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Rendering smallholders social: Taking a social relations approach to understanding the persistence of smallholders in the rural Global South 让小农社会化:从社会关系角度理解全球南部农村地区小农户的持续存在
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103432
Drawing on 36 studies in 19 countries and three continents, conducted over forty years, this paper revisits the question of how and why smallholders – and smallholdings – persist in the Global South even under conditions of rapid social and economic transformation. The paper argues that a significant part of the answer to this question can be found by taking a social relational approach: by ‘rendering’ the smallholder social. We identify five social themes that have resonance notwithstanding very different historical inheritances, environmental conditions, political contexts, and economic and developmental situations. Smallholder households feed a significant population of the world, educate the next generation, care for the sick and support those in need, cushion workers when economies contract and jobs evaporate, create communities, underpin national growth, and manage the land. Bringing these roles and qualities into view makes clear that smallholders, far from being relict survivors are critical actors in contemporary rural and urban transformations.
本文利用四十年来在 19 个国家和三大洲进行的 36 项研究,重新探讨了即使在社会和经济快速转型的条件下,小农和小农户如何以及为何在全球南部地区持续存在的问题。本文认为,这个问题的大部分答案可以通过社会关系方法找到:将小农户 "社会化"。尽管历史传承、环境条件、政治背景以及经济和发展状况各不相同,但我们确定了五个具有共鸣的社会主题。小农家庭养活了世界上相当多的人口,教育下一代,照顾病人,支持有需要的人,在经济萎缩和工作岗位蒸发时为工人提供缓冲,创建社区,支撑国家增长,管理土地。将这些角色和特质纳入视野,可以清楚地看到,小农户绝非过时的幸存者,而是当代农村和城市变革的关键参与者。
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引用次数: 0
Governing aging people in a rural commune during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study 在 Covid-19 大流行期间管理农村公社中的老年人:案例研究
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103430
Based on the case study of a rural commune, this article analyzes how the challenges of ensuring the inclusion, participation and protection of older residents were addressed by local political actors and partly redefined following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. It appears that the mutual knowledge between the inhabitants, the proximity of public and private players and the relational and organizational capital of the people in charge are the main levers that can be used to govern older inhabitants. The research shed light on the gap between local actors’ perceptions of older residents, of their expectations and needs and the way older inhabitants themselves define their own place within the town.
本文以一个农村公社为案例,分析了在 Covid-19 大流行病爆发后,当地政治行为体如何应对确保老年居民融入、参与和保护的挑战,并对这些挑战进行了部分重新定义。看来,居民之间的相互了解、公共和私人参与者的接近以及负责人的关系和组织资本是可以用来管理老年居民的主要杠杆。这项研究揭示了当地行动者对老年居民的看法、他们的期望和需求与老年居民自己界定自己在城镇中的位置之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Who loses when FDI fails? Local experiences with plantation investment and divestment in Liberia 外国直接投资失败,谁是输家?利比里亚种植园投资和撤资的当地经验
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103439
While the merits of foreign direct investment (FDI) in producing economic growth for the host country have been debated, one seldom considered outcome of FDI is failure resulting in divestment. Little consideration has been given to the ways in which foreign divestment impacts local communities. This paper presents a case study of the Sime Darby Liberia plantation using qualitative in-depth interviews with community members surrounding the site. The cycle of investment and divestment has shaped the experiences and livelihoods of people living in the area regarding land concessions, employment, and plantation management transitions. While divestment can create undesirable outcomes for all parties involved, the structures of FDI set local people up to take the biggest losses in the case of FDI failure.
外国直接投资(FDI)为东道国带来经济增长的好处一直备受争议,但外国直接投资的一个很少被考虑的结果是导致撤资失败。人们很少考虑外国撤资如何影响当地社区。本文通过对利比里亚森达美种植园周边社区成员的深入定性访谈,对该种植园进行了案例研究。投资和撤资的循环塑造了该地区居民在土地特许、就业和种植园管理转型方面的经历和生计。虽然撤资可能会给所有相关方带来不理想的结果,但外国直接投资的结构使当地居民在外国直接投资失败时蒙受了最大的损失。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the urban-rural dichotomies in post-pandemic migration intention: Empirical evidence from Europe 探索大流行后移民意向中的城乡二分法:欧洲的经验证据
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103428
Since the beginning of the 21st century, we have been living in the ‘urban century’, characterised by a rise in the number of cities and mega-cities and a structural population increase in most cities, to the detriment of rural areas. Given the declining interest in rurality, the aims and scope of this paper are to map out the complex force field of rurality versus urbanity, and explore if the COVID pandemic has become a ‘game changer’ that thus may swift the existing patterns. Relying on multilevel modelling, to also account for between-country differences, and using Eurobarometer data on post-pandemic migration intention in both rural and urban areas, our results do not find support for a major post-covid urban exodus. Younger individuals from large cities are indeed more willing to leave for rural areas when they are convinced that they can play an active role in the local decision-making process. Teleworking, as well as EU concrete actions for addressing environmental issues, may also drive more migration toward rural areas. On the other hand, poor access to health services may push individuals towards urban areas. In policy terms, our findings advocate for improving access to public services in rural areas. In addition, the study reinforces the role of the Cohesion Policy to urge the twin transition, as facilitating teleworking and strengthening the environmental commitment were shown to make rural areas more appealing.
自 21 世纪初以来,我们一直生活在 "城市世纪",其特点是城市和特大城市数量增加,大多数城市的人口结构性增长,这不利于农村地区的发展。鉴于人们对农村的兴趣日益减少,本文的目的和范围是描绘农村与城市的复杂力场,并探讨 COVID 大流行是否已成为 "游戏规则的改变者",从而可能改变现有的模式。通过多层次建模,同时考虑到国家间的差异,并利用欧洲晴雨表关于大流行后农村和城市地区移民意向的数据,我们的研究结果并不支持大流行后城市人口大量外流的说法。来自大城市的年轻人在确信自己能在当地决策过程中发挥积极作用时,确实更愿意前往农村地区。远程办公以及欧盟为解决环境问题而采取的具体行动,也可能促使更多的人向农村地区迁移。另一方面,难以获得医疗服务也可能促使人们向城市地区迁移。在政策方面,我们的研究结果主张改善农村地区的公共服务。此外,这项研究还加强了 "凝聚力政策 "在促进孪生过渡方面的作用,因为促进远程办公和加强环保承诺表明,农村地区更具吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Elementary school closures in Sweden over two decades: Geographical characteristics and the role of distance 二十年来瑞典小学的关闭情况:地理特征和距离的作用
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103434
School closures have for long often been seen as a ‘rural issue’ and/or as a rural-urban dichotomy. We posit that such crude representations should be nuanced by help of intra- and inter-municipality analysis as there are differences and diversity between and within rural municipality classes. Based on this, we use official Swedish statistics to perform a spatially disaggregated analysis of the geographical characteristics of Swedish municipalities with different experiences of elementary school closures between 1997 and 2017. The results show that rural municipality classes lost considerably more elementary schools, 24,5 % compared to only 0,3 % in urban municipality classes, but also show large differences between and within rural municipality classes and municipalities, both in terms of lost elementary schools, localities who has lost elementary schools, concentration of elementary schools to municipal population centers, and decreases in mean and median distances from elementary schools to municipal population centers. In some cases rural municipality classes fared better, performed at par, or only slightly worse to their urban counterparts. In conclusion, there is a need for a more disaggregated spatial analysis to understand what is happening in different geographical contexts, since the categories of ’urban’ and ’rural’ hide more detailed but still important spatial differences.
长期以来,学校关闭往往被视为 "农村问题 "和/或城乡二元对立。我们认为,这种粗略的表述应借助市镇内部和市镇之间的分析来加以细化,因为农村市镇之间和市镇内部存在差异和多样性。在此基础上,我们利用瑞典官方统计数据,对 1997 年至 2017 年间有不同小学关闭经历的瑞典城市的地理特征进行了空间分类分析。结果显示,农村市镇班级失去的小学要多得多,占 24.5%,而城市市镇班级仅占 0.3%,但农村市镇班级和市镇之间以及农村市镇班级和市镇内部在失去的小学、失去小学的地区、小学与市镇人口中心的集中程度以及小学与市镇人口中心平均距离和中位距离的减少等方面也存在很大差异。在某些情况下,农村市镇班级的表现要好于城市班级、与城市班级持平或略逊一筹。总之,有必要进行更加细分的空间分析,以了解不同地理环境下发生的情况,因为 "城 市 "和 "农村 "这两个类别掩盖了更加详细但仍然重要的空间差异。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring the relationship between territorial exclusion and depopulation – A municipal classification proposal to guide territorial balance 衡量地域排斥与人口减少之间的关系--指导地域平衡的城市分类建议
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103421
The rural exodus in Europe has triggered population loss and ageing in many regions, exacerbating demographic and socio-economic imbalances. This study employs a comprehensive methodology to address these challenges, introducing a Territorial Exclusion indicator that covers deficiencies in services, economic stagnation, and limited accessibility of municipalities. Using structural equation modeling, we demonstrate how territorial exclusion acts as a fundamental factor driving depopulation. Furthermore, the study identifies homogeneous groups of municipalities based on their level of territorial exclusion, emphasizing the need for differentiated approaches in developing targeted and effective territorial development policies. To illustrate these findings, we focus on the region of Aragon (Spain) as an extreme example, providing valuable insights into the broader implications of territorial exclusion and informing strategies for addressing depopulation challenges in the region and beyond.
欧洲农村人口外流引发了许多地区的人口流失和老龄化,加剧了人口和社会经济失衡。本研究采用了一种综合方法来应对这些挑战,引入了一个地域排斥指标,涵盖服务不足、经济停滞和城市交通不便等问题。通过结构方程模型,我们展示了地域排斥是如何成为推动人口减少的基本因素的。此外,这项研究还根据地域排斥程度确定了同质的城市群体,强调了在制定有针对性和有效的地域发展政策时采取区别对待方法的必要性。为了说明这些发现,我们以阿拉贡地区(西班牙)为极端例子,对地域排斥的广泛影响提供了宝贵的见解,并为该地区及其他地区应对人口减少挑战的战略提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Affective spaces of the rural: A praxeological analysis of the “spatial pioneers” of Upper Lusatia (Germany) 乡村的情感空间:对上卢萨提亚(德国)"空间先驱 "的实践分析
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103420
While many rural regions in Germany are facing a downward socio-structural spiral, there is a growing societal yearning for rurality and the practices associated with it. By creating a network for individuals who migrate from urban centers to a peripheral rural area, the self-proclaimed “spatial pioneer” movement of Upper Lusatia operates at the convergence of these realities. Through an ethnographic inquiry into this movement, we study the social practices of these spatial pioneers, particularly focusing on affective practices that evoke emotional responses within individuals. We identified five dimensions that shape the spatial pioneers' rural lifeworlds — nature, work, community, simplicity, and self-efficacy. From the perspective of the spatial pioneers, rural spaces are not necessarily ‘ideal’ via their discursive representations. However, rurality as a lifestyle (as a way of living) becomes desirable via the (affective) practices it enables. The singularity of structurally weak rural areas lies in the fact that they offer opportunities for living the ‘good life’ that, due to limiting material and cultural structures, are unavailable elsewhere (e.g., in urban settings). In applying the concept of affective spaces, we aim for a deeper understanding of the spatial pioneers' bodily-affective experience, perception, and practice-based production of space. By doing so, we provide insights into practice-based, affective (re-)productions of rurality and rural spaces.
德国的许多农村地区正面临着社会结构螺旋式下滑的问题,与此同时,社会对农村和与之相关的实践的向往也在不断增长。上卢萨提亚地区自称为 "空间先锋 "的运动为从城市中心迁移到周边农村地区的个人创建了一个网络,在这些现实的交汇处开展活动。通过对这一运动的人种学调查,我们研究了这些空间先锋的社会实践,尤其关注那些唤起个人情感反应的情感实践。我们确定了塑造空间先锋农村生活世界的五个维度--自然、工作、社区、简约和自我效能。从空间先锋的角度来看,乡村空间的话语表述并不一定 "理想"。然而,乡村作为一种生活方式(作为一种生活方式),通过它所促成的(情感)实践变得令人向往。结构薄弱的农村地区的独特性在于,它们提供了过上 "美好生活 "的机会,而这些机会由于物质和文化结构的限制,在其他地方(如城市环境)是无法获得的。通过应用情感空间的概念,我们旨在更深入地理解空间先驱们的身体情感体验、感知和基于实践的空间生产。通过这样做,我们可以深入了解基于实践的乡村性和乡村空间的情感(再)生产。
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引用次数: 0
Enabling the delivery of rural affordable housing in England 促进英格兰农村经济适用房的交付
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103433
In response to projections of future housing demand, public planning authorities allocate land for development within local plans. The process is top-down and public-sector led, corralling land value to selected locations in support of the infrastructure investments needed to progress development. But in rural areas in England, an unplanned, exceptional process of selecting land for affordable housing has existed since 1991. ‘Rural Exception Sites’ (RES) are not allocated in local plans and they are not (exclusively) public-sector led. Rather, they involve the granting of exceptional permissions for affordable housing on non-housing land. RES emerge from a devolved approach, with the public sector ceding power to non-state actors and to voluntary housing enablers. The rationale of this partnership process is to keep land outside of the allocation process, hence keeping it affordable for non-market housing that meets communities' needs. This paper examines the way that RES disrupt land market and planning processes in order to deliver the homes that rural communities need.
根据对未来住房需求的预测,公共规划部门在地方规划中分配土地用于开发。这一过程是自上而下的,由公共部门主导,将土地价值集中到选定的地点,以支持发展所需的基础设施投资。但在英格兰的农村地区,自 1991 年以来,一直存在着一种为经济适用房选择土地的无计划例外程序。农村特殊地块"(RES)不在地方规划中分配,也并非(完全)由公共部门主导。相反,它们涉及在非住房土地上例外批准建设经济适用房。经济适用房选址是通过权力下放的方式产生的,公共部门将权力让渡给非国家行为者和志愿住房促进者。这种合作过程的基本原理是将土地保留在分配过程之外,从而使其成为满足社区需求的非市场住房。本文探讨了 "可持续发展区域方案 "如何扰乱土地市场和规划程序,以提供农村社区所需的住房。
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引用次数: 0
Where is rural? An analysis of the agreement between quantitative measures of rurality 农村在哪里?对农村地区量化指标之间一致性的分析
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103424
Government agencies and researchers often rely on quantitative measures to map where rural places are and who belongs to rural communities. To better understand the consistency, or lack thereof, across different quantitative rural measures, we compare four common measures applied at the county level for the contiguous United States. Our purpose was to (1) quantify and map the degree of rural agreement among these selected rural measures and (2) describe key characteristics of counties classified as rural through urban. We found that different measures yielded little agreement on rural places with consensus of only 114 of 3108 counties. County variables contributing to good separability in rural to urban classifications included remoteness, population density, percent of the population aged 65 and over, employment in the agricultural sector, and both developed and grassland landcover. Closer examination of the underlying characteristics of the 114 consensus rural counties provides an opportunity to reflect on the nature of popular rural measures and the variables they use. If these counties are not representative of how researchers conceptualize “rural” across US regions, it is motivation for working toward new and/or spatially adaptive rural measures that better represent the communities that policy and research intends to help.
政府机构和研究人员通常依靠定量指标来确定农村的位置以及哪些人属于农村社区。为了更好地了解不同的定量农村测量方法之间的一致性或缺乏一致性的情况,我们比较了美国毗连地区县级应用的四种常见测量方法。我们的目的是:(1) 量化和描绘这些选定的农村测量指标之间的农村一致性程度;(2) 描述从农村到城市分类县的主要特征。我们发现,在 3108 个县中,只有 114 个县在农村地区的不同衡量标准上达成了一致。在农村到城市的分类中,有助于实现良好分离的县域变量包括偏远程度、人口密度、65 岁及以上人口百分比、农业部门就业率以及已开发土地和草地覆盖率。通过对 114 个达成共识的农村县的基本特征进行更深入的研究,我们有机会对流行的农村衡量标准的性质及其使用的变量进行反思。如果这些县不能代表研究人员对美国各地区 "农村 "概念的理解,那么这就促使我们努力采用新的和/或空间适应性农村测量方法,以更好地代表政策和研究希望帮助的社区。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting research on firm-level innovation in rural areas: A systematic literature review and future research directions 重新审视农村地区公司层面的创新研究:系统文献综述与未来研究方向
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103437
Although firm-level innovation is an essential determinant of sustainable growth in rural areas, the literature on this subject is lacking a state-of-the-art systematic literature review in the context of rural zones. The aim of our study is (1) to describe the firm-level innovation research in rural areas over time, presenting the leading journals and authors; (2) to reveal the intellectual structure of the firm-level innovation field, providing an integrated framework of antecedents and outcomes of firm-level innovation in rural areas; (3) to identify research gaps and recommend a research agenda for advancing the study of firm-level innovation in rural areas. Drawing on articles (N = 152) published in top-ranked sources, our study conducts a systematic literature review through bibliometric and content analysis of material published between 2003 and 2023. Our study significantly contributes to the innovation field by adding value to our understanding about the firm-level innovation discipline in rural areas.
尽管企业层面的创新是农村地区可持续增长的一个重要决定因素,但有关这一主题的文献却缺乏以农村地区为背景的最新系统文献综述。我们的研究旨在:(1)描述长期以来农村地区企业级创新研究的情况,介绍主要期刊和作者;(2)揭示企业级创新领域的知识结构,为农村地区企业级创新的前因和结果提供一个综合框架;(3)找出研究差距,为推进农村地区企业级创新研究提出研究议程建议。我们的研究通过对 2003 年至 2023 年间发表的文献进行文献计量和内容分析,对排名靠前的资料来源发表的文章(N = 152)进行了系统的文献综述。我们的研究为创新领域做出了重大贡献,增加了我们对农村地区企业级创新学科的理解。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Rural Studies
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