger resistance against significant damage, brought about by column failures.
{"title":"Progressive Collapse and Post Impact Damage Assessment in a Regular Beam-Slab Building & Flat-Slab Building on the Intermediate Floor","authors":"Chinmay Achpal, R. S. Shekhawat, Trilok Gupta","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82224","url":null,"abstract":"Progressive collapse, where a localized member failure causes widespread structural collapse, has become a critical concern nowadays, due to its potential to cause significant financial losses and loss of human life. Triggers include natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, as well as accidents, attacks and explosions. Reinforced concrete flat slab structures, which are eminent for their architectural flexibility and have larger spans, are particularly susceptible to disproportionate collapse, due to the lack of floor beams, which can redistribute loads after a column failure, unlike moment frame buildings. This research examines how multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab buildings behave, under prescribed gravity load combinations, compared to conventional framed buildings. The effects of removing columns at specified locations from an intermediate floor of the multistorey building are also examined. However, this investigation covers both the column removal approaches to check a possibility of disproportionate collapse which are; static removal and dynamic instantaneous removal. Furthermore, the research also assesses the efficacy of perimeter beams, in minimising the risk of gradual collapse in flat slab structures, by scrutinising their ability to reduce joint displacement, chord rotation, and demand capacity ratio. \u0000ETABS v18 was used to analyze all the 18 models. The findings revealed that buildings are more prone to progressive collapse when corner columns are removed, as opposed to edge and interior columns, due to higher Demand-Capacity Ratios (DCR) and joint displacement. In comparison to dynamic analysis, the static evaluation exhibited greater DCR values and vertical joint displacement. Furthermore, since they have a more efficient load redistribution mechanism, traditional framed structures performed better than flat slab models. The simulations additionally indicated that, adding edge perimeter beams, substantially lowered the possibility of progressive collapse in flat slab structures. Moreover, the tested flat slab building models, with and without perimeter beams showed no indications of progressive collapse, when specified columns were removed from the intermediate floors, since the DCR values of the crucial columns stayed within the permissible range of 2.0. In conclusion, structures built in compliance with IS 1893:2016 code and designed to withstand seismic loads demonstrate stronger resistance against significant damage, brought about by column failures.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72216
Podapati Vinayalakshmi, B. Rajitha, N. M. Rao, G. Naveen Kumar, A. Rajesh, A. Srinivasa Rao
The study aimed at assessing the performance of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on Greengram in terms of yield, extension gap, technological gap and economic gains during Kharif, 2022 with variety WGG-42 in 10 ha area and Rabi, 2022- 2023 with IPM 2-14 in 30 ha. The data revealed that demo plot varieties recorded higher yield i.e., 8.32 q/ha and 11.73 q/ha, which was 32.20 and 18.70% more compared to farmers practice 6.29 q/ha and 9.88 q/ha during kharif and rabi, respectively. Besides, higher net returns (Rs. 19,102, Rs. 41,906 per ha) and B:C ratio (1.62, 1.98) were also registered with demonstration plot compared to farmers practice (Rs.7,735, Rs. 29,680 per ha and 1.26,1.71) during Kharif and Rabi, respectively.
{"title":"Assessing the Performance of CFLD on Greengram in West Godavari District, India","authors":"Podapati Vinayalakshmi, B. Rajitha, N. M. Rao, G. Naveen Kumar, A. Rajesh, A. Srinivasa Rao","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72216","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at assessing the performance of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on Greengram in terms of yield, extension gap, technological gap and economic gains during Kharif, 2022 with variety WGG-42 in 10 ha area and Rabi, 2022- 2023 with IPM 2-14 in 30 ha. The data revealed that demo plot varieties recorded higher yield i.e., 8.32 q/ha and 11.73 q/ha, which was 32.20 and 18.70% more compared to farmers practice 6.29 q/ha and 9.88 q/ha during kharif and rabi, respectively. Besides, higher net returns (Rs. 19,102, Rs. 41,906 per ha) and B:C ratio (1.62, 1.98) were also registered with demonstration plot compared to farmers practice (Rs.7,735, Rs. 29,680 per ha and 1.26,1.71) during Kharif and Rabi, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"41 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82220
Suhas Lokure, Somasekhara, Y, M, Ravichandra Gk
Pomegranate wilt poses a significant threat to pomegranate production, holding considerable economic importance in the cultivated regions of pomegranates. The study investigated the wilt in pomegranate cultivation, revealing characteristic symptoms including yellowing and/or wilting of the leaves on a single branch usually in the upper crown and senescence. Brown discoloration was observed in the root, stem and branches of severely affected plants. The cross-sectioned root and stem portions of the wilted plants showed only the presence of brown discolorations in the vascular regions. The wilt incidence in Karnataka ranging from 1.14 to 62.06 Percent. PCR analysis and 18S rDNA region was sequenced, it has been confirmed C. fimbriata as the causal organism for pomegranate wilt and Phylogenetic analyses placed the pomegranate isolates among members of the LAC of the C. fimbriata complex; specifically, to populations that appear to be native to eastern and northern South America. Optimal growth of the pathogen was observed at 30 °C with pH 7.0 and best media for culturing C. fimbriata is Potato dextrose agar and Potato carrot agar, in vitro evaluation of fungicides showed propiconazole and mancozeb highest inhibiting mycelial growth. Trichoderma viride (Tv-3) and Bacillus subtilis emerged as the most effective bio-agent, while pongamia leaf extract exhibited maximum fungal growth inhibition. These can be used for the management of wilt disease.
石榴枯萎病对石榴生产构成重大威胁，在石榴种植区具有相当重要的经济意义。该研究调查了石榴栽培中的枯萎病，发现其特征性症状包括通常位于树冠上部的单枝叶片变黄和/或枯萎以及衰老。在严重受害植株的根、茎和枝条上观察到褐色褪色。枯萎植株根部和茎部的横截面只显示维管束区域出现褐色变色。卡纳塔克邦的枯萎病发病率从 1.14% 到 62.06% 不等。通过 PCR 分析和 18S rDNA 区域测序，已确认 C. fimbriata 是石榴枯萎病的病原菌，并通过系统发育分析将石榴分离物归入 C. fimbriata 复合体的 LAC 成员中，特别是归入似乎原产于南美洲东部和北部的种群中。病原体的最佳生长温度为 30 °C，pH 值为 7.0，培养 C. fimbriata 的最佳培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂和马铃薯胡萝卜琼脂，对杀菌剂的体外评估显示，丙环唑和代森锰锌对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强。病毒毛霉（Tv-3）和枯草芽孢杆菌是最有效的生物制剂，而洋橄榄叶提取物对真菌生长的抑制作用最大。这些生物制剂可用于枯萎病的防治。
{"title":"Morpho-Molecular and Management of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst","authors":"Suhas Lokure, Somasekhara, Y, M, Ravichandra Gk","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82220","url":null,"abstract":"Pomegranate wilt poses a significant threat to pomegranate production, holding considerable economic importance in the cultivated regions of pomegranates. The study investigated the wilt in pomegranate cultivation, revealing characteristic symptoms including yellowing and/or wilting of the leaves on a single branch usually in the upper crown and senescence. Brown discoloration was observed in the root, stem and branches of severely affected plants. The cross-sectioned root and stem portions of the wilted plants showed only the presence of brown discolorations in the vascular regions. The wilt incidence in Karnataka ranging from 1.14 to 62.06 Percent. PCR analysis and 18S rDNA region was sequenced, it has been confirmed C. fimbriata as the causal organism for pomegranate wilt and Phylogenetic analyses placed the pomegranate isolates among members of the LAC of the C. fimbriata complex; specifically, to populations that appear to be native to eastern and northern South America. Optimal growth of the pathogen was observed at 30 °C with pH 7.0 and best media for culturing C. fimbriata is Potato dextrose agar and Potato carrot agar, in vitro evaluation of fungicides showed propiconazole and mancozeb highest inhibiting mycelial growth. Trichoderma viride (Tv-3) and Bacillus subtilis emerged as the most effective bio-agent, while pongamia leaf extract exhibited maximum fungal growth inhibition. These can be used for the management of wilt disease.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"45 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82225
Anant Chaudhari, M.D. Gurjar, K.C. Kamani, M.C. Prajapati, A.K. Makwana
Probiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, especially in an era of rising antibiotic resistance among harmful bacteria. A survey conducted among college students revealed that most respondents had a good understanding of probiotics, primarily gaining awareness from books and commercials. The majority of respondents were male (69%), aged 20-25 years and undergraduate students (71%), with about 50% coming from agricultural family backgrounds and a monthly family income of approximately ₹40,000 (37%). Most respondents were from rural areas and were aware of probiotic dairy products. Awareness sources included books, social media, and friends & family. Most respondents consumed probiotic dairy products weekly, favouring products such as lassi, buttermilk, ice cream and dahi, with a preference for the Amul brand. Only around 3% were dissatisfied with probiotic dairy products and 73% purchased them for their health and nutritional benefits. About half perceived these products to be more expensive than regular dairy products and 97% of aware respondents were satisfied and willing to recommend them to family and friends.
{"title":"A Study of Awareness and Student's Buying Behaviour towards Probiotic Dairy Products at Anand City, India","authors":"Anant Chaudhari, M.D. Gurjar, K.C. Kamani, M.C. Prajapati, A.K. Makwana","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82225","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, especially in an era of rising antibiotic resistance among harmful bacteria. A survey conducted among college students revealed that most respondents had a good understanding of probiotics, primarily gaining awareness from books and commercials. The majority of respondents were male (69%), aged 20-25 years and undergraduate students (71%), with about 50% coming from agricultural family backgrounds and a monthly family income of approximately ₹40,000 (37%). Most respondents were from rural areas and were aware of probiotic dairy products. Awareness sources included books, social media, and friends & family. Most respondents consumed probiotic dairy products weekly, favouring products such as lassi, buttermilk, ice cream and dahi, with a preference for the Amul brand. Only around 3% were dissatisfied with probiotic dairy products and 73% purchased them for their health and nutritional benefits. About half perceived these products to be more expensive than regular dairy products and 97% of aware respondents were satisfied and willing to recommend them to family and friends.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"35 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82222
Kunapara A. N., Subbaiah R., Patel G. R.
The efficiency of drip irrigation systems depends directly on the uniformity of water discharge from emission devices. Ideally, all emitters should discharge equal amounts of water, but variations occur due to hydraulic and manufacturing factors. This study established the pressure-discharge relationship curve and determined emitter flow variation caused by the hydraulic and the manufacturer’s coefficients of variation for 2 and 4 lph inline emitters. The power exponent and constant of the pressure-discharge curve were determined by measuring the emitter flow rates at operating pressures ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 kg/cm². The emitter flow rates of 100 emitters were measured at an operating pressure of 1.0 kg/cm² to determine the manufacturing coefficient (Vm) and emitter flow variation (qvar(m)). The discharge exponent was found to be 0.46 for both emitter flow rates, with proportionality constants of 0.692 for 2 lph and 1.387 for 4 lph emitters respectively. The results showed a strong correlation between pressure and flow rate, with RMSE values of 0.51 and 0.34 lph, and coefficients of determination of 0.988 and 0.991 for 2 and 4 lph emitters, respectively. High manufacturing precision was indicated by low Vm values of 0.0491 for 2 lph and 0.055 for 4 lph emitters, while qvar(m) values were 0.261 for 2 lph and 0.283 for 4 lph emitters. Total coefficient of variation (Vq) values were 0.1 for 2 lph and 0.14 for 4 lph emitters, with total emitter flow variations (qvar) of 0.29 for 2 lph and 0.39 for 4 lph emitters. The study established the pressure-discharge curve for inline drip irrigation systems, emphasizing the critical relationship between pressure and flow rate. The derived chart from pressure discharge relationship is a valuable tool for estimating emitter flow variation due to hydraulic variation within the same subunit. Precise manufacturing and effective management of hydraulic variations are essential for ensuring uniform water distribution, optimizing drip irrigation systems, and ultimately enhancing crop yield and resource utilization.
{"title":"Approximation of the Pressure-discharge Curve in Inline Drip Irrigation System","authors":"Kunapara A. N., Subbaiah R., Patel G. R.","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82222","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of drip irrigation systems depends directly on the uniformity of water discharge from emission devices. Ideally, all emitters should discharge equal amounts of water, but variations occur due to hydraulic and manufacturing factors. This study established the pressure-discharge relationship curve and determined emitter flow variation caused by the hydraulic and the manufacturer’s coefficients of variation for 2 and 4 lph inline emitters. The power exponent and constant of the pressure-discharge curve were determined by measuring the emitter flow rates at operating pressures ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 kg/cm². The emitter flow rates of 100 emitters were measured at an operating pressure of 1.0 kg/cm² to determine the manufacturing coefficient (Vm) and emitter flow variation (qvar(m)). The discharge exponent was found to be 0.46 for both emitter flow rates, with proportionality constants of 0.692 for 2 lph and 1.387 for 4 lph emitters respectively. The results showed a strong correlation between pressure and flow rate, with RMSE values of 0.51 and 0.34 lph, and coefficients of determination of 0.988 and 0.991 for 2 and 4 lph emitters, respectively. High manufacturing precision was indicated by low Vm values of 0.0491 for 2 lph and 0.055 for 4 lph emitters, while qvar(m) values were 0.261 for 2 lph and 0.283 for 4 lph emitters. Total coefficient of variation (Vq) values were 0.1 for 2 lph and 0.14 for 4 lph emitters, with total emitter flow variations (qvar) of 0.29 for 2 lph and 0.39 for 4 lph emitters. The study established the pressure-discharge curve for inline drip irrigation systems, emphasizing the critical relationship between pressure and flow rate. The derived chart from pressure discharge relationship is a valuable tool for estimating emitter flow variation due to hydraulic variation within the same subunit. Precise manufacturing and effective management of hydraulic variations are essential for ensuring uniform water distribution, optimizing drip irrigation systems, and ultimately enhancing crop yield and resource utilization.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"44 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141644818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the temporal variation of ETo over the 10 main subdistricts of the North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India, during the period 1982-2022 using non-parametric statistical analysis. The findings show that ETo variability also exhibits diverse spatial and temporal characteristics in the study area. February month shows the highest decrease in the values (ZMK -2.33 to -1.72, p<0.05). Winter and summer shows highly significant decreasing trends, Manvi showing the maximum decreasing trend in winter (ZMK = -2.57, p < 0.01) and Raichur in summer (ZMK = -2.89, p < 0.01). Sen’s slope estimates show average decrease of -0.18 to -0.15 mm/month in winter and an average value of -0.246 mm/month in summer. For monsoon and post monsoon, the trends are weaker and not significant ranging from -0.05 to 0.03 mm/month. Yearly changes reveal slightly negative values (-0.12 to -0.04 mm/month). Spatial interpolation of the ETo changes is done using ArcGIS’s inverse distance weighting (IDW) method to show the regional differences. An increase in air temperature results in the rise in the trends in some months while, a decline in wind speed may be reason in other region. These findings are useful in understanding the ETo dynamics in the region and its relation to water and agriculture. More studies are required to understand why there was a reduction in wind speed as well as to develop individual water management strategies that will adapt to these changes.
{"title":"Investigating Spatiotemporal Variation of Evapotranspiration Trends using Non Parametric Statistical Techniques across North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India","authors":"Adarsha, Manoj Kumar G, Gowtham, Sagara R, Devappa","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72214","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the temporal variation of ETo over the 10 main subdistricts of the North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India, during the period 1982-2022 using non-parametric statistical analysis. The findings show that ETo variability also exhibits diverse spatial and temporal characteristics in the study area. February month shows the highest decrease in the values (ZMK -2.33 to -1.72, p<0.05). Winter and summer shows highly significant decreasing trends, Manvi showing the maximum decreasing trend in winter (ZMK = -2.57, p < 0.01) and Raichur in summer (ZMK = -2.89, p < 0.01). Sen’s slope estimates show average decrease of -0.18 to -0.15 mm/month in winter and an average value of -0.246 mm/month in summer. For monsoon and post monsoon, the trends are weaker and not significant ranging from -0.05 to 0.03 mm/month. Yearly changes reveal slightly negative values (-0.12 to -0.04 mm/month). Spatial interpolation of the ETo changes is done using ArcGIS’s inverse distance weighting (IDW) method to show the regional differences. An increase in air temperature results in the rise in the trends in some months while, a decline in wind speed may be reason in other region. These findings are useful in understanding the ETo dynamics in the region and its relation to water and agriculture. More studies are required to understand why there was a reduction in wind speed as well as to develop individual water management strategies that will adapt to these changes.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"27 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141651007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72215
K. Naganjali, N. Charitha, Sk. Aslam, A. Saikishore, D. Sravanthi, K. Siddappa, K. G. K. Murthy, J. H. Kumar, P. Neelima, T. Pavani
Water conservation in agriculture is critical for ensuring the sustainability of food production systems, particularly in the face of increasing water scarcity and climate change. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources globally, accounting for approximately 70% of total freshwater withdrawals. As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for food, fiber, and biofuels, further straining water resources. Concurrently, the effects of climate change, such as altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of droughts, and higher temperatures, exacerbate water scarcity issues, making efficient water management in agriculture more crucial than ever, include irrigation management, soil moisture conservation, crop selection and breeding, and technological advancements. Precision agriculture, for example, utilizes GPS technology, remote sensing, and data analytics to optimize irrigation practices and reduce water waste. Drip irrigation systems deliver water directly to plant roots, minimizing evaporation and runoff, while soil moisture sensors provide real time data to inform irrigation scheduling. The application of biochar, a form of charcoal derived from organic matter, has shown promise in enhancing soil water retention and nutrient availability. Furthermore, the development of drought resistant crop varieties through traditional breeding methods and genetic engineering offers potential solutions for maintaining crop productivity under water limited conditions.
{"title":"Revamping Water Use in Agriculture: Techniques and Emerging Innovations","authors":"K. Naganjali, N. Charitha, Sk. Aslam, A. Saikishore, D. Sravanthi, K. Siddappa, K. G. K. Murthy, J. H. Kumar, P. Neelima, T. Pavani","doi":"10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72215","url":null,"abstract":"Water conservation in agriculture is critical for ensuring the sustainability of food production systems, particularly in the face of increasing water scarcity and climate change. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources globally, accounting for approximately 70% of total freshwater withdrawals. As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for food, fiber, and biofuels, further straining water resources. Concurrently, the effects of climate change, such as altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of droughts, and higher temperatures, exacerbate water scarcity issues, making efficient water management in agriculture more crucial than ever, include irrigation management, soil moisture conservation, crop selection and breeding, and technological advancements. Precision agriculture, for example, utilizes GPS technology, remote sensing, and data analytics to optimize irrigation practices and reduce water waste. Drip irrigation systems deliver water directly to plant roots, minimizing evaporation and runoff, while soil moisture sensors provide real time data to inform irrigation scheduling. The application of biochar, a form of charcoal derived from organic matter, has shown promise in enhancing soil water retention and nutrient availability. Furthermore, the development of drought resistant crop varieties through traditional breeding methods and genetic engineering offers potential solutions for maintaining crop productivity under water limited conditions.","PeriodicalId":16985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports","volume":"31 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141651128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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