Pub Date : 2015-04-17DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.7
Chon-Hsin Lin, Ang Li, Yang Cao, Lingbin Lu
Cellulose aerogel is a fascinating material with high porosity, low density and biocompatibility. However, cellulose aerogel lacks sufficient thermal stability. Recombination between cellulose aerogel with silica is efficacious for enhance the cellulose aerogel’s thermal stability. This work described a simple and efficient approach to the cellulose/silica composite aerogel via a dropwise manner, using tetraethoxysilane as silicon source and NaOH solution as cellulose solvent. The result showed that the thermal stability of cellulose aerogel was enhanced by introducing silica. And by this manner, the utilization efficiency of silica was up to 95%. The composite aerogel had a low density and a high porosity, which promised the material a good heat insulation performance, and the thermal conductivity of the composite aerogel was low to 0.0161W/(m·K). Moreover, by adjusting cellulose concentration and tetraethoxysilane amount, the density, porosity and thermal conductivity of the composite aerogel could be controlled. This work contributed to improving the utilization efficiency of silica for the composite aerogel with better performances.
{"title":"A Simple and Efficient Approach to Cellulose/Silica Composite Aerogel with High Silica Utilization Efficiency","authors":"Chon-Hsin Lin, Ang Li, Yang Cao, Lingbin Lu","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.7","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose aerogel is a fascinating material with high porosity, low density and biocompatibility. However, cellulose aerogel lacks sufficient thermal stability. Recombination between cellulose aerogel with silica is efficacious for enhance the cellulose aerogel’s thermal stability. This work described a simple and efficient approach to the cellulose/silica composite aerogel via a dropwise manner, using tetraethoxysilane as silicon source and NaOH solution as cellulose solvent. The result showed that the thermal stability of cellulose aerogel was enhanced by introducing silica. And by this manner, the utilization efficiency of silica was up to 95%. The composite aerogel had a low density and a high porosity, which promised the material a good heat insulation performance, and the thermal conductivity of the composite aerogel was low to 0.0161W/(m·K). Moreover, by adjusting cellulose concentration and tetraethoxysilane amount, the density, porosity and thermal conductivity of the composite aerogel could be controlled. This work contributed to improving the utilization efficiency of silica for the composite aerogel with better performances.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"94 1","pages":"56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83944064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-17DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.1
P. Khoshnoud, N. Abu-Zahra
Cenosphere fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion processes of power plants. It is composed of hollow, hard shelled, minute spheres, which are made up of silica, iron, and alumina. In this study, cenosphere fly ash is incorporated into rigid PVC foam to improve thermal and mechanical properties of their composites. Microstructural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of rigid PVC foam extruded with different loadings of cenosphere fly ash (6, 12, 18phr) are characterized. The measured density of the extruded PVC foam composites increased with cenosphere content, indicating a hindrance to the foaming process. Tensile and flexural mechanical properties improved at higher cenosphere content, while the impact strength decreased at initial loading of 6 phr of cenosphere particles and remained steady at higher loadings. Thermal characterization of the extruded samples showed that glass transition temperature remained almost unaffected, while TGA analysis revealed no change in the initial degradation temperature and significant improvement in the final degradation temperature. Thermo-mechanical properties measured by DMA revealed a remarkable improvement in the viscoelastic properties of the composites reinforced with cenosphere particles. SEM analysis of the composites microstructure confirmed that the cenosphere particles were mechanically interlocked with good interfacial interaction in the PVC matrix.
{"title":"Effect of Cenosphere Fly Ash on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Rigid PVC Foam Composites","authors":"P. Khoshnoud, N. Abu-Zahra","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.1","url":null,"abstract":"Cenosphere fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion processes of power plants. It is composed of hollow, hard shelled, minute spheres, which are made up of silica, iron, and alumina. In this study, cenosphere fly ash is incorporated into rigid PVC foam to improve thermal and mechanical properties of their composites. Microstructural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of rigid PVC foam extruded with different loadings of cenosphere fly ash (6, 12, 18phr) are characterized. The measured density of the extruded PVC foam composites increased with cenosphere content, indicating a hindrance to the foaming process. Tensile and flexural mechanical properties improved at higher cenosphere content, while the impact strength decreased at initial loading of 6 phr of cenosphere particles and remained steady at higher loadings. Thermal characterization of the extruded samples showed that glass transition temperature remained almost unaffected, while TGA analysis revealed no change in the initial degradation temperature and significant improvement in the final degradation temperature. Thermo-mechanical properties measured by DMA revealed a remarkable improvement in the viscoelastic properties of the composites reinforced with cenosphere particles. SEM analysis of the composites microstructure confirmed that the cenosphere particles were mechanically interlocked with good interfacial interaction in the PVC matrix.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"222 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79944935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The morphology evolution of hydroxyl zinc monomethacrylate (HZMMA) in hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) during its formation, and effect of synergistic behavior of HZMMA and carbon black (CB) in HNBR on its properties, were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to probe the reaction of in-situ polymerized HZMMA. The results showed that an ionic polymer interpenetrating HNBR, due to homo-polymerization or graft polymerization of HZMMA solid monomer occurred, and poly-HZMMA particles, confirmed by FTIR and TEM, were formed during the HNBR vulcanization process. This kind of morphology for the HNBR composites played a very significant role in the HNBR reinforcement. At ambient temperature, the mechanical properties of HNBR composite filled with pure PHZMMA was much superior to those of the HNBR/PHZMMA/CB composites; however, when the temperature was increased to above 50°C, the decrease of the tensile strength for the latter was slower, and the tensile strength was always higher than that of the HNBR composites reinforced with pure PHZMMA at the same temperature. The elongation at break above 80°C was also always higher than that of the HNBR/PHZMMA sample. The HNBR/PHZMMA/CB composites showed excellent air oven aging resistance.
{"title":"Morphology and Properties of Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber/Poly Hydroxyl Zinc Monomethacrylate Composites by Curing with Peroxide","authors":"Guan Wang, Zai-feng Li, Shuaicheng Tian, Zengqi Wang, Baoben Sun, Fu-tao Zhang","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.3","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology evolution of hydroxyl zinc monomethacrylate (HZMMA) in hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) during its formation, and effect of synergistic behavior of HZMMA and carbon black (CB) in HNBR on its properties, were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to probe the reaction of in-situ polymerized HZMMA. The results showed that an ionic polymer interpenetrating HNBR, due to homo-polymerization or graft polymerization of HZMMA solid monomer occurred, and poly-HZMMA particles, confirmed by FTIR and TEM, were formed during the HNBR vulcanization process. This kind of morphology for the HNBR composites played a very significant role in the HNBR reinforcement. At ambient temperature, the mechanical properties of HNBR composite filled with pure PHZMMA was much superior to those of the HNBR/PHZMMA/CB composites; however, when the temperature was increased to above 50°C, the decrease of the tensile strength for the latter was slower, and the tensile strength was always higher than that of the HNBR composites reinforced with pure PHZMMA at the same temperature. The elongation at break above 80°C was also always higher than that of the HNBR/PHZMMA sample. The HNBR/PHZMMA/CB composites showed excellent air oven aging resistance.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82829822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-17DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.4
N. Yevlampieva, A. Gubarev, M. Y. Gorshkova, B. Okrugin, E. Ryumtsev
Molecular properties of N -[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan (modified chitosan) series with the averaged quaternization degree 90% have been studied in comparison with the unmodified chitosan series by the method of translation isothermal diffusion, viscometry and static light scattering in dilute solutions in 0.33Ðœ ÐiÐ 3 ÐiООÐ+0.2Ðœ CH 3 ÐiООNa at pH 3.54. Molecular mass, translation diffusion coefficient, and hydrodynamic size of the homologues samples in the modified/unnmodified series have been determined as well as their chain rigidity and Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equations at acidic pH. It was established that the size of modified chitosan molecules might be smaller than the initial polysaccharide of an equal polymerization degree in the same solvent, which was explained by the change of thermodynamic conditions and the change of the ratio of thermodynamic/electrostatic contributions to the total chain rigidity. Quaternized chitosan molecules displayed the different hydrodynamic behavior in 0.33Ðœ ÐiÐ 3 ÐiООÐ+0.2Ðœ CH 3 ÐiООNa and in 0.2M NaCl (neutral pH). Solution properties of quaternized chitosan at neutral pH had been identified as the concentration dependent. The threshold influence of the secondary amino group protonation on the hydrodynamic properties of modified chitosan molecules was detected in 0.2M NaCl at the solute concentration range 0.001-0.004 g/cm 3 .
{"title":"Quaternized and Unmodified Chitosans: Hydrodynamic Properties","authors":"N. Yevlampieva, A. Gubarev, M. Y. Gorshkova, B. Okrugin, E. Ryumtsev","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2015.04.01.4","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular properties of N -[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan (modified chitosan) series with the averaged quaternization degree 90% have been studied in comparison with the unmodified chitosan series by the method of translation isothermal diffusion, viscometry and static light scattering in dilute solutions in 0.33Ðœ ÐiÐ 3 ÐiООÐ+0.2Ðœ CH 3 ÐiООNa at pH 3.54. Molecular mass, translation diffusion coefficient, and hydrodynamic size of the homologues samples in the modified/unnmodified series have been determined as well as their chain rigidity and Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equations at acidic pH. It was established that the size of modified chitosan molecules might be smaller than the initial polysaccharide of an equal polymerization degree in the same solvent, which was explained by the change of thermodynamic conditions and the change of the ratio of thermodynamic/electrostatic contributions to the total chain rigidity. Quaternized chitosan molecules displayed the different hydrodynamic behavior in 0.33Ðœ ÐiÐ 3 ÐiООÐ+0.2Ðœ CH 3 ÐiООNa and in 0.2M NaCl (neutral pH). Solution properties of quaternized chitosan at neutral pH had been identified as the concentration dependent. The threshold influence of the secondary amino group protonation on the hydrodynamic properties of modified chitosan molecules was detected in 0.2M NaCl at the solute concentration range 0.001-0.004 g/cm 3 .","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"31-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90667085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.3
L. A. Rishina, S. S. Lalayan, S. Gagieva, Vladislav А. Тuskaev, A. Shchegolikhin, D. P. Shashkin, Y. Kissin
Copolymerization reactions of ethylene with three I±-olefins, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene, were carried out with a new post-metallocene catalyst based on Ti complex with a bidentate saligenin-type ligand I and two co catalysts, MAO and a combination of AlEt 2 Cl and MgBu 2 . Ability of the I - AlEt 2 Cl - MgBu 2 system to copolymerize I±-olefins with ethylene is far superior to that of the I - MAO system. Reactivity of I±-olefins in copolymerization reactions with ethylene decreases in the sequence: 1-hexene>1-octene>1-decene. Both catalyst systems, I - MAO and I - AlEt 2 Cl - MgBu 2 , contain several populations of active centers that greatly differs both in the average molecular weights and in composition of the copolymer molecules they produce. Active centers in both catalytic systems show significant tendency to alternate monomer units in copolymer chains.
{"title":"Titanium Complex Containing a Saligenin Ligand - New Universal Post-Metallocene Polymerization Catalyst: Copolymerization of Ethylene with Higher α-Olefins","authors":"L. A. Rishina, S. S. Lalayan, S. Gagieva, Vladislav А. Тuskaev, A. Shchegolikhin, D. P. Shashkin, Y. Kissin","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.3","url":null,"abstract":"Copolymerization reactions of ethylene with three I±-olefins, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene, were carried out with a new post-metallocene catalyst based on Ti complex with a bidentate saligenin-type ligand I and two co catalysts, MAO and a combination of AlEt 2 Cl and MgBu 2 . Ability of the I - AlEt 2 Cl - MgBu 2 system to copolymerize I±-olefins with ethylene is far superior to that of the I - MAO system. Reactivity of I±-olefins in copolymerization reactions with ethylene decreases in the sequence: 1-hexene>1-octene>1-decene. Both catalyst systems, I - MAO and I - AlEt 2 Cl - MgBu 2 , contain several populations of active centers that greatly differs both in the average molecular weights and in composition of the copolymer molecules they produce. Active centers in both catalytic systems show significant tendency to alternate monomer units in copolymer chains.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"216-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90443464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.2
Sharanappa Chapi, H. Devendrappa
Solution-casting technique was employed for the preparation of solid polymer electrolyte based polyethylene oxide (PEO) with 0, 1, 3 and 5 weight percentage cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ) films were characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Differrential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis.) Spectroscopy methods. The optical band gaps, absorption band edges and Urbach energy shows decrease with increasing of Co +2 ion concentration in the polymer matrix because of the formation of free radicals or cluster. The Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) were used to examine the thermal stability of the film and it was found that the stability of the complexes is higher than that of the pure PEO due to the addition of CoCl 2 . The wavelength position of a fluorescence emission band varied by increasing of a dopant wt % of salt.
{"title":"Influence of Cobalt (II) Chloride Catalysed on the Thermal and Optical Characterization of PEO Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes","authors":"Sharanappa Chapi, H. Devendrappa","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.2","url":null,"abstract":"Solution-casting technique was employed for the preparation of solid polymer electrolyte based polyethylene oxide (PEO) with 0, 1, 3 and 5 weight percentage cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ) films were characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Differrential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis.) Spectroscopy methods. The optical band gaps, absorption band edges and Urbach energy shows decrease with increasing of Co +2 ion concentration in the polymer matrix because of the formation of free radicals or cluster. The Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) were used to examine the thermal stability of the film and it was found that the stability of the complexes is higher than that of the pure PEO due to the addition of CoCl 2 . The wavelength position of a fluorescence emission band varied by increasing of a dopant wt % of salt.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"205-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86706053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.1
O. P. Bajpai, D. Setua, S. Chattopadhyay
In this article, we have mainly discussed about ferrite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and its polymer based nanocomposites. Ferrite particles have become an important research material because of their vast applications in the field of biotechnology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and data storage. It has been observed that ferrite Fe 3 O 4 particles show best performance for size less than 10-30 nm. This happens due to the super paramagnetic nature of such particles. In super paramagnetic range these particles exhibit zero remanence or coercivity. Therefore, various properties of ferrite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles and its polymer nanocomposites are very much dependent on the size, and distribution of the particles in the polymeric matrix. Moreover, it has been also observed that the shape of the nanocrystals plays important role in the determination of their fundamental properties. These particles show instability over longer times due to the formation of agglomerates generated by high surface energies. Therefore, protection strategies such as grafting and coatings with silica/carbon or polymers have been developed to stabilize them chemically. Recently, silylation technique is mainly used for the modification of nanoparticles. Experimentally, it has been observed that nanocomposites composed of polymer matrices and ferrite showed substantial improvements in stiffness, fracture toughness, sensing ability (magnetic as well as electric), impact energy absorption, and electro-catalytic activities to bio-species.
{"title":"A Brief Overview on Ferrite (Fe3O4) Based Polymeric Nanocomposites: Recent Developments and Challenges","authors":"O. P. Bajpai, D. Setua, S. Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.04.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we have mainly discussed about ferrite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and its polymer based nanocomposites. Ferrite particles have become an important research material because of their vast applications in the field of biotechnology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and data storage. It has been observed that ferrite Fe 3 O 4 particles show best performance for size less than 10-30 nm. This happens due to the super paramagnetic nature of such particles. In super paramagnetic range these particles exhibit zero remanence or coercivity. Therefore, various properties of ferrite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles and its polymer nanocomposites are very much dependent on the size, and distribution of the particles in the polymeric matrix. Moreover, it has been also observed that the shape of the nanocrystals plays important role in the determination of their fundamental properties. These particles show instability over longer times due to the formation of agglomerates generated by high surface energies. Therefore, protection strategies such as grafting and coatings with silica/carbon or polymers have been developed to stabilize them chemically. Recently, silylation technique is mainly used for the modification of nanoparticles. Experimentally, it has been observed that nanocomposites composed of polymer matrices and ferrite showed substantial improvements in stiffness, fracture toughness, sensing ability (magnetic as well as electric), impact energy absorption, and electro-catalytic activities to bio-species.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"184-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79607762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-06DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.5
M. Konduri, Venkata Reddy Bogolu
The Present work includes, degradation of polyethylene under different environmental conditions to know the effect of physical, chemical and biological factors prevailing in those conditions on degradation of polyethylene. Plastic films viz., Low density polyethylene (LDPE), High density polyethylene (HDPE) and High molecular weight high density polyethylene (HMHDPE) each were incubated in three different conditions viz., black soil, sandy soil and red soil for a period of 3 months. The changes in the properties of plastic films after incubation was studied by change in the weight of the plastic film and mechanical parameters like tensile strength, breaking load and percentage of elongation. Among all the plastic films HDPE was found to be highly susceptible with 33% weight loss and 40% reduction in percentage of elongation compared to LDPE with 26% weight loss and 34 % reduction in percentage of elongation in black soil. Whereas HMHDPE found to be highly resistant in all the soils with no significant weight loss and percentage of elongation (15%). None of the plastic films had shown degradation in sandy soil even after incubation for 3 months. FTIR spectroscopy results showed that HDPE film incubated in black soil had undergone extensive degradation when compared with un incubated HDPE film.
{"title":"Comparative Degradation of LDPE, HDPE and HMHDPE under Different Soil Conditions","authors":"M. Konduri, Venkata Reddy Bogolu","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.5","url":null,"abstract":"The Present work includes, degradation of polyethylene under different environmental conditions to know the effect of physical, chemical and biological factors prevailing in those conditions on degradation of polyethylene. Plastic films viz., Low density polyethylene (LDPE), High density polyethylene (HDPE) and High molecular weight high density polyethylene (HMHDPE) each were incubated in three different conditions viz., black soil, sandy soil and red soil for a period of 3 months. The changes in the properties of plastic films after incubation was studied by change in the weight of the plastic film and mechanical parameters like tensile strength, breaking load and percentage of elongation. Among all the plastic films HDPE was found to be highly susceptible with 33% weight loss and 40% reduction in percentage of elongation compared to LDPE with 26% weight loss and 34 % reduction in percentage of elongation in black soil. Whereas HMHDPE found to be highly resistant in all the soils with no significant weight loss and percentage of elongation (15%). None of the plastic films had shown degradation in sandy soil even after incubation for 3 months. FTIR spectroscopy results showed that HDPE film incubated in black soil had undergone extensive degradation when compared with un incubated HDPE film.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"178-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80055560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-20DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.4
Breno Heins Bimestre, C. Saron
Mechanical recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is an important industrial activity with direct effect for environmental saving. However, recycled PET (R-PET) undergoes progressive degradation during each recycling process, leading to considerable loss of properties such as mechanical, thermal and melting strength. Chain extenders have been successfully used to increase molecular weight of R-PET, improving process ability and mechanical performance of the material. The aims of this work was to evaluate the performance of the compounds polymeric methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (PMDI) and bis-(2,4-di-t-butylphenol) pentaerythritoldiphosphite (Irgafos ® 126) for potential use as chain extenders when compared to the traditional chain extender pyromelliticdianhydride (PMDA). Tensile testing, differential exploratory calorimetry, viscometry and dynamic rheometry were used to evaluate changes in mechanical properties, crystallinity, molecular weight and rheological properties of R-PET. PMDI showed effective action on increase in molecular weight and improvements in mechanical and rheological properties of R-PET, while Irgafos 126 causes depreciation of properties of the R-PET after initially to increase the molecular weight of the polymer. Thus, the use of PDMI as chain extension can represent an important alternative for mechanical recycling of highly degraded PET.
{"title":"Mechanical Recycling of PET Waste from Non-Woven Fabrics by Reactive Extrusion with Chain Extenders","authors":"Breno Heins Bimestre, C. Saron","doi":"10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.4","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is an important industrial activity with direct effect for environmental saving. However, recycled PET (R-PET) undergoes progressive degradation during each recycling process, leading to considerable loss of properties such as mechanical, thermal and melting strength. Chain extenders have been successfully used to increase molecular weight of R-PET, improving process ability and mechanical performance of the material. The aims of this work was to evaluate the performance of the compounds polymeric methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (PMDI) and bis-(2,4-di-t-butylphenol) pentaerythritoldiphosphite (Irgafos ® 126) for potential use as chain extenders when compared to the traditional chain extender pyromelliticdianhydride (PMDA). Tensile testing, differential exploratory calorimetry, viscometry and dynamic rheometry were used to evaluate changes in mechanical properties, crystallinity, molecular weight and rheological properties of R-PET. PMDI showed effective action on increase in molecular weight and improvements in mechanical and rheological properties of R-PET, while Irgafos 126 causes depreciation of properties of the R-PET after initially to increase the molecular weight of the polymer. Thus, the use of PDMI as chain extension can represent an important alternative for mechanical recycling of highly degraded PET.","PeriodicalId":16998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"170-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90795306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-20DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2014.03.03.3
K. Halder, B. Paul, B. Bagchi, A. Bhattacharya, Sukhen Das
Highly crystallized copper ion doped mullite composites have been synthesized at 1100°C and 1400°C via sol-gel technique with five different strengths of copper ion and was incorporated in poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to make doped mullite composite/polymer films. We have studied the effects of this dopant on microstructure, phase transformation, and electrical properties of the polymer films over a wide range of frequency from 1.0 KHz to 2.0 MHz. Characterizations were done by various analytical tools at room temperature. Prominent mullite phases were observed from XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and FESEM characterization of composite polymer. The concentration of the dopant and the sintering temperature were found to be the two basic factors which affect the phase transition of the polymer. The composite film showed maximum dielectric constant of 19.96 at 1 KHz for 1.2M concentration of copper ion doped mullite sintered at 1400°C, compared to 3.09 for the pure polymer. Furthermore, both dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the composite were found to be highly frequency and temperature dependent. After doping, the A.C. conductivity of the composite was found to increase with increasing temperature following Jonscher’s power law and the electrical resistivity reduced too. Moreover, the results revealed that the phase behaviors and micro structural changes of the copper ion doped mullite composite/polymer film affected its electrical properties with possible impact on its applications.
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