J. Williams, B. C. Johnson, T. Marchi, R. Murray, M. Summers
Crystal arrays are precision optical components consisting of a matrix arrangement of Individual Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal segments mounted edge-to-edge and constrained between two windows In an Index fluid-filled housing. The arrays act as a single optical element. They are mounted at the output of the laser and must, as nearly as possible, simulate the performance of a non-matrixed assembly. To achieve this goal, we have employed state-of-the-art fabrication technologies such as single-point diamond machining of KDP, finite element modeling of optical distortions, flexure mounting of large (~ 1 meter diameter) fused silica windows, numerically-controlled diamond wire sawing, phase-scattering apodization, and gradient-index (sol-gel process) antireflectlve coating.
{"title":"Diverse Optical Fabrication Technologies Used In the Nova KDP Arrays","authors":"J. Williams, B. C. Johnson, T. Marchi, R. Murray, M. Summers","doi":"10.1364/oft.1984.fdb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1984.fdb2","url":null,"abstract":"Crystal arrays are precision optical components consisting of a matrix arrangement of Individual Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal segments mounted edge-to-edge and constrained between two windows In an Index fluid-filled housing. The arrays act as a single optical element. They are mounted at the output of the laser and must, as nearly as possible, simulate the performance of a non-matrixed assembly. To achieve this goal, we have employed state-of-the-art fabrication technologies such as single-point diamond machining of KDP, finite element modeling of optical distortions, flexure mounting of large (~ 1 meter diameter) fused silica windows, numerically-controlled diamond wire sawing, phase-scattering apodization, and gradient-index (sol-gel process) antireflectlve coating.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123949311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blocking is a necessary process step during the manufacture of optical components. It needs to be performed at least twice and frequently more often during the manufacturing process. In most cases, blocking is taken for granted and the effect that blocking can have on the quality of the finished part is rarely considered. While much emphasis is put on controlling the grinding and polishing steps, the quality of the finished component may have been already compromised by the choice and execution of the blocking method. It is surprising that blocking is considered a secondary support task that is in most shops delegated to the less skilled workers.
{"title":"The Importance of Blocking","authors":"H. Karow","doi":"10.1364/oft.1986.wa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.wa3","url":null,"abstract":"Blocking is a necessary process step during the manufacture of optical components. It needs to be performed at least twice and frequently more often during the manufacturing process. In most cases, blocking is taken for granted and the effect that blocking can have on the quality of the finished part is rarely considered. While much emphasis is put on controlling the grinding and polishing steps, the quality of the finished component may have been already compromised by the choice and execution of the blocking method. It is surprising that blocking is considered a secondary support task that is in most shops delegated to the less skilled workers.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124249712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of ion beams to figure optical surfaces has been examined for a number of years by several groups of investigators. The technique is generally intended to perform final figuring on surfaces which are several optical waves from what is desired. However, until recently the technique has not offered promise to be an efficient, practical method to figure optics.
{"title":"Ion Beam Figuring for Rapid Optical Fabrication","authors":"J. McNeil, S. Wilson, A. C. Barron","doi":"10.1364/oft.1986.wb6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.wb6","url":null,"abstract":"The application of ion beams to figure optical surfaces has been examined for a number of years by several groups of investigators. The technique is generally intended to perform final figuring on surfaces which are several optical waves from what is desired. However, until recently the technique has not offered promise to be an efficient, practical method to figure optics.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120830323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interferometric Standards for the Optics Shop","authors":"John E. Loomis","doi":"10.1364/oft.1980.fthd2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.fthd2","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120949548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent data on optical glasses are discussed for the following areas: • New fluorophosphate optical glasses • Molding technology for optical lenses • Glasses for opto-electronics: laser glass, fluoride and chalcogenide glass fibers, GRIN lenses and chalcogenide optical memories.
{"title":"New Optical Glasses for the 80's","authors":"T. Izumitani","doi":"10.1364/oft.1987.waa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1987.waa1","url":null,"abstract":"Recent data on optical glasses are discussed for the following areas: • New fluorophosphate optical glasses • Molding technology for optical lenses • Glasses for opto-electronics: laser glass, fluoride and chalcogenide glass fibers, GRIN lenses and chalcogenide optical memories.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114226322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although computers have been used extensively for optical design and analysis, the use of computers to control optical fabrication has been limited to only a few applications. During the early 1970's computer controlled optical figuring machines were developed at Itek and Perkin- Elmer for the in-house production of large diameter mirrors. These machines have been used to produce a number of high quality mirrors and have demonstrated the feasibility of computer control in optical fabrication.
{"title":"Computer Controlled Optical Figuring at the Optical Sciences Center: An Overview","authors":"J. Hayes, J. Wyant, C. Hayslett","doi":"10.1364/oft.1981.tb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1981.tb5","url":null,"abstract":"Although computers have been used extensively for optical design and analysis, the use of computers to control optical fabrication has been limited to only a few applications. During the early 1970's computer controlled optical figuring machines were developed at Itek and Perkin- Elmer for the in-house production of large diameter mirrors. These machines have been used to produce a number of high quality mirrors and have demonstrated the feasibility of computer control in optical fabrication.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116259591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of organic polymers for optical purposes requires special properties: The refractive index should be high or able to be adapted, light scattering should be extremely low, low thermal expansion and high surface hardness are advantageous. Temperature stability should be as high as 100 to 120 °C. Only a few organic polymeric materials have been used for optical purposes in the past e.g. PMMA, polycarbonate, polystyrene and CR 39 for eye glass lenses. Materials for contact lenses are a speciality, since additional requirements such as non-toxicity, oxygen permeability or surface hydrophilicity exist.
{"title":"Inorganic-Organic Polymers as Materials for Optical Applications","authors":"H. Schmidt","doi":"10.1364/oft.1987.waa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1987.waa3","url":null,"abstract":"The use of organic polymers for optical purposes requires special properties: The refractive index should be high or able to be adapted, light scattering should be extremely low, low thermal expansion and high surface hardness are advantageous. Temperature stability should be as high as 100 to 120 °C. Only a few organic polymeric materials have been used for optical purposes in the past e.g. PMMA, polycarbonate, polystyrene and CR 39 for eye glass lenses. Materials for contact lenses are a speciality, since additional requirements such as non-toxicity, oxygen permeability or surface hydrophilicity exist.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127719966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The status of the fabrication of a large thin hexagonal mirror is described. The mirror will be used in a prototype of the segmented mirror control system for the proposed University of California Ten Meter Telescope. The telescope design calls for a semented primary mirror with thirty-six 1.8-meter diameter hexagonal segments. Each segment will be made to a precisely defined surface with a precisely defined radius of curvature (35m) such that the rms deviation from the ideal surface is less than 30 nanometers.
{"title":"Fabrication of a Large Thin Hexagonal Mirror Segment With a Spherical Surface of Precisely Defined Radius of Curvature","authors":"J. Nelson, T. Mast","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.mb9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.mb9","url":null,"abstract":"The status of the fabrication of a large thin hexagonal mirror is described. The mirror will be used in a prototype of the segmented mirror control system for the proposed University of California Ten Meter Telescope. The telescope design calls for a semented primary mirror with thirty-six 1.8-meter diameter hexagonal segments. Each segment will be made to a precisely defined surface with a precisely defined radius of curvature (35m) such that the rms deviation from the ideal surface is less than 30 nanometers.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126447590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cavity phase shift (CAPS) method shows promise for direct measurements of high reflectances on various spherical surfaces at reasonable spatial resolution (1mm). The unknown reflectance is placed in an high Q optical interferometer, through which an intensity modulated laser beam is passed. A phase shift in the sine wave modulation yields the direct measurement. The multi-pass nature of an interferometer causes increased sensitivity and precision as the reflectances improve. Previous work with this approach has been done in the visible region. 1,2 This work has included the abilities to detect high transmittances or low absorbance-scattering in optical mirrors.
{"title":"High Reflectance Measurements Using the Cavity Phase Shift Method","authors":"M. Kwok, J. Herbelin, R.A. Ueunten, G. I. Segal","doi":"10.1364/oft.1981.wa9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1981.wa9","url":null,"abstract":"The cavity phase shift (CAPS) method shows promise for direct measurements of high reflectances on various spherical surfaces at reasonable spatial resolution (1mm). The unknown reflectance is placed in an high Q optical interferometer, through which an intensity modulated laser beam is passed. A phase shift in the sine wave modulation yields the direct measurement. The multi-pass nature of an interferometer causes increased sensitivity and precision as the reflectances improve. Previous work with this approach has been done in the visible region. 1,2 This work has included the abilities to detect high transmittances or low absorbance-scattering in optical mirrors.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126549634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using an adjustable air gap between two glass discs as a shearing plate, we have measured the aberrations of a frequency-tripled Nd:glass laser to within approximately λ/2 over the central 70% of the beam diameter. To estimate accuracy, we compared our method of lateral shearing interferometry to Twyman-Green interferometry, using a well-collimated He-Ne laser as a light source.
{"title":"Lateral Shearing Interferometry of a Pulsed Laser Wavefront","authors":"W. T. White","doi":"10.1364/oft.1982.wb7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1982.wb7","url":null,"abstract":"Using an adjustable air gap between two glass discs as a shearing plate, we have measured the aberrations of a frequency-tripled Nd:glass laser to within approximately λ/2 over the central 70% of the beam diameter. To estimate accuracy, we compared our method of lateral shearing interferometry to Twyman-Green interferometry, using a well-collimated He-Ne laser as a light source.","PeriodicalId":170034,"journal":{"name":"Workshop on Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121767697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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